public interest litigation and co-participative judicial enforcement of public policies

8/12/2019 Public Interest Litigation and Co-participative Judicial Enforcement of Public Policies

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ISSN 21911339 .ciicedeeie.c

be echica ai he aie' eee eff. I hi a, he efcee f bic

iee iigai, i aciig a f chaace, bece e effecie ice i a ha i

f i ce f a caic ga, b f he deibeai f he e ee

affeced b he bic ic i ei ad, h he eeci heef, beig e ie cceed.

caiciaie jdicia efcee; bic iee iigai; bic icie;

jdicia, ediai.

Thee ae aacea, iig ah ee.

Ad hee i ch ha e d ... Fa A.

Sade1

The Cii f 1988 i a gide f he aia ega e effecie ee

he iace f fdaea igh a decaic cce f ceda a, b ih ace acica effec f aig he i i he e f e fie f iigai.

I i f hi Geae W, ha he caed "ciiaiai" f bache,

icdig ceda a, f he a i Bai a deeed, ad ha hi ha e fia

ce ea f "ciia ce",2ih he egheig f ceda icie ad

1 Ece f he cci f he hiica ece gie b Fa A. Sade, a he ecd Pd Cfeece,

i 1976, hich gea egheed he ee f aeaie die ei (ADR

). SANDER, Fa. A. Vaieie f die ceig. LEVEN, A. Le, WHEELER, Re R. The Pd

Cfeece: eecie jice i he fe. Miea: We Pbihig C. 1979. . 86.2Cf. NUNES, Diee; BAHIA, Aeade. Pce Cicia: a Abdage a Pai d Deafi d Ead

Decic de Diei. Eaice f ceda a, UERJ, .4, . 224250, 2009. Aaiabe a:

. F 26/05/2013.


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he fdaea igh f ciie (acce jice,3 de ega ce, adeaia, ega

defee, cieific aiae, ag he), b a feeeig a aih age f he igh

ad ciia aci.

Mee, i i he cii ha ided f he c eabihe f

Pbic Defede ad Secia C, ad f egiai e beeficia he ce. A hi

ae he 1988 Cii a iee ached i Baiia egaiicacia hi a

a he, ad ceda a i aica. Thi ha eabed a 'eacia' ad 'ce

hegeic' e f a a adiia hgh ee he (aead) iegaed i cia,

ecic ee ega e4.

Ufae, he ecei f hi e ceda eai ie be ae

ei ad, i addii a egiaie aach (ih i aciaed ef), did cce

ief ih he idieiaaach he e, hich e hae bee defedig f a

be f ea hgh .5

3F a ciica ie f acce jice i a decaic diei cf: NUNES, Diee; TEIXEIRA, Ldia. Ace

jia decic. Baia: Gaea Jdica. 2013.4Thi ca be beed, f eae, i he eeiece f a ega adice ad he figh iee bic

icie ia he jdicia ( ) i eec f ch diee a a heah, edcai, he eie, (ec.),

cbied. See: FRIGO, Daci (. .) (g.). Jia e Diei Ha: eeicia de aeia jdicaa. Ciiba: Tea de Diei, 2010. Accdig Gdf h idce he , ih he eig f

he iica e afe he ea f he dicahi, geie cia ee hae added e he

d ehd f eidicai, ch a he e f ieaia gaiai ad ega ce he c, ad a

he e f ega ce ae he cae f he ieeai f igh ad bic ic hgh he c.

The ica fie f hi ce f ha igh i diffeeiaed f he "adad" ega feia he

ee ha he da he f he a e he i a cehegeic fahi, eeig eai headiia ae f ieai ad eci (GORSDORF, Lead Fai. Id. I: FRIGO, Daci (. .)

(g.). Jia e Diei Ha. ci. . 716).5 We hae defeded, f a g ie, a aaic aach he be f ceda e, hich

hd hae fdai i he Sae, ad eeie dificai f iface, aagee ec. "[...] A adecaic ciia ceai ih a heeica ccei ha ee cii ceda decac b

eiig he ccei f ibeai, ciaiai ad ceda edciaiai (ceda

eibeai) ad aaee f he eed ece he ciia e f he ce ad ce aiig

decii he ecea f he caiciaie ad ceic aec f he ce fed b decii.Sch cieific ceai, iigaed b he ciia ceda deig, ha be cceed ih a e

aaic bia f a efcee, i de ece he ee aai f ceda a ad ieig i

deadig he ae ad aadigaic fdai f be iig he cce f he jidici adcede, b a he decaic ae f iigie ad eadig f fdaea igh. We fge

ha hee i a he be f he gig Baiia cii ad he ibe i he idieci. Thi

heefe e a eaiai f he ceda e ha ae ee echica ad dgaic


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23 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


Sch a cce ee a cce f he ceaiai f igh f

he eecie f he jdge, b f he iedeede dici f a aehde i he

decii, ihi hei e, icdig haig he eia f caig gee agecie ih

aiae eeie aiciae (diec a ) eabe a e aiaefae ad he eia effec f decii. I addii a fc he e f he

jdicia f deciiaig adad f he highe c f he dieiig f eeiie

iigai (i aica, f bic iee) he ce i ced (ih aiae

ceciiai), ad ih a daic ad fced adea f he f bee ad e

efficie decii.6

We eaie ha ciia jec ied he "Pe" he abii

iee a eie f icie bic icie ih he e f faciiaig he fdaea

igh e fh heei. The ce Cii fa ihi a adii f cii f

eadehi, haig a ehai hich, f ea , i ae e ha i i be a

ei f "ie", b hich i becae effecie he ciiai f

effeciee.7 Regadig he ceece f he ie i he be f ic i he

Cii, Baea Sa age ha

i i e ha he ciiaiai f ch a eeie e f a ih he

bacig f cidaed bic ad cia ic, ae i effeciee e diffic

achiee, b i i e e ha hi bad caage f a eae f fhe jdicia

ieei f he c he ciiai f dia a.8

ieeai eif he gd feae ad ae ie i Baiia ceda a, ffeig f eciaiie

i he ce f i aicai (NUNES, Diee; BAHIA, Aeade. Pce, jidi e ceaicicia decic a Aica Laia: ag aae. Reia Baieia de Ed Pic, . 101,

j/de. 2010, . 8384).6NUNES, Diee. Fdae e diea aa iea cea Ua abdage da iigcia de ieee

bic a ai d Pceai Cicia decic. FIGUEIREDO, Edad H.L e a (cd.).Ciciai e decacia. Ri de Jaei, Eeie, 2012. . 171172.7Cf. SARMENTO, Daie. O Neciciai Bai: ic e ibiidade. I: LEITE, Gege S.; SARLET,

Ig W. Diei Fdaeai e Ead Cicia: ed e heage a j. j. ge caih. SP: RT;Ciba: Ciba Ed., 2009, . 24 . .; e: BARROSO, L Rbe. E Neciciai a

Ciciaiaci de Deech: e if ad de deech cicia e bai. Mic: UNAM, 2008.8SANTOS, Baea de Sa.Paa a Re Decica da Jia. SP: Ce, 2007, . 20.


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24 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


Hee, gie he eaia hcig f he eecie ad egiaie e

(ged bece e effecie afe he ece a ee) hich i ihee

ied he ce diechae ih iic, ica f ae ha hae aed hgh a

eid f dicahi, i addii a eie f he fac ha cfi hi hee i c,9 e bega eeiece he hee f he jdiciaiai f ieabe

ie a a e, e ee, f he eig f bad acce jice ided b he

ei eied Geae W (a. 5, XXXV ad LIV, CR/88).

S, hi he e iai idce he eed f chagig he e f he ce b

hich he jidici i caed adde he eaee f he he e i he

iiia ceecie hich he beg; ad i i becae f hi, ad he ee

ha he 1988 Cii ade ibe, ha he e f a be f cce i he

Baiia heeica debae ha bee feed (ch a Habea,10 Lha,11 Ghe,12

Ae,13 Di,14 Wad,15 Ha,16 Pe,17 Gaa,18 ag he), ed ad

9 THEODORO JR., Hbe, NUNES, Diee e BAHIA Aeade. A bief dici f he iiciai f he

jdicia ad he ie f i aicai i Baiia a. Vefag d Rech i beee. La ad Piic i

Afica/Aia/Lai Aeica. N, . 3, . 381408, 2011. See a: BAHIA, Aeade. Fdae de Teia da

Cii: a diica cicia Ead Decic de Diei baiei I: FIGUEIREDO, Edad H.L

e a (cd.). Ciciai e decacia. Ri de Jaei, Eeie, 2012. . 101126; ad: GORSDORF,

Lead Fai. Id. ,. . 14.10 HABERMAS, Jge. Fai d Geg: beige Diheie de Rech d de Decaiche

Rechaa. Faf: Sha, 1994. HABERMAS, Jge. Re ii aicia, Bejai N.

