PUBLIC SPEAKING SEMINAR

Taipei, December 9th, 2012Presented for NTUST – Indonesia

Student Association

By :LOINA LALOLO KRINA

PERANGIN-ANGIN

Department of Communication & PRSwiss German Univeristy

Edutown - BSDCity - Serpong

Communication Concepts

Strictly, the word communication comes

from the Latin “COMMINICO”

meaning Share … Share … Notice …

Not “I send messages”

Colin Cherry

• Communication refers to the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback (Joseph A. Devito)

• Communication is a generally predictable, continuous, and always-present process of the sharing of meaning through symbol interaction (Myers and Myers)

• Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages. A source stimulates meaning in the mind of a receiver by means of a message conveyed by symbols. The receiver responds either mentally or physically to the message. (Rudolph Verderer)

Definitions …

Source Message Channel Receiver Feedback Noise

Variables

• The originator of the communication message• The source is usually an individual, however, it

may be a group of people –a committee, a company, or even a nation

• In speeches you prepare and deliver, you will be the source

• As the source, what you say in speeches is affected by your past experiences, moods, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, sex, occupation, religion, even climate and weather

THE SOURCE

The idea or feeling that the source communicates.

As the speaker, the content of your speeches will be your message

Messages have 3 components : ◦ Meaning◦ Symbols◦ Form or organization

THE MESSAGE

The ideas and feelings within us. To communicate meaning, we must stimulate the

same or analogous meaning in the mind of someone else

To do this, we turn the ideas and feelings we have into symbols

The component : MEANING

• Symbols expressing the meaning – that is, words or actions that stand for or represent something

• The process of turning ideas and feelings into symbols is called encoding

• In encoding, we select verbal symbols –words- to represent our meaning.

• At the same time, our facial expression, gestures, tone of voice, and attitudes -all nonverbal cues- accompany our words and affect the meaning of our message.

• Message may be intentional or unintentional. By intentional, it mean that the speaker makes a conscious effort to select the symbols used in communication; the message being sent has a deliberate purpose

The component : SYMBOLS

Good intentional communication requires message preparation

Whether we must speak virtually instantaneous or whether we have considerable time, our mind must still consider idea selection and development, message organization, and the verbal and non-verbal symbols that will convey the message

The component : FORM/ORGANIZATION

• The means by which you convey the symbols

• Words are delivered from one person to another by air waves, facial expression are delivered by light waves.

• Usually the more channels that can be used to carry a message, the more likely the successful communication of that message

• Effective speaking is basically two channel; that is, carried by sound and sight

THE CHANNEL

• The destination of the message; the listener or reader

• Like the source, it may be an individual or a group

• The message is received in the form of symbols by means of sound waves and light waves. The receiver then turn these symbols back into meaning

• This process of turning symbols back into meaning is called decoding.

THE RECEIVER

Just as the source’s experience affects the character of the message being sent, so does the receiver’s experience affect the way it is received

As a result, the meaning that is stimulated in the receiver may not be the same as that of the source. Much depends upon how the receiver’s field of experience affects the decoding process. Moreover, we are seldom aware of the potential for misunderstanding within the decoding process

• Whether communication really takes place is determined by the verbal and non-verbal response of the receiver

• Feedback tells the source whether the message was heard, seen, or understood.

• Different kinds of communication situations provide for different amounts of feedback :– A zero feedback situation– The free flow of interacting communication

(complete interaction)

FEEDBACK

• Our ability to interpret, understand, or respond to symbols is often inhibited by the amount of “noise” accompanying the communication

• Noise can consist of both external interference in the channels and the internal perceptions and experiences that affect communication

• More often, the noise that provides a barrier to communication is not physical but semantic noise that grows from our perceptions and experiences –and semantic noises may cause us to misinterpret or misunderstand without our even knowing it

THE NOISE

• Dynamic• continuous and always changing process

• Interactive• I’m OK, You’re OK

• Irreversible• Can not be placed or drawn

• Contextual• Physical and social context

Characteristics

Speaking over the audiencethis happens when the speaker talks above the level of understanding of his or her audience. It occurs most often when expert forget that their audiences are less knowledgable about a particular subject than they themselves are

Talking down to the audienceThis error is less common. It occurs when speakers condescend to their audience. Most often it is the result of the speaker underestimating an audience’s intelligence or understanding of a topic

Speaking on a different attitudinal wave length speaker have to recognize that the audience’s attitude will influence their reception of a particular speech

Miscommunication

Public Speaking(Rhetoric)

To Aristotle, there were 5 important elements in public speaking :1. The ideas (invention) that are talked about

in the speech2. The style or language that the speaker

uses3. The arrangement or organization of the

speaker’s ideas4. How the speaker deliver his or her speech 5. The speaker’s ability to speak from

memory

Historical Perspective: Rhetoