public policy…defined. values needs social context political perspectives locations fields...

Public Policy…Public Policy…defined.defined.

Values

Needs

Social ContextPolitical Perspectives

Locations

Fields AssociatedTo It

(edu.policydevelopment policy)

COMPLEX AND BROAD CONCEPT

PolicyPolicy Derives from the Greek word ‘polis’ (city Derives from the Greek word ‘polis’ (city

state) and Sanskrit word ‘pur’ (city).state) and Sanskrit word ‘pur’ (city).

Both combined and used in Latin word as Both combined and used in Latin word as ‘politia’, which means state.‘politia’, which means state.

‘‘Policie’, which means public governance Policie’, which means public governance was then used in Middle English. was then used in Middle English.

More definitions…More definitions…

A A policypolicy is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s). The term may apply to and achieve rational outcome(s). The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. and individuals. Presidential executive ordersPresidential executive orders, corporate , corporate privacy or human resource policiesprivacy or human resource policies, and parliamentary , and parliamentary rules of orderrules of order are all examples of policy. are all examples of policy.

Policy differs from Policy differs from rulesrules or or lawlaw. While law can compel or . While law can compel or

prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income) policy merely guides actions toward taxes on income) policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.

More definitionsMore definitions

A set of interrelated decisions taken by a A set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions, should, in principle, where those decisions, should, in principle, be within the power of these actors to be within the power of these actors to achieve (Jenkins, 1978).achieve (Jenkins, 1978).

More definitionsMore definitions The actions of government and the intentions The actions of government and the intentions

that determine those actions (Cochran et.al).that determine those actions (Cochran et.al).

Whatever government choose to do or not to do Whatever government choose to do or not to do (Dye, 1998).(Dye, 1998).


Intentions that guide governmental Intentions that guide governmental activities and functions. Also, the sum of activities and functions. Also, the sum of government activities, whether acting government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as it has an directly or through agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens (Peters, influence on the life of citizens (Peters, 1996).1996).


Consists of political decisions for implementing Consists of political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals (Cochran programs to achieve societal goals (Cochran and Eloise, 1995).and Eloise, 1995).

Satu keputusan, persefahaman bersama atau Satu keputusan, persefahaman bersama atau perjanjian yang dicapai melalui proses tolak perjanjian yang dicapai melalui proses tolak ansur atau melalui proses politik untuk ansur atau melalui proses politik untuk memangkin proses perubahan yang dapat memangkin proses perubahan yang dapat memberikan kebaikan dan faedah kepada memberikan kebaikan dan faedah kepada orang ramai yang terlibat (Azahari, 1994). orang ramai yang terlibat (Azahari, 1994).

Policy is actually an art Policy is actually an art and craft……and craft……

It involves vision, creativity and It involves vision, creativity and imagination in:imagination in:

identifying and explaining social problemsidentifying and explaining social problems creating policy to solve the problemscreating policy to solve the problems ensuring whether the implemented policy ensuring whether the implemented policy leads to positive or negative impactleads to positive or negative impact

Common words in those Common words in those definitions…definitions…

ActivitiesActivities

Intentions Decisions

Goals

Eg: Dasar Sosial NegaraEg: Dasar Sosial Negara

dasar pembangunan sosial yang dasar pembangunan sosial yang berteraskan nilai-nilai murni dan berteraskan nilai-nilai murni dan peningkatan keupayaan insan bagi peningkatan keupayaan insan bagi mencapai kesepaduan dan kestabilan mencapai kesepaduan dan kestabilan sosial, ketahanan nasional dan sosial, ketahanan nasional dan kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat Malaysia kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat Malaysia yang maju serta mantap. yang maju serta mantap.

MatlamatMatlamat

Mewujudkan sebuah masyarakat Malaysia yang maju Mewujudkan sebuah masyarakat Malaysia yang maju dan mantap dengan setiap anggota masyarakat dan mantap dengan setiap anggota masyarakat berpeluang untuk memperkembangkan potensi diri berpeluang untuk memperkembangkan potensi diri secara optimum di dalam persekitaran sosial yang secara optimum di dalam persekitaran sosial yang sihat berdasarkan ciri-ciri bersatu padu, berdaya tahan, sihat berdasarkan ciri-ciri bersatu padu, berdaya tahan, demokratik, bermoral, bertoleransi, progresif, demokratik, bermoral, bertoleransi, progresif, penyayang, adil dan saksama selaras dengan penyayang, adil dan saksama selaras dengan matlamat wawasan 2020.matlamat wawasan 2020.

Example of program:Example of program:

Meetings of National Social Council held to Meetings of National Social Council held to discuss the nation’s social agenda, direction discuss the nation’s social agenda, direction and plan of actions.and plan of actions.

Common elements in Common elements in these definitionsthese definitions

Policy is made in the name of public.Policy is made in the name of public.

Policy is made or initiated by government.Policy is made or initiated by government.

Policy is interpreted and implemented by Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and private actors.public and private actors.

Policy is what the government intends to do.Policy is what the government intends to do.

Policy is what the government chooses not Policy is what the government chooses not to doto do

Two important elements Two important elements of policyof policy

GoalGoal (matlamat polisi)(matlamat polisi)

- What is to be achieved by the policy in - What is to be achieved by the policy in the long term.the long term.

Instrument (instrumen polisi)Instrument (instrumen polisi)

- Actions taken to achieve the targeted - Actions taken to achieve the targeted goal/goals of the policy. Includes plans, goal/goals of the policy. Includes plans, programs and strategies.programs and strategies.

Why we need to learn Why we need to learn policypolicy

Simple Answer!Simple Answer!

Policies have impacts and effects on our Policies have impacts and effects on our lives.lives.