Cad ch f a. Cad a Reie, . 14771557, 1996. HABERMAS, Jge. Vedad jificaci.

Madid: Ta, 2002.11

LUHMANN, N. E deech de a ciedad. Mic: Uieidad Aa de Mic, 2007. LUHMANN, Nia

Lha: d iea cia cigia jdica. Ri de Jaei: Le Ji, 2004. LUHMANN, Nia. Scigiad Diei . I e II. Ri de Jaei: Te Baiei, 1983. SIMIONI, Rafae. Pde e aiee da ica e

Nia Lha. Reia da Facdade de Diei d S de Mia. P Aege, . 27, . 119129, j/dec. 2008.12

GNTHER, Ka. The ee f aiaee: aicai dice. Mai ad La. Ne Y: Sae

Uiei f Ne Y, 1993. GNTHER, Ka. Jificai e aicai ieaie de a e e di e eae. Tad. He Pi. Achie de Phihie d Di. Sie, . 37. a. 1992.13

ALEXY, Rbe. Baacig, ciia eie, ad eeeai. Ieaia Ja f ciia La.

Ofd Uiei Pe e Ne Y Uiei Sch f La, 2005. . 3. . 4. ALEXY, Rbe. Teia da

Agea Jdica: a Teia d Dic Racia c Teia da Jifica Jdica.S Pa: Lad, 2001.ALEXY, Rbe. Deech Ra Pcica. Mic: Faaa, 1998.14

DWORKIN, Rad. Taig igh ei. Cabidge: Haad Uiei e, 1978. DWORKIN, Rad. O

ii d diei. S Pa: Mai Fe, 1999.15

WALDRON, Jee. A digidade da egia. S Pa: Mai Fe, 2003.16

HART, Hebe L A. Ccei de Diei.Liba: Fda Cae Gbeia, 1994.17

POSNER, Richad A. Pbea de fifia d diei. S Pa: Mai Fe, 2007.


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deeed afe he ecd a i he cie, ad hich i ega dice had f

iibii afe 1988, aig a debae ad he adi b he aea jdicia f a

acii fie, f e, iiai (ef eai), he.19

Thi iai gada aed he beaig f a iii ( ee eegee) ie f he

a20ad had he effec f ig he ageda a be f 'e' aade f he 'e'

fci efed b he aeaiic jdicia.

Ne ha a age a f he ceaiic eai ed he adiia caica

cce f jidici, a a e/d ee cfic ha i, he "gadiahi" e f

c, a if he ee ee icaabe ad i eed f Sae eii ad he aicai f

a a iied bia aiia cfic.

Hee, he ceda ciece feed f 1868 i he 1940 hich iiia

gh cidae i iie ad a he deig f ceda ibeai (ega

ce diaed b he aie),i each f a afegad, ice Kei ad Mege, ceda

ciaiai (ih ehai he e f he jdicia)21 a h be fficie f

he aiaie ad aiaie chage f he fci f a jidici ha a i

ciiaiig, , WWII.

Sice he 1950, he eifcee f he c f he ciiai f a ad

adiiaie ac aed he jdicia ae he e f he gaa f fdaea

igh, icdig he ade f he a aie ibii, b ea f a ceaji

e i fa f iiie.22

18GARAPON, Aie. O ji e a decacia.Ri de Jaei: Rea, 2001.

19Deie ha, f a he i, e cide ha ch a chice eed be eae ad ee ecea

e ca hi f a ieediae ii ha cide he eee i a ca ai ha i (e) cfiged

each ie accdig ih he egaiicacia iai i hich he decii be ae.20 THEODORO JR., Hbe, NUNES, Diee e BAHIA Aeade. A bief dici f he iiciai f he

jdicia ad he ie f i aicai i Baiia a. .21

NUNES, Diee. Pce jidicia decic. Ciiba: J, 2008.22

Afe he 1988 Cii, he c f ciia adjdicai i Bai ae a e ii i he

ega eig. Wih he e aci f cceaed c ad e echie f decii aig gie hegea Geaic ifece he deadig f ha ag he See C i hae a i dia a

aea ha i eabe i ifece diec ie hich ae high iica, a, ecic, cia, ad i

decii ab e ce eeach, abi f aecehaic eb, a i ieiie, ae e abe


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If e eac, i hi a, he ia fidig ha he daed ie f jidici a

a acii be ed i cfic ei, e ee i hed ae a fdaea

igh gaa e f he ciia ce, ad ieee f ceaji ace

f iiie h did i a ice i he iiiaied ic aea.

23

The ebeaicecede f hi ea beig . 1954/55, ..

,24 i he eig f he ecede ha caied he dcie f "eaae

b ea" i he eaihi beee hie ad bac, ad hibied he eiece f

egegaed ch i he c.25

i aagee, deiiai f ad, cci f hdeecic a, ffeie f aiaea ea,

a a, ec. O hi hee, cf.: CATTONI, Mace. Pce Cicia. 2 ed., e., aa. e a. H:

Pega, 2013; ABBOUD, Gege. Jidi Cicia e Diei Fdaeai. SP: RT, 2011; BAHIA,Aeade. Fdae de Teia da Cii: a diica cicia Ead Decic de Diei

baiei. .; e: SILVA, Dig Bacha e. Aii ce de ciciaidade: a acedcia d i

deeiae e a iegia aia d dic de jifica. Diea (Mead e Ciciai

e Decacia) Facdade de Diei d S de Mia, P Aege, 2013.23

[...]c ae e caabe ha a f he bache f gee f dcig cia chage ih hei

decii, de he ac f a he ecea d i (eeie), ad b he deai ha i faci

ie he decii f he jdicia hae bic e, b d chage cia behai. The jdicia

ih he ceece f ffie f igh, b had ih he cae f hich i age a d be heeed f e eabe bic icie ed b he eecie. Hee i i deiabe ha hi e f he

jdicia ad he c e ha bee iceaig ee i he d. I cie ie Bai, i hich ei a

gea dieec f fdaea igh ad eabe bic icie d ei ae he bic f (hi

heah ad edcai, f eae) a idci cc ih he e f bic iee iigai, a ce f a hge

be f eeiie ad eia dead". NUNES, Diee. Pceai cicia decic e

dieiae de cica aa a iigiidade eeiia. A iigcia de ieee bic e a edcia ceedida de adia deciia. Reia de Pce, . 199, . 38, S Pa: Ed. RT, e. 2011. I i

h eebeig, ih GORSDORF, he "jdiciaiai f he dead f cia ee aie e

ia ei i he ehiig f he a. The e dead f he cia ee hae a e

diffee chaace becae he ei he fdai f de a, i hich he dead ae eiced aibea idiidai chaace. De hi, i a e he igia acice f a eache ii de

faiig fi he deadig f cecie dead f cia ee" (GORSDORF, Lead Fai.

Id. I: FRIGO, Daci (. .) (g.). Jia e Diei Ha. . . 14).24

A Rebeg de, baed he f Michae Kaa: ciia ae ad hiia geeadee B . Bad f Edcai be he ia U.S. See C decii f he eieh

ce, ad ib f a ie. ROSENBERG, Gead N. The H He: Ca C Geeae Scia Chage? i

, , : . Cd. MURPHY, Wae F.; PRITCHETT, C.Hea; EPSTEIN, Lee. Ne Y: McGa Hi. 2002. . 714.25

F e hi ee, ..: THEODORO JR., Hbe, NUNES, Diee e BAHIA Aeade. A bief dici f he

iiciai f he jdicia ad he ie f i aicai i Baiia a. .


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F he 1960, he ecei f eaidiida igh gaied iece, hich

fced he c ac eca dead, hgh cecie ceda echie

(age iied b he Aeica de f ).26

F he 1970, he e f he c bega eca he i f ieeig

fdaea, ad eecia cia, igh hgh bic iee iigai.

The e "Pbic Iee" fid ae i Aeica ega ieae.27 I he

Uied Sae he e "Pbic Iee La" ad "Pbic Iee Liigai" ae ed he he

a i eaed he iee f he ci a ed idiida iee ad a

idicae he acice f a i defee f ii eed i cie.

The icia idea i hi e f iigai i eie he efcee f bic

icie f aie aicai, bh eeed i a ad eig f ciia

ehied icie hgh he c.

