PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

AND ITS RISK FACTORS AMONG EARLY ADULTHOOD: A REVIEW

Presented by-Bhawana DayalResearch scholarSchool for home sciencesBBAU,LUCKNOW.

DEFINING CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASES?

Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke.

is a simple term used to describe several problems related to plaque build up in the walls of the arteries, or atherosclerosis. As the plaque builds up, the arteries narrow, making it more difficult for blood to flow and creating a risk for heart attack or stroke.

PLAQUE BUILD UP IN AN ARTERY

PREVALENCE OF CVD : Over 80 per cent of

deaths and 85 per cent of disability from cardiovascular disease (CVD) occur in low- and middle-income countries.

Current estimates from disparate cross-sectional studies indicate the prevalence of CHD to be between 7-13 per cent in urban and 2-7 per cent in rural India. 

DEFINING RISK FACTORS FOR CVD

Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease (CHD) Chest pain (angina pectoris) Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Congenital and rheumatic heart disease Stroke

TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEART DISEASES: Atherosclerosis Characterized by

deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery

Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level

Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) / ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI) OR HEART ATTACK A heart attack is a serious medical

emergency where the supply of the blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot.

* chest pain should not be confused or mistaken with the mild pain that is caused by indigestion , a combination of symptoms are necessary to determine

the heart attack,, not the severity of chest pain.

ARRYTHMIA An irregularity in heart rhythm Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or

anxiety Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat Fibrillation – heart beat is in a quivering (fluttering)

patternCauses are- Coronary artery disease. Electrolyte imbalances in your blood (such as sodium or

potassium). Changes in your heart muscle. Injury from a heart attack. Healing process after heart surgery. Irregular heart rhythms can also occur in "normal,

healthy" hearts.

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) Damaged or overworked

heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally

Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem

Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs.

Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born

May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development

Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects connective tissue

CONGENITAL AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

STROKE Strokes occur due to problems

with the blood supply to the brain; either the blood supply is blocked or a blood vessel within the brain ruptures. 

Ischemic strokes are caused by a narrowing or blocking of arteries to the brain.

Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by blood vessels in and around the brain bursting or leaking.

Transient ischemic attack flow of blood to the brain is only disrupted temporarily for a short time. 

ANGINA PECTORIS:

Angina is a medical term used for a chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked.

TYPES OF ANGINA: Stable angina – it is most common type of angina and

is usually predictable, as it occurs when the heart is working harder than usual. Eg- running , dancing etc.

Unstable Angina- This type of angina could even occur with or without any physical exertion, and the pain is not relieved by any medicine or rest. It’s a sign to change your lifestyle.

Variant (Prinzmetal's) Angina-is caused by a spasm in the arteries and usually occurs when person is at rest. This pain can be quite severe. Medicine can relieve this type of angina.

Microvascular Angina-caused by the spasm within the walls of these very small arterial blood vessels which causes a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle leading to a chest pain. This type of pain can last longer and is not relieved my medicine, one should report to the emergency in such case.

KNOWLEDGE OF CVD AND IT’S RISK FACTORS Various studies have been done to asses the knowledge

of CVD and its risk factors among the local people : (Tareq ,2012) (Public knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular disease and its risk

factors: a cross-sectional study of 1000 Jordanians )

‘diseases that affect the heart and veins’ and when asked about the symptoms of CVD the most frequent answers were chest pain(82%), shortness of breath (57%), and pain in arms and shoulder (42%).

(Winham, 2011)score for the knowledge of six types of CVD was extremely low, 59.4% people could not identify any type of CVD while only 15.6% identified four or more types, also the knowledge regarding the symptoms was fairly low with the most heart attack symptom identified as “chest pain” (50.4%), difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath’ (48.0%),and ‘pain or discomfort in arms or shoulder’ (41.2%).

(Quah,2014) 85.1% correctly identified the various symptoms like prolonged crushing, squeezing, or burning pain during a heart attack, while 72.9% recognized shortness of breath, only 66.6%could identify the other very important symptoms of pain radiating from chest area to neck, arms, shoulders, or jaw as a possible presenting symptom

In a study conducted to access the knowledge of modifiable risk factors among the masses it was observed that the majority (58%) of individuals sampled lacked adequate awareness of modifiable risk factors. A significant percentage (70%) of participants failed to identify DM as a risk factor. Importantly, 67.7% of participants correctly identified smoking cigarettes as a modifiable risk factor of CVD. (Saeed,2009).

(Mazloomy,2014) people who suffered from a history of CVD, mortality due to CVD, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in an immediate family member, showed a higher than average mean knowledge compared with those who did not.

People in categories at greater risk of cardiovascular disease, such as those aged 65 or more or those with only elementary education, are less able to recall important cardiovascular disease risk factors.

(Potvin,2001)

DIET IN CVD Control your portion size (breakfast, lunch , evening

snacks and dinner) Eat more vegetables and fruits Select whole grains (Avoid refined products) Limit unhealthy fats (reduce saturated, trans fat and

cholesterol intake) Choose low-fat protein sources skim or low-fat (1%) milk, yogurt and cheese Eggs Skinless poultry Legumes Soybeans and soy products

Reduce the sodium in your food Plan ahead: Create daily menus Allow yourself an occasional treat

TARGET YOUR GOALS FOR A HEALTHY HEART

Circuit training-Move quickly from one exercise to another, it burn 30% more calories

Running/biking-Running, jogging and biking,all good enough to give you ahealthy heart, remember don’t push it too hard.

Dance-Dancing your way toheart health makes for a rhythmic and aerobic exercise routine.

yoga-provides lowers blood pressure, making blood vessels ‘more elastic and promoting heart health.

Being active all day-People who are active in little ways the entire day burn more calories.

Heart- care Package1. Quit smoking/alcohol2. Learn to stay calm.

3. take medication

4. regular checkups

5. control your diet

6. regular exercise

CONCLUSION Public awareness of risk factors is essential, but no

previous measures of it exist in India, where it is on the rise and the incidence of heart diseases is dramatically increasing.

Educational interventions are needed to make the Indian public aware of risk factors, its sign and symptoms, and should specifically target individuals who do not exercise, currently smoke, and have less formal education.

Patients require continued reinforcement about the nature of cardiac symptoms, the benefits of early treatment and their risk status.

it is very important to divert the attention towards the need to enhance the knowledge of people and to bring out more and more programmes for their betterment, lack of knowledge not only will affect their health status but would also deteriorate their condition in case of need such as during a heart attack or stroke

THANK YOU