When new policies are announced, we When new policies are announced, we are usually curious on the benefits that are usually curious on the benefits that the policy can provide us.the policy can provide us.

Also to know the process of policy Also to know the process of policy making.making.

WHO

HOW

WHY

Scope of policyScope of policy

It is wide and covers from simple to It is wide and covers from simple to complex policies.complex policies.

Individual

FamilySociety

Nation

Global

Scope of PolicyScope of Policy

Lesscomplex

Verycomplex

Clear Vague

Little Many

Limited Wide

COMPLEXITY

DECISION ENVIRONMENT

RANGE OF CHOICES

DECISION CRITERIA

Source: Adapted from Haddad.(1995). Educational Policy-planning Process

Factors influencing the scope of policy


As the scope of policy grows wider:As the scope of policy grows wider:

more problems more problems

more difficulty in identifying the real problemmore difficulty in identifying the real problem

more political involvementmore political involvement

more involvement of interest groupsmore involvement of interest groups

more systematic analysismore systematic analysis


Specific issue policySpecific issue policy: Short-term decision which : Short-term decision which involves daily issues and administration.involves daily issues and administration.

Q: Should women integration policy be Q: Should women integration policy be concentrated only upon women in rural areas?concentrated only upon women in rural areas?

A: Women integration policy should be A: Women integration policy should be concentrated upon women in rural areas, disabled concentrated upon women in rural areas, disabled ones as well as career women.ones as well as career women.

Scope of PolicyScope of Policy Program policyProgram policy: Development of : Development of

program/programmes in certain areas.program/programmes in certain areas.

Q: How and through what means women’s potential Q: How and through what means women’s potential and resources could be integrated into the and resources could be integrated into the developmental sectors?developmental sectors?

A: -Reinforcement of Women Affairs Unit (training A: -Reinforcement of Women Affairs Unit (training and educational programs, to get NGOs and and educational programs, to get NGOs and voluntary bodies involvement in giving financial, voluntary bodies involvement in giving financial, technical and moral support)technical and moral support)


Multiple programsMultiple programs: Development of competitive : Development of competitive programsprograms

Should the efforts to integrate women potentials Should the efforts to integrate women potentials and resources be concentrated only in and resources be concentrated only in traditional traditional sectorssectors, , or also in multiple sectors and in allor also in multiple sectors and in all economical, social, political and cultural levelseconomical, social, political and cultural levels??


Strategic policyStrategic policy: Decision on critical and : Decision on critical and crucial policies. Involves huge budget.crucial policies. Involves huge budget.

Q: How to integrate women in all developmental Q: How to integrate women in all developmental sectors?sectors?

A: In accordance to women’s capability and will A: In accordance to women’s capability and will to ensure better quality of life, eradication of to ensure better quality of life, eradication of poverty, elimination of ignorance and illiteracy poverty, elimination of ignorance and illiteracy as well as keeping the nation in harmony and as well as keeping the nation in harmony and prosperity.prosperity.

Types of PolicyTypes of Policy

InformalInformal

FormalFormal

Informal PolicyInformal Policy

A non-written policy applied at individual A non-written policy applied at individual or small group level. We can also refer to or small group level. We can also refer to it as norms or practice.it as norms or practice.

It is a consistent practice which guide an It is a consistent practice which guide an individual or a small group on how to individual or a small group on how to utilize their recources, such as time, utilize their recources, such as time, knowledge, money, relationship etc.knowledge, money, relationship etc.

Examples: ‘Love the Environment’ etc. Examples: ‘Love the Environment’ etc.

Formal PolicyFormal Policy

A written policy documented at A written policy documented at organizational, judiciary or national level. organizational, judiciary or national level. It can be plan of actions, projects, acts, It can be plan of actions, projects, acts, and various public policies.and various public policies.

Small Group ActivitySmall Group Activity

Form a group and discuss an informalForm a group and discuss an informal

policypolicy

Why the Policy (Reason)Why the Policy (Reason) Goal of the PolicyGoal of the Policy The plan of actions/activities (How)?The plan of actions/activities (How)?

Policy SystemPolicy SystemIIncludes all institutions involved in the formation of ncludes all institutions involved in the formation of policy/policiespolicy/policies

Three interrelated components in a Three interrelated components in a policy system:policy system:

The Policy

Environment surrounding the policy

Stakeholders

StakeholdersStakeholders

Individuals or groups who are influential Individuals or groups who are influential in the creation and implementation of in the creation and implementation of certain policies. They influence as well as certain policies. They influence as well as are influenced by the policies.are influenced by the policies.


IndividualIndividual Political partiesPolitical parties UnionUnion Government Government agenciesagencies NGOsNGOs


Corporate bodiesCorporate bodies ActivistActivist Local leadersLocal leaders Informal groupsInformal groups Political analyst.Political analyst.


Their actions and involvementcould create a huge impact at all policy levels, if they are very influential…..

Policy EnvironmentPolicy Environment

The context that revolve around certain The context that revolve around certain policy.policy.

It is influenced by and influences the It is influenced by and influences the stakeholders and policy.stakeholders and policy.

It involves a consultation and bargaining It involves a consultation and bargaining process, where the objective scenario process, where the objective scenario (reality) usually conflicts with the subjective (reality) usually conflicts with the subjective scenario ( needs, wills and opinion of various scenario ( needs, wills and opinion of various stakeholders)stakeholders)

Policy EnvironmentPolicy Environment

It is very much related to the issue of It is very much related to the issue of policy itself, in the sense that both policy policy itself, in the sense that both policy issue and environment involves issue and environment involves ‘CONFLICT’.‘CONFLICT’.

CONFLICT usually arise due to opinion, CONFLICT usually arise due to opinion, political, value, needs differences.political, value, needs differences.

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