Pbic Iee Liigai, a i ha deeed i ece ea i he U.S., a a

igifica deae f he adiia ceda ehd, eecia he aii fa

agidefa efcee acaiciaiede. Pbic iee iigai a

26Thi ecei i eed deee i Bai deie he fac ha, f eae, Ce Caig, h

afe he eiegica hif caed b he e Cii, a aead aae ha "cecie igh,

ded a aeabe idiida ad ecie eje, behae a eci aegie ha a

ecae he gic f idiidai" (CAMPILONGO, Ce F. Aicia Jdica e eaidade cia: aae

aa a igia d ei egai. I: CAMPILONGO, Ce F.; PRESSBURGUER, Mige. Dicid a AeiaPa (Ce Seii . 15), Ri de Jaei: AJUP/FASE, Je 1991. . 10). I cae e f ae

hgh f (jdicia jdicia) dea ih die iig cia igh a ggeed be ih he i

d e e i cie fa i he ae a idicaed b Caig, i.e.: "(A) he cia cfic ae

afed i ega die ad, f hi, (B) idiidaied, iiaied ad ade baa b ega iehich hae (C) hei iica iac ced b a aae echicia (he ee f he a) ad

iiiaied (he iigai) dici, (...) The cecie eed, ahe ha fge he ecea ideiie f

he cci f a e ciiehi, ae fageed i ce ie iai, eeig eaed

each he (. . 1820, highigh).27

TRUBEK, Lie G.; TRUBEK, Daid M. Ciic Jice hgh Cii Jice: A Ne Aach Pbic Iee

Adcac i he Uied Sae. I: CAPPELLETTI, Ma. Acce Jice ad Wefae Sae. Aaiabe a:

Acce i: 29 feb. 2012. Ve ab:GOMES, Reaa Nacie. Diei aeica. Ua bee abdage da iigcia de ieee bic.

Mgafia Fia de C aeeada Facdade de Diei d S de Mia, FDSM. Oiead: Diee Ne,

2012.


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eihe a dde a iea hee. I deee ca be fed hgh diffee

heie ha ee ace he e f jidici. The '80 ee he haa f i gh.

I i d ad aicai, hee, i abe ecea f eaie ha

ecig he fi age i i ceda e, ih he ea ad iiic ad agiic

aee f he agiae, a if he (he agiae) ae cd edic he iac f hi

decii i ae f "bic iee"28, gie hei bacgd i diffee fied (a,

cig, iic, ecic) ad f he e cieia (eee f cigecie,

iai, ec.), a ceai Baiia dgaic ie, ied ceda ciaiai29,

i adcae.30

The aiciai f ieeed aie i a eeed cce f a adea a a

gaaee f ifece, hich d idce he caiciai f a he eia

affeced, ihi a cecie ce, cd faciiae a eeieai ace, hich d

iigae he effec f a jdicia decii i faci ie.

A Bega e, jdicia c e bic adiiai ha adiia bee

jified b he faie f adiiaie agecie ee eface adad, ad b he

iai f he ceda ad baie igh f ciie b ae age ad agecie. I

bic a iigai, he caic jificai f jdicia eie f adiiaie agecieeface i eeed ih age highighig he ieiece f decaic

echai acce he adiiaie beacac, b he bcig f aee f ede

f diadaaged g i he iica gae f eachig he gee. I i hi jificai

ha ha bee ceia f he h ei he egiiac f jdicia iefeece i he

ace eeed f iic ad he ajiaia gae. The eeieai de f ca

28BAHIA, Aeade. Rec Eadii STF e STJ: cfi ee ieee bic e iad. Ciiba:

J, 2009.29Diee J Ceh. Pce jidicia decic: a aie ciica da efa ceai. .30

Cf. DINAMARCO, Cdid Rage. A ieaidade d ce. S Pa: Mahei, 2001. . 294. Paa g cdead Li Weec Viaa, Se Tiba Fedea eia a i de

, aa i ,

. VIANNA, Li Weec . A jdiciaia da ica e da eae Bai. Ri de Jaei:Rea, 1999, . 146. E eid eehae FARIA, J Edad. A afae d jdicii e face de a

eabiidade. I: FARIA, J Edad (Og.). Diei Ha, Diei Sciai e Jia. 1aed., 2 iage,

S Pa: Mahei, 1998, . 62.


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de ed hee bjeci b ig a deibeaie de i hich he aiiff

ad bic adiiaie fficia egiae he be ibe i de cdii f

iiai ad aaec, ad de he abiai f a jdge he fficia aiee.

Thi a, jdge d eed hae he a d i he deig f eedie. I echage,aie ad gee ffice hae he i hae he eedie ad aiciae

ih ice ad e, eifcig he decaic egiiac f jdicia ieei i i

agai he adiiai ha igiaed ihi he fae f bic a iigai. T he

ee ha hi deibeai i ibe, he eeieai de a ecgie he ce

ieaci beee he e ad he ii f hei egiiac, chaaceiic ha he

bjec he egiiac f jdicia iefeece ed aid. O he he had, a Sabe &

Si e ab he U.S. cae, he aaec ed b he eeieai eediede ae he a f he geeai f echai ha hd accabe aiiff,

defeda ad hei ae, he eeeaie f affeced idiida ied i he

jdicia ce, ad he jdge heee.82 I hi a, a ccia ce f he

decaic egiiac f he geea bache ha a ee i he f

c iiga i icaed i he hee f iigai: he hee f eig

acc ih he bic , a he e ea, he eia f ch a eee. A he ae

ie, he de ejec he iified, fai ii ha ee ha he bic

adiiaie beacac eae a a f i gaiaia ee ih he ae degee f

bic accabii ad, heefe, he ae egiiac ejed b iica fficia ad b

he Peide. []i i a babe ha he diage geeaed beee he aie ad bic

fficia i a eedia ce i he e f he eeieai de i a

aiciaie ce ha i eghe he eai beee ciic gaiai ad bic

fficia, hich i cd eea e i ge iica ad e cia

biiai f he cae ha bic a iigai ie e.31

31 BERGALLO, Paa. Jice ad Eeieai: Jdicia Reedie i Pbic La Liigai i Ageia. SELA

2005 Pae 4: The Lae Re, . 2425 ad 27. Aaiabe a:

.


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Accdig, he jci f he caiciaie ad ceic a ihi he

cedai ai f he Cii, ih hi eeed ee f bic iee iigai

b he iabe e f cecie cee, eabe a e echica i f deaig ih he

eica abdace f eeiie dead ih diig ceda debae, ad e ihe each f a efficie ad egiiae i.

Hee, f ch a e f eeiie iigai f bic iee each i f

eia, e hd fge ha hich ha aead bee ied i he :

The big ei ha deee be addeed hee d he fac ha he e

f cecie cee i Bai, a a diffeeiaed echie, ha eed i a ibe

e f a aiaie ee aiaie efficiec. [...] The ceiece f cecie

cee ad idiida aci, deaig ih he ae bjec (eecia i he cae f

hgee idiida iee), beig jdged b he ae c, ih he ae echica

ad iface , geeae e acica be. I i ibe, ee

gica, ha a cecie ce i eaed ji ih he ae jdge a ha f a

idiida ce. A Ca Mede igh a: 'The cecie cee ca eai

ad ied ih he he hded had f idiida cee, effecie ejig

eae f ea ae ad beig aiged he ae ha ad aeia ece. Oe

hd dead ha he ha ece, aeia ad ie e f cecie cee

eee iee ece f he beefi f he heah f he Jdicia ief, hich ca

gie e a cfic ha each i, if faced ad ceed cecie, ad ji

ecaied ahe ha i a dieed ad cedcie a.' Ca Mede a

i he eed ceae eciaied bdie i cecie cee ih iface ad

echica adeae aff (ih dieced aiig ad eaai) dea ih hee id f

iigai. The eed edefie he aicai f he icie f cadici a a gaaee

f ifece ad f ' ie' i c, a e hae bee adcaig, i i e be

eaied. A cce ha gai hge iace he deaig ih he ac f cecie

cee. I hi ceda eiee if he jdge, i eecig, big faca ega

gd ha iae ceda dici, bed he beaic eee beee he


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aie, hich a eee a cecii, iig he, hee i be cea iaidi f

. I addii he ea aead ied a he iie, a cecie ce

debae ad cgii hd be f a e "aicia" ae, heie i ge he

aiae (ad egiiae) decii ad a he fai f iefficie ce fhe cecie. Wheea he he jdge i deieed ih debae (ih eec he

ciia ce) eihe e f ece i edced, he chace f cce i ie

eeed. Tha' becae he fi debae a he ia c, e cdced, ee

adeae aiciai ad ifece f he ceda age f a bjec ad ee

he fai f decii b ie. Thi i a i hich e de: ie he a

he hae bee ieeed b ch f he Baiia dcie, he ciia gaaee f

adeaia ega defee d cie a bace achieig geae eed (ad/e c); ice, a iedcaed ce, i hich hee i cea eeai (ad debae)

f ceia i i ce f he e f ce ece (aig ih a Aede

f Jdgee, hich ae cceie ad eie ee), hich ceai de ai i

baiig a eaabe egh f ceedig.32

Added hee cideai he eed ead he ii f aicai f he

adeaia ce, hich echica d idce he aiciai f ieeed aie

ihi he gee i eabihig bic ic, i de deciiaig

eee hich he jdge d hae acce ig ad i eai hich dee he

edge deae a ceaie ad deibeaie jdge, ih fgeig ha hi

e ch edce he i f a c decii.33

I i aead c e hi acice i e ia,34 i e Baiia fedea

c, he caig f a he ied i bic ic i de ee eabe he

32NUNES, Diee. N efe aa a ea difeeciada Bai? Difeecia cediea a ai da

dieidade de iigiidade. I: THEODORO JUNIOR, Hbe. Tea difeeciada. Ri de Jaei: GZ Edia,2010. . 230.33

NUNES, Diee. Fdae e diea aa iea cea Ua abdage da iigcia de ieee

bic a ai d Pceai Cicia decic. ., . 187188.34

A J Edad Ca da Feca a: "I i ibe, ee, ideif hee a f eig deadie f

he eeci f a bic ic jdge: 1) (i hich he jdge abac decided a eid f hi

ea ad jdge), 2) (hee he jdge e hi ei eeiece i iia cae iiie e


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ibii f fiai ad efcee f a jdge i ae f bic iee (caed b

Ca "Negiaed Eeci"35).

Ad hee cibi be ae i cideai i eabig a caiciaie

eeci f bic iee.

The chage f eecie f he Jdicia i face f bic iee iigai ha

cced gada e he 1990 ad 2000. Ee Rii ad Sa Xiee, f eae,

h h TJSP (Tiba de Jia de S Pa Sa Pa C f Jice) had fi cae a

i he ee f he iibii f iig bigai he Gee iee

iediae bic icie egadig ea chidhd edcai. Tha chaged he he

See C, ig hee cae f 2005, ecgied he "iediae ega

efceabii f he igh ea chidhd edcai," ha i:

I ch decii he See C ee ae ha i i f he jdicia

deeie ha ace ae gaaeed a h dead he, hee he ii f he

he bache f e i e. Mee, i hee decii he C ieeed ie

a deadie); 3) (i hich he jdge aie idcie a a e afe deadig he

aicaiie f he defeda). Neede a, i he aji f cae, jdge ae iied (1) ad (2).

Hee, i he jdicia ieeai f bic ic, e eed a ehic f efficiec ad be ceece,

hich i feaibe f (3). Jdge d diae he deig echica eb f hee cae, hich i h i

i fhad f he ch i eai ad chaic eaig. Rahe, i i ecea giehe he aid f iie daa. I.e., chage eai, he jdge ha ae i ad efec i. Theefe, he

4 f aice 461 f he Cde ae ha he c ha fi a ie f ffiig he ii, he i

efeig a abac eaabee (deied f hche ad iii) , b (a ah aied i

ehdgica) daa. Sch daa ca be baied i a eiia heaig [eia cfeece] beee aiiffad defeda. The jdge i had bai fficie daa, hee, f eig he eid ad he begiig f

eeci: he defeda i ee aifaci ceae, ce f he cecie aci be

eeaed agai hief. Hee, he heaig cd be fif if he daa ed f he cci f a"eeci." Afe he defeda ee hei ea ad ccee abii iee bic ic he jdicia, he jdge i hae bee ifai f he aie e a ageee he a

ciace f he ijci decii eece ihi a chede. The e f ieie i jdicia

ieeai f bic icie i , i fac, he dcie ad jidece. FONSECA, EdadJ da Ca. A Eec Negciada de ica Pbica e J. Reia de Pce, . 212, Ocbe 2012, .

2556.35

Ide.


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a he caed "cigec eee" (...), ecgiig a he ibii f

ee f he ieeai f he igh ea chidhd edcai he bjecie

cfiai f he hhei, he a f he he ahiig bic aage, ha a

iiiaie hae bee ae a hei aaiabii, ih he aicai f he ai aaiabeece. (...) [The] icia gee ca hi he bigai ffe ea chidhd

edcai baed aegai f diceia behai, a hi d a "bic

ic iiie a defied b he Cii ief," a i he cae f idegae ad

ech.36

The baace, hich he ah ae e f i aci f gaied cia ee

bai c decii ha d ee bic edcai i aadica: if, e had, he

jideia hif i fa f hee dead a iced , he he, i i a iced

hee ha bee ie acica ge (if gig bacad) i ffeig acacie he

ai f he eice ffeed. The cci i ha e ca ige he jdicia (ad,

36RIZZI, Ee; XIMENES, Sa. Liigcia Eagica aa a P de Pica Pbica: a ae e defea

d diei edca ifai e Pa. I: FRIGO, Daci (. .) (g.). Jia e Diei Ha. . . 110.

The ah cie a a eadig cae he jdgee b STF f Ag.Reg. i RE. . 410.715, hich ead: SPECIAL

REMEDY CHILDREN OF UP TO SIX YEARS OF AGE TO ATTENDANCE IN NURSERY AND PRESCHOOL EARLY

CHILDHOOD EDUCATION RIGHT ASSURED BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT (CF, ART 208, IV.) NATIONWIDE

UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO EDUCATION LEGAL DUTY WHOSE IMPLEMENTATION IF

IMPOSED ON THE PUBLIC BODY, NOTABLY THE MUNICIPALITY (CF, ART 211, 2.) Ea chidhd edcai i aaaiabe ciia egaie, hich, gaed chide, ha hae, f e f hei iega

deee, ad a he fi age f he edcai ce, aedace a dacae ad acce ech (CF,

a. 208, IV). Thi ega egaie, a a e, ie he ae, de he high cia igificace hich

eae chid edcai, he ciia bigai ceae cdii eabig bjecie, ccee, i fa

f 'chide f e i ea f age '(CF, a. 208, IV), effecie acce dacae ad ech i, ih

gee acceabe eie f adheece, he Gee ied he aca e f he Cii. Ea chidhd edcai, b aifig a a fdaea igh f ee chid, i eed, i i ce f

deee, ee diceia eie f he bic adiiai, bdiaed gee f

ea f e agai. Miciaiie (...) ca eig he ega bidig ciia adae ha a

gie he b a. 208, IV, f he Baic La f he Rebic, ad ha eee a iiig fac f he iicaadiiaie dicei f icia eiie, he i, ih egad he cae f chide i dacae (CF,

a. 208, IV), ca be caied ch a degee, ed i c b ie ceiece ee chace, he

effeciee f hi baic igh cia cideai Ahgh hee eide, iai i he egiaie ad

eecie bache, he egaie fae ad iee bic icie, i aea ibe, hee, fhe c deeie, ee a eceia bai, eecia i cae f bic icie defied b he e

Cii, hehe ieeed b he defaig ae agecie, he ii b faie a he

iicaega chage he ha eae ada chaace i h be abe cie he efficacad iegi f iegaed cia ad ca igh f a ciia ae. The eie ei he

'eee f cigecie'. dcie" (BRASIL. Se Tiba Fedea. 2 ei, Ag.Reg. i RE. . 410.715/SP,

Re. Mi. Ce de Me, j. 22/11/2005 (gif ).


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accdig, idicae aegie ha hd be aded ha e ie bai he be

eface f ch decii), b a he ae ie, i ecea add he aegie

he jdiciaiai.37

O he he had, a he bjec f acce ea chidhd edcai a a igh

hich ced a diec bigai f he Sae, hi i ed f he STJ:

ADMINISTRATIVE. CONSTITUTIONAL. ART. 127 THE CF/88. ART. 7. LAW N.

8.069/90. (...) DEFINITIVE STANDARD OF NONPROGRAMMABLE RIGHTS.

CHARGEABLE IN COURT. TRANSINDIVIDUAL INTEREST PURSUANT TO

CHILDREN OF THIS AGE. ORIGIN AND SUITABILITY. 1. The igh edcai,hich i egaed i he Cii ad he Sae f Chide ad

Adece, i a iaieabe igh, i fci f he c gd, he

geae eci, deied f he iig egh f he ece f

bic ic geig he ae ief. (...) 5. See he e ha aFedea Cii i he e f aia iica i, achieed b

cig he eecai ad ibiiie f ha i be cecaed, i i

becae f hi ha i ie, hich ae cge ad effecie, d

heie eai e ad cd a dead ee ae. (...) The Sae

ie he igh chidcae, ad ffi i, iach a he ciia

ad iica i, (...) a i he ee f he eadicai f ieeca

e ha aged he c. The igh i ehied i he dacae e

ih e ha egh aii, becae i defie he d, idicaig

he aie bjec, , he Sae. 6. Cecaed e had i he d

f he Sae, he he had, i he bjecie igh f he chid.Ceeia, accdig he icie f he iaieabii f he

jidici, ciia ehied, ee igh ced a aciha ee ha a chide de he cdii iaed b he a, fi

ihi he hee f hi igh ad ca cai i i c. (...). 7. The jdicia

deeiai f hi d f he Sae, de eiae he aeged

iefeece f he jdicia i he adiiaie hee. Ideed, hee i

dicei f he adiia agai eabihed igh, ciia.

Acii i hi fied i bd ih adii f a eegei aied a he

ea f he aa. (...) 9. The iaced hei i eed f he

dicei, he ei ha cd be aied d fai he ae f

he adad i fc, ha hich i defiig igh. The ae i, i hi fahi, ciia, hee, beig ia e hi

caegiai, i ie f he eicie f he ECA, eica e

fficie be a ciia ie, eai he efceabii f he

igh ehied i he edcai ii. 10. The gideie e b bic

37RIZZI, Ee; XIMENES, Sa.. . 123125.


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ic ae igh b ie f aed a, fiig i he

idicaed hee b he jdicia, ih he i f i

ieeai 11. Diee i he ai ha he Fedea Cii

ide a igh ad eici ciia adad, eiig he jdicia

ae i a eai, eig i a bigai, ih eeci i he bdge

hee...38

Thi a a bic cii aci fied b he ec f Ma G d S f he ae

gaaee ee f a chide de i ea f age i he ca ad ae ch

e ch ha hei caaci had bee e. The ee a hed i he 1 ad 2d

degee ad cfied b he STJ.

Sh he decii, i i h eeig e f he ei aied b he Sae f Ma

G d S. Bed fa cai ie ad he "iai f ceece" f he

jdicia e he Sae eecie/egiaie bdie, hee ae ie ha eae ecie

ha e ae dicig hee ha i, h he jdicia hade aicai f ecgii f

igh, ad ciace ih he b he Gee. Agai he decii f he 2d degee i

a aeged ha:

i he eai f he ce f he ega e e hae geeaed a ecede ha i

ceae "cha i bic edcai, a i a iciaiie hee ae acacie i ch"ad eig ha he bic "de ffe ca ih he hica caabii

accdae a 5 ea d chid." I fhe ae ha "hee i dage he heah f chide

ceed b he eae, becae e hae fge he eed f edaggica ad he

eed ae he ea caaci f he chide" f he ae. Fhe i e ha "chide

f a g age d hae be bjec ega eie eae hei abii

accih a, heeb iiig he ie aaiabe f eceai, ad ha b haig ch

eibii ea, hi d efec egaie i hei behai" hi daage, i hi ied be ieaabe. Fia, i ai ei ij he bic e "becae he ae

38BRASIL. Sei Tiba de Jia. 1 Ta, RE . 753.565/MS, Re. Mi. Li F, j. 27/03/2007 (e gif

igia). N e eid, STJ: RE. . 511.645, 2 T., Re. Mi. Hea Bejai, j. 18/08/2009; Ag.Reg.

i RE. . 1198737/RS, 2 ei, Re. Mi. Hea Bejai, j. 04/11/2010; RE 1189082/SP, 2 Ta, Re.

Mi. Hea Bejai, j. 02/12/2010.


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i hae acae ece cie ih he iceae f de, de he if f

chide f fie ea f age i eeea ch, hich i eie eciaied eae".39

Thee ea ee he bjec f he e f he ee (gehe, ih he

cideai, ih he he ebe f he ei). Tha i, he ee f he jdicia i

aca cec, i ha hee i he igh edcai, hee, a ea a hi age, agaic

ie ch a hica ace ad ha ece hae bee ae i acc, he

eaed bdge ie, b he he Miie a

12. I eae ha a jdicia efcee f he Sae iie edigad aci, ih hi ifigig he ha f he e, becae

hgh he decaic e ad he e f a he eeig ae

bi ief he jice hich i ha iied. Th diaced, he

iefeece beee he e, he jdicia, he aeged aacice fhe a, ige e did e ha he ffig f he deeiai f

he acica eaiai f he ciia ie.40

Ne ha he bdge ie a eied b addeed b he jdge, h, hie

ecgiig he cicai ha ch a decii i ead , ae i b ad cai ha

hi deadig cae iefeece beee he e.

Ahe eig ei, he egaiai f heah, a e i ha

def he adiia ca f cae ig. Heah beig a fdaea igh gaaeed b he

Cii (a. 6), he d f he Sae (a. 196) ad ha, eeig a i ha iediae

aicai (A. 5, 1) i a f he hee f he Fedeai41, ai ae iig i

hich aid igh i gh.

39BRASIL. Sei Tiba de Jia. 1 Ta, RE . 753.565/MS, Re. Mi. Li F, j. 27/03/2007.

40BRASIL. Sei Tiba de Jia. 1 Ta, RE . 753.565/MS, Re. Mi. Li F, j. 27/03/2007.

41The See C ha a deadig eaed i he ee ha he eibii beee ebe f he

Fedeai i ie, ha aci aiig a he ii f fiacia heah a hae he Ui Sae Miciaiie a a defeda,. See, e.g.: BRAZIL. Sei C f Jice, 1. ei RE. . 325.337/RJ, Re.

Mi. J Degad, j. 21/06/2001. N STF: BRASIL. Se Tiba Fedea. Ag.Reg. RE. . 607.381/SC. 1 T.

Re. Mi. Li F, j. 31/05/2011.


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Thee aci hae caed gea dici i he ega eie i he face, f

eae, f he iac ha decii ade i hee idiida aci ca hae he bic

bdge ad h he ea deie f heah (aide f he abe ad ci), i

addii hee i a big dici ab he ii f eface f he jdicia a "diec fbic ic"42.

Th, he See C had he chace dea ih he ae i a caic

decii i STA 178 ad 244: ig daa bgh b a bic heaig hed befe he C i

Mach 2009, he Miie Gia Mede gh eabih aaee f he ei: "The

fi fac be cideed i he eiece f ae ic ha ce he ii f

heah a eaded b he a." Accdig he Miie i aea ha, i cae

bied he jdicia, he heah eice (SUS) aead ha icie eaig ha i

caied, ad ha he ei d be he faie eface f aead eabihed

c (ad jdicia iefeece a he e f dicei f he bic adiiai)

i he face f a cea ega igh. Ahe i he iai he "he ii f heah cae

hich i eaded i fd i SUS icie", ice f hee, he jdicia eaae

hehe ch a fac "e f a egiaie adiiaie ii, f a

adiiaie decii ide i, f a ega igfece a hei dia"43 (hich

ca hae, e.g., he a ceai caied edicie i ecgied b ANVISA, hich i

eceia cae, he Sae ca be ceed ide). Th, he "ecd fac be

cideed i he eiece f iai f idig ceai heah aci b SUS"44.

The decii eceed he ii ied i a ei aee f he See C

i ADPF 45, i hich he Miie Ce de Me a aaee f he aai f jdicia

ieei "ibe eee", he "eieia ii" ad he "icie f

42Thi ie i ce ied he ie f cecie ad eeiie (eia) iigai, i caig f he cci

f a dga f i . Cf. CUNHA, Sgi S da. Aida Efei Vicae. Reia Tiea de Diei

Pbic, S Pa, . 18, . 124164, 1997; e NUNES, Diee. N aa a ea difeeciada Bai?.43

BRASIL, Se Tiba Fedea, STA 244, Re. Mi. Gia Mede, DJE. 24/09/09.44

BRASIL, Se Tiba Fedea, STA 244, Re. Mi. Gia Mede, DJE. 24/09/09.


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38 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


iai"45. The edece iie Gia bega eaie he eed

"ceaie" heah, ice i eie a dicif he ace f he cae i a ceda

ad ciia ce:

Theefe, egade f he cicace bgh he aeif he Jdicia, he ai diced ae cea he eed f

he edcai f e i eai heah dead i de aid

he adadied dci f iiiai f cae, chaege ad

jdge, eadig ha fe d icde he ecific f heccee cae beig eaied, eeig he jdge i he

ecciiai f he bjecie diei (idiida ad cecie)

ih he bjecie diei f he igh heah.46

I addii he difficie i egad bdge eae bic ic chice (ice

he dead ae aa highe ha he abii f he gee ide he), he ie

bece ee e ce he he jdicia ae decii ih aig i acc

he age f bh aie, a if he igh f e a a abe ad heefe d cae

a he ae be deeig f acceace (ad ee be efed).

I RE. . 325 337 he Sae f Ri de Jaei bjeced he jdgee ha i a

fd dg ( ea HIV aie) ha ee ided b fedea a (ad i egai)

ad caied, heefe, he beach he iea ii f he a. The C, i decidig, aid:

ADMINISTRATIVE. DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AIDS. STATE SUPPLY.

MANDATORY. REMOVAL OF LIMITATION CONSTANT IN LAW N 9.313/96.

CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY. PRECEDENT. (...) 4. B he eciai f each

cae i ie f i gec, e e he deiiai i he

f dg ied i La N. 9.313/96.5. The decii, deig he

Pbic Adiiai ide aie ih he dg eied figh

he dieae ha ae idicaed b ecii, iiaed b iegai. 6.

Le d be aaded caia hee he edicie ee

ided, cideig ha ae beig deied he ciia igh heah, ih he cici f he jdicia. The each f he deie f

jdicia eice hd be eaed ih eige b he agiae, ha

ciie ae aed hae, iceaig faciiaed b he cibi f

45BRASIL, Se Tiba Fedea, ADPF 45, Mi. Re. Ce de Me, DJU 04/05/04.

46BRASIL, Se Tiba Fedea. STA 244, Re. Mi. Gia Mede, DJE. 24/09/09.


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he Jdicia, hei e i cie, hehe i he ega eai f iae

a, i bic a.47

N, h ae caibe, ega, he aei ha "The decii, deig he

Pbic Adiiai ide aie ih he dg eied figh he dieae ha ae

idicaed b ecii, iiaed b iegai"? P, a acibed: "The each f he

deie f jdicia eice hd be eaed ih eige b he agiae, ha ciie

ae aed hae, iceaig faciiaed b he cibi f he Jdicia, hei e i

cie, hehe i he ega eai f iae a, i bic a."48

I a iia ee, he See C hed ha:

Recei f edicie f he ae i a fdaea igh, he heaica ee he f a fedea agec, ided ha hei

ecei, ad iibii f affdig he ih hei ece, i

deaed. Thi i becae, ce ch eiee ae aified, he

fedea ei hd be gided i he ii f idai gie

effeciee he igh gaaeed b he Cii, ad ceae

ega baie e he de adjdicai.49

I i e ha i i fge ha e ae eied heah. Hee, e ha ee,

e bid beee , cea, a dcie ha eabihe a diffeece beee beig a

hde f a igh ad he bigai ha ce ih i, becae a Caih h, he i

ce aaiabe igh, f he affiai f a igh, a diec d f he Sae de

eceai aie. Whe i ce Ecic, Scia ad Ca Righ i i ecea a

aei he aicai f i cii i de aid ha Caih eceie a a

cfi beee "cia ad iica igh" ad "bic ic f cia igh." Whe he

47BRASIL. Sei Tiba de Jia, 1. Ta, RE. . 325.337/RJ, Re. Mi. J Degad, j. 21/06/2001.48

O a he TJMG aid: "... he jdicia ca , ice acied, fai fce he eecie bach, i a f ihee, ffi i ciia d ide f he eed ad ic he e eae f hei dieae .

(...) The aeia be aaed f he adi f Aice 196 f he Cii, hich deeie he

iea ciie acce heah, aigig aid chage a ebe f he Fedeai" (BRASIL. Tiba deJia de Mia Geai. Ae. C. . 1.0384.12.0024748/002, 6 C. Ce, Re. De. Edi Feade. DJ.

01/02/2013).49

STF: BRASIL. Se Tiba Fedea. Ag.Reg. RE. . 607.381/SC. 1 T. Re. Mi. Li F, j. 31/05/2011.


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40 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


jdicia ie ae "ea" cia igh b ig bic icie, i ge i

"aie ebae", ice, a ed, hee igh, ie idiida igh, d aa i

a ceaie ii b he Sae.50

I i ded, i hee e, ha a adiia eie b he jdicia, iied he

aai f he ie b a ige jdge (eecia f bic icie) ih a e daic

ad aaic adea, de hae he e eaie ih e i he iii

f cad ha a ie i hae ie abii geeae effecie iac he

eaee f fdaea igh.

A eee ia chae i he jdicia iii f bic ic, e hae

diced abe, h eec h i hd ceed ih i ega ciace.

A aead aed, he eecie echie, ie he ceda echie, hd be

ied ad ieeed f i ciia fdai.

I aica, he eeci f i ciia fdai i i f

ega effeciee, a a ca f ieaabii (Aice 5, XXXV), i he ae i

hich he echie i dieced he f aifaci f he bigai caied i he

eecie ie b he ede ad i ie (a. 5, LXXVIII CR/88) b ih f

eec f he ciia ceda afegad, becae hee i aa a eed hi

f a ei a ce caabe f eecig he ei beee he eed f ega

decii/aci (facici) ad he cai ha he ae cec (aid)51.

Hee, he ceia a f aaig he eeci a a f f ae aci,

ed i he agi de b he agiae, deg fd chage he e eceiehe chagig fie f iigai ad he hee f he jdiciaiai f bic ic

50Ve CANOTILHO, J. J. Ed be Diei Fdaeai. Ciba: Ciba Ed.; SP: RT, 2008, . 97 . .

51BAHIA, Aeade; SIMIONI, Rafae. C je decide? Piidade e diegcia ee a eia da

deci de Jge Habea e Nia Lha. Secia (UFSC), . 30, Decebe 2009. . 69. Aaiabe a:

.


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eaed i he abe ie, hich ead he cci: if, i he adiia d f idiida

iigai, he eeci aead ( i) e beaic, ih haig baied, i Bai,

a fai ha ae i efficie ad fa deie he a ef ade hi aica

aea , he e beaic i i he i ce diffee gadiahi, f he iigai fbic iee.

The eeciaci ha ed cee ieffecie ad iegiiae i hee

aea. Th, he cii eeci ffe he iac f hi aii f e ha he ceda

e i ae.

The eaiai da ha decaic cii eeci, f he ffie f he

bigai aiig f hee e f f iigai, ae a diagica ad c

aiciaie ceda e a e a aed ciace ih he caig f a

he ied i bic ic.52 Thi i becae he ciia fae, hich

efeece a ade ea i hi , deeie a e cce f ha cie "bic

ad iae iee." Th, he jdicia eae f he Sae' bigai ee he

fdaea, , e geea, "ide" bic icie, ice i ca e b ica

ccei f he caica "Sae f Webeig", accdig hich hi ebdie ief a "he

bic iee" hich hd aa eai e iae iee.

O he ca, i he e f a, "he bic" ge beg he ae (b

a be deaied ecie f ha hich i iigae agai i) ad, a a ae, ge ca i

be aid ha he bic iee eai e iae " ", de hea f ffedig ea

aid fdaea igh.

O i he ccee cae i a be ha, f he cai f he iiga ad he

ecci f he feae f he cae ad he ega de ief, ca fige hich f

he cai ae egiiae ad hich h abe53.

52MILLER, Chi H. The adaie Aeica jdicia: f caica adjdicai ca aci iigai. Aba

La Reie. . 72 . 1, 2009. Aaiabe a: .53

BAHIA, Aeade. : cfi ee ieee bic e iad. .


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42 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


If hi i , e ca acce, ih eeai, ceda iiege ha he

Gee ha i id, adi ha bic ac hich iae igh deee be icded

i he geeic efeece "bic iee". If he ae ha he e ef ac

ceae bic icie, ch e i a a ecei, ad bh hei aci ad ii aebjec jice.

Cideig ha he jdicia bd i he cae ad beig he eiee abe

ha defied he bigai f he gee ef, hee i i be he Hecea a

f eecie ciace ih he decii.

I hi ee, Edad J da Feca Ca54h, i he efeed , a a

f he eacee f he de f ih a de f

, i e f aig e iig bic ic.

The ah a b aig he ieffeciee f he adiia cecie de, f

ieeig decii hich eie he Gee ffi bic ic. Thi

becae i a be f cae he defeda efe c " " ih he decii

he ah i fc ch cae b ahe, i cae i hich he ( )

ffi he decii, hi beig iied b beacaic, echica, fiacia baie. A Edad

Ca h, i hi feia eeiece:

I feic ie i i c ece iai i hich he defeda

ecgie he eed ae he bjec f he aeged cai f baie a i c, b

ei he achieee f hi bjec i he ie deied b he ah. (...) [The] ai

bdge cai ad ifeibe iea ad eea beacaic c fe ee he

Adiiai f dichagig i ia a a he deied ie (...). Thi i h, i

hee aci, he deacai f he cae (...) i i ig ha f ie i

f he bic ei ee i bigai (ehai i igia).

54FONSECA, Edad J da Ca. A Eec Negciada de ica Pbica e J. .


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The ega ee, ee afe chage he eeci egie i Bai, ha he ee

f "cecig" he defeda c ih he decii, i he ae ad ie e b he

agiae.55The dabac, ed b Edad Ca, i ha ig he eig ided b

cae 5 f aice. 461 CPC (hich e he ibii f ig aeaie ea), hejdge a e eabihig chede egiaed b he aie a a a efce he

decii.

Accdig Ca, ada, he La ha eaed ha he effecie adad i

ha hich eie ceci ie, b he "f a", i.e. e ha e

ahiaie "ega dieci f ahiie" (he e i f Cheaie).

I fac, e ha he efficiec f a i diec eaed he highe ee f a

deee f a cie (Khbeg), ha a he ceia ee ce he aie

icie deig he ega e ae ieaied hee i e bediece, becae he

55Thi i ided f i aice 461, f he efed CPC, i be aiaied i he jeced CPC: "A 550.

I ciace ih he jdge ha ecgie he efceabii f bigai d d, he c

a, ee, f he efcee f ecific eface bai eci f he

eiae acica e, deeie he eae ecea ee he aifaci f he cedi. 1 T ee

he ii f he ig, he jdge a deeie, ag he eae , he iii f fie f a

dea eid, he each ad eie, ea f e ad hig, he dig f , jdicia ieei i

bie acii iia ad eeig aici acii ad ca, if ecea, ee he aiace f heice fce. 2 The eii f jdicia ieei i bie acii i be gie if hee i he

effecie ea f effecig ice f he decii ad, hee aicabe, he ii f aice. 102111 f

La N. 12,529 , f Nebe 30, 2011. 3 The eeci i fc he eece f iigai i bad faih

he he defeda eaab fai c ih he c de, ih ejdice hi eibii f

he cie f dibediece. 4 I ciace ih he jdge ha ecgie he efceabii f a bigai

d d, a A. 539, a aicabe. 5 The ii f hi Aice ha a, hee aicabe,ciace ih jdge ha ecgie hig hich ad be de, f a biga ae.

Aice 551. The eidic ea de deed he aicai b a a ad a be gaed i he

dice hae, ea eief, jdge, i he eeci hae, ided i i fficie ad caibe ih he

bigai ad i he ie c ih he e i deeied eaabe. 1 The jdge a, ee, dif he ae he eidici f he ai f he fie, ee cace i, ih eacie

effec, if he fid ha: I I a ifficie eceie II The biged a deaed eeig aia

ffie f he bigai j cae f ciace. 2 The a f he fie i be de he

adjdged cedi. 3 The defiiie ffie f he fie deed he fia jdge f a decii faabe he a, he ea ha be aabe f he da hich i he decii a beached ad. The iia

ieeai f he decii fi he ea, if aicabe i aabe. 4 The ieeai f eidic

ea ce he ae f he eid f ciace hich ha cced i he ie f i aicai, ae a he eeig, ad i i i aified b he decii. 5 The ii f hi Aice ha a,

hee aicabe, he ciace ih he jdge ecgie die f a biga ae." Ece f

he Sbiie CPC aded 07.16.2013 i he He f Reeeaie Secia Ciee (Teieia Re).


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ebe f hi ci f icie (Di) dead he eaig f he a ad d

j ac f fea f aci56.

The eeci, hee, i eai aached he idea f Sae ceci, ice i i

a f he ife f he deb ffi hi bigai ae. Ee ih he chage

idced b he CPC hich bgh eeci i he ce f gaiig edge he

bjec, he cecie chaace ha diiihed, he ca he ehai ha bee

aced he efcee e f he Magiae eie he fced eeci f he

jdge a ih a ie eig he effeciee/ii/eed f he eeci hae.

A aed abe, e f he difficie i achieig ciace ih a decii ha

dea ih bic ic i i ei ide he fied f eeie f he agiae. A ch

a he agiae a , hee ae echica, fiacia ad beacaic ie ha he

bic adiiai diae ad hich hd be cideed he defiig "h" ad

"he" icie hd be ieeed. Thi i ee e ei becae, gie he

eeia iceae i he jdiciaiai f bic ic, he e ed eai i a

"fcia ieia", i.e. i " if eed b he jdicia."

Ee he, he iaea fiig f he ie ii f ieeai f a decii (a

ided b Aice 461 eied CPC, A 550 ad 551 f he Pjeced CPC i he iig fTeieia f 16/07/13), if ade ih aaee, a fe a be ffied b he

bic adiiai, hich geeae fie hich ae a e ad j ie , aide f

he fac ha he ae a bde he ae i iceae he deficiec i he ii

f he eice.

Th, Ca eai ha cecie eae f a ecia ee ciia ae (

he bic adiiai), aide f beig ieffecie, bde iegai ad fhe, he

agiae fe be iai eibe f decii be ffied b giig a

iefae ih haig daa i. He gge ha he agiae cd cee a

56We hee e f he heie f Di ad Khbeg. O he aicai f he he c decii,

ee Mace Cai. Diei Cicia. Be Hie: Madae, 2002, . 179.; e: CARVALHO NETTO,

Meeic de. Raciaia d Odeae Jdic e Decacia. Reia Baieia de Ed Pic, Be

Hie, . 88, . 81146, deeb, 2003.


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eiia heaig i hich he defeda ha he i h (aig daa) hi aca

abii iee he bic ic i hee e, he defeda i beig eed a

"h he a ffe cecie ac" hich d be ee, b ahe eig he debae

ch ha a chede f ieeig he decii b he aie i ed. Haig he daaided i he heaig, he jdge d be bee abe eabih a iefae ad a ehd

cie ih he eai f he cae.

The a f he ah i, heefe, ha he jdicia eeci f bic icie

e aa f he adiia eecie f i a a ea, ad a "f" efcee,

baed egiai, ediai ad diage, ha, afe heaig he aie, he ah

ciace ih he decii ca be bee defied57. F hi, Edad Ca ih he

f he a f egiai: iae eeig ih each a; d f

egiai ih he eece f he aie (ad hei ae), b a he ha

i diec ffi he chede, ad, hee aiae, hid aie (ee), aied b

he c cibe echica; b, e ha hi, aide f he fa eiee,

he ah ehaie he iace f he dici beaig aa f he a ii

f he bjec f he ce a achiee, a aiae, he iee f ec f

cie, eh, i he ieeai f bic ic, ha he ceda eaihi

ae a ad he i gai a decaic egiiac.

Wih eec he ae aec, hich e cide eeia, hee ae e

cideai ae. I i a g ie ha e hae bee defedig a chage f aide a

h decii hd be ae. The eabihe f a adeaia caiciai58 i

eeia f cee ha dee i he ceda aadig f he decaic e f a:

hi ae ha he egiiac f decii i () i he fa beace f e,

57We eca hee he ie, caic, defiig f ediai f Waa a "a ecgica a f ig he cia

ad ega cfic, a f i hich he e f aifaci f deie eace he cecie ad cedaicai f a ega aci. Mediai i a aeaie a (agide he) f eig ega die, ih

fea f beaig he a adj accdig he ii f iie a" (WARAT, Li Abe. E

e d acd: a edia diei. Be Aie: Aga Ieie, 1998, . 5).58

NUNES, Diee. Pce Jidicia Decic. .; NUNES, Diee. Fdae e diea aa iea

cea Ua abdage da iigcia de ieee bic a ai d Pceai Cicia

decic. .


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46 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


bi f he a he ccee cae; hece ig f a iai hee he aie

ae ee gie he i "a ad cadic", ad hee he agiae ee

ae hi decii59i egh.60

Me ha ee he dici f aicia ieeai ead , a a dgaic

ai, he dcie f Faaai (1958), e idced i Bai b Ad Pii

Gae he he aed ha "hee hae aa bee cee i hich hee a

cede eaied i adeaia ce beee aehde, ad he eece f hi i i

he 'eic ai' f he aiciai, i he ac hich eae he f, f he h

ae ieeed i i becae, a i eciie, he i ffe i effec"61.

Hee, e age ha a caiciai ha idce a cede baced b a

fdaea igh, ih he adea a he gaaee f ifece ad f ie62,

hich ead a debae beee a ceda bjec, eecia he iabii f bic

iee iigai.

Whe Ca defed he aiai f he debae ch ha he jdge e he

chede f ciace, ce agai e eed ehaie he eii f he cce f

59Ee e if e cide he dia deadig i c heeb he jdge i biged

ae a ei/hee ed b he aie ha he ha "dicei" decide "accdig hi

cciece." Ab hi: STRECK, Lei Li. O e i Decid cfe iha ccicia? 2 ed. P

Aege: Liaia d Adgad, 2010.60

Sbe i e: NUNES, Diee J Ceh. Pce jidicia decic. .; NUNES, Diee; BAHIA,

Aeade. Pce Cicia: a Abdage a Pai d Deafi d Ead Decic de Diei. .;BAHIA, Aeade; NUNES, Diee. Pce, jidi e ceai cicia decic a Aica

Laia: ag aae. Reia Baieia de Ed Pic, . 101, . 6196, 2010; BAHIA, Aeade.

Aaa Recede c a efa? U ed be a cea de afad da egia e

a (i)adea face Ead Decic de Diei. I: Feie Machad; Mace Adade Cai de Oieia.(Og.). Cii e Pce: a aie heeica da (e)c d cdig. Be Hie: F,

2012, . 1537; BAHIA, Aeade; BALESTERO, Gabiea Sae. A Neceidade da Qeba d Pagi

Jdicia: a caicia a c d ie jidicia, a abdage habeaiaa e

faaaiaa. Reia IOB de Diei Cii e Pcea Cii, . 65, . 134148, 2010.61

GONALVES, Ad Pi. Tcica Pcea e Teia d Pce. Ri de Jaei: Aide, 1992. . 115.62

NUNES, Diee. . PcMia,

2003, diea de ead; NUNES, Diee. , Re. See de Di. Ci. e Pc. Cii, .5. . 29. . 7385, MaiJ/2004; NUNES, Diee J Ceh, THEODORO JR, Hbe. Pici d cadii:

edcia de daa de a aica. Reia da Facdade de Diei d S de Mia, . 28, . 177206, 2009.

NUNES, Diee J Ceh. . ., Ciiba: J, 2008.


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ce a a ciiaied cede eai63. If e dea ih he eeci f bic

icie, he he "bic" ha i be affeced b he ae hd hae bee gie he

i aiciae i he eeci hae, b a i cgii a i be

eied be, beig a eeia eiee f he deadig f he iicai f aciia adeae cce f ce.

F Ca, f ch a cede cc i i ecea ha he agiae i ee

" ied i he a f ediai" ad ha he ha "ea iciai f diage, acie

ieig, he abii ie, aiece, cii, iii i, cie, jdge,

he abii aicae, aehei ad eeaied iee, he beaig f

deadc, ec ".

Aead e hae had he i dic he ie f "eceia aiig f he

jdge a a cdii f gd ei f cfic."64O ccai, hich e i aiai, i

a aged ha bee aiig f a jdge i a iie hig, hi, hee, de' ea ha

he ceci f he decii i deede i ee ha, eceai, high aied

jdge ce cec decii.

F hi, ahgh ageeig ih he a f Ca, e diagee hi a

eiee a i ahe bde he hde f he agiae. The idea f eiga egiai cede a he age f eeci f he jdge, f a bigai c

ih bic ic, i e ece f a he ea abe. Hee, e dead ha he

ae hig cd ae ace ih he agiae beig, ce agai, bdeed b i. Thi

fci cd be deegaed a feia edia cciia ac a a aiia

ga f he jdge (ad de ic iig) h, eig he feia

aiie hich he ah eie f he jdgeedia, bee ee he fci f

baiig he daa eeded fae he iig f he eface f he eigbigai.

63GONALVES, Ad Pi. A Cia Jgada Cdig de Defea d Cid e Ccei de Pae. Reia

Fee, Ri de Jaei, . 331, 1995, . 6573.64

NUNES, Diee; BAHIA, Aeade. P Paadiga Decic de Pce. I: DIDIER, Fedie. Teia d

Pce Paaa Dii Mdia 2a ie. Saad: JPdi, 2010, . 159180.


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A e , ice he 1970 hee ha bee a hge ed i fa f ADR (

) a a i he adiia c e.

Thi iciai a aed a a ed f aig cfic f e cei, hich

did eie ega edge, be aced b hee echie.

I a eia ece f 1976, Fa Sade, eeed e cieia be cideed i

deeiig he aiae die ei echai.65

A ha ie, ih ee ig he ce dia ecae (Mid

Che), Sade aid he fdai f he Gba Jice Cee ide acce a

aie f faciiie f ADR (ediai, abiai, bda, fac fidig, a cai,

ec.)66, i de ee he aiae echica i ad edce he dead he

jdicia e. I d ceae a ace hee ececic ehd f die ei d be,

i a cceaed fahi, aaiabe ciie.

Sch a id de ce deie eea ebac i i ieeai,

baiig gd e i he U.S.67 ad eig a a de f a he cie (e.g.

Nigeia, Sigae).

Thi feig eeiece hed ha i eiia egiai (eia egiai),

he iiia age f he cede, i d be ceie i a id f die f he "jdge"

65Sade aid ha he cieia hd be: 1. The ae f he die. 2. The eaihi beee he aie. 3.

C, ae a a efeece f bh he a f cedi, a he c f ig. 4. Seed, beig a efeece he deie f he ic ei ad he eed f ge aci. Cf. SANDER, Fa. Vaieie f die

ceig. .66

SANDER, Fa. Vaieie f die ceig. . . 84.67

Pi jec ee ieeed i he Uied Sae i Ta, H ad WahigDC, i 1985, ih he

f he . Siia, he i ga

ee ceaed i Ne Jee ad Cabidge, Maache, ice 1980.


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h eided e he heaig be he ae a ha hich d hea he cae i he

jdge hae.68

Mee, e ee ha he agiae i aa he aified e

cdc he iiia heaig b ig echie f feia ediai abiai, a

feia h e hi eeie d a a e f ecific eaai ad aiig,

hich fe i ( a ) he aea f d eied ai a a jdge. The fac ha

ee fid hief i he ii f eeciig jdicia fci, de eceai ea

ha he e i ied i ediai he ADR echai.

Sch acice i he iigai f bic iee, hehe i cgii, ad, eecia i

eeci, hae hge eia ia he adeaia daic eabe ch highe chace f

baacig he dead.

The iai ha i adcaed hee, d be he e f "aiae"

echie he deie f adiia c a, b he ecei ha ig f

he d ge be iabe be eceded f dead f ee cei, a

cai i ad, b ha i e d be gh ecie i cae f high cei,

ch a he eeci f bic icie.

Hee, if i i feaibe "egiae", i d g a cae aagee

cfeece, chaied b he jdge, b he eabihe f a aagee cede i

cadici f he eia age f he eeci f bic ic.

The jdicia eff dieced a aci ha dea ih he ieeai f bic

icie i he ce f iaieabii (ad, i fac, iceae) f bic iee iigaiie a ceheie eie f he d ibea ad/ ciaiig cce f cee. The

68 FRENCH, Rbe. Peecie C Aeed Aeaie Die Rei. La Cci f Aaia

MiD Si, 27 J 2009, . 9. Aaiabe a:

.


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50 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


Cii, i he ea i hich i 25, if he e had, i a abe chage he a

he a i geea i cceied (ad he ce i aica), he he i cai aj

chaege f he bic e.

The e f he c b cia ee, iaed idiida eeig he

ieeai f fdaea igh, i a eai i hich hee i f eiig

hehe ehig hd be defeded: jdiciaiai i a dide hee ad,

i Bai, ha aed ha, a eied abe f eae, g ee he Sae hgh

"a ega aid" i hich cehegeic iee f ecded g fid a acce

e i face f he ii f he egiae ad ii/iefficiec f he bic

adiiai.

Oe f he fi e i, heefe, dead ha hee ae e f f

iigai, bed ha idiidaied ad deiged b aiiai cde. N d he

bjec ad he effec f decii i, he ce f hei aci diae icde

ie ih iica, bdgea ad fica iicai, hich ei ee fbidde

ei f jdicia aee becae he ae "iica ei", ie

f "adiiaie dicei". Tda he jdicia ha bee caed iee ccee

icie (ad/ abac ided a) eaied i hei eie a ea aifaci.

T dea ih he ieeai f bic icie (ch a he eae cied i heah

ad edcai) ie a fd efeci he e f he bjec i he ce. T

eaie hi, i i ecea hae a agiae ih a diffeeiaed edge ide

aiig i eaega diciie. I i ecea, hee, ha he ce cc i a f

hich eee he adeaia e ihi he caiciaie ad ceic a.

Whe he jdicia, i a ae "cceie" fdaea igh, ae decii

ih egad he (ide) cibi f he h ae affeced b hi ii, hi ca

ead bea cci ch a he ha Rii ad Xiee aied a abe: iigai

dee a chage i he ee ha he jdicia a eceie he dead, hee, he

ecie eeci f hee decii ef ch be deied.


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51 , .5, .1: 2058, jaa., 2014


Ad he e aie a ecie he a f Edad Ca egadig he c

aiciaie ieeai f bic iee: if he he ciia ce be

ed f he adeaia daic, eeci hd a be affeced b hi eeed

cce f he ce, eaig aide (eecia egadig he ieeai iig biciee iigai) a bia ad he iaie ha cide aci ad ceci i he

hae f "fced" ffie f he eece, i.e. f a ie a

"" ha fa, a i he eecie hae, diage ag he bjec

f he ce i a "ic ee", b a ih cibi f ee ad f he h

i be affeced b he ii.

Addig he iiege ha he eiig e i hae i c, ee i he

eeci, e e he a f Edad Ca: aig adaage f he feae ha

he 5h aagahf a.461 f heCPC, a ace f egiaedeeci cd be ceaed i

hich he aie ae gie he i aiciae i he fai f h he

decii i be cied ih, ha i, h ad he (he iig ad eabihe hae).

Neehee, ihi he abe heeica fae, e beiee ha, if he a

f eabihig a ediai ace i a hge adace hich e hae ade i he ce

eeci aaee, hi hd , hee, e i he agiae haig be he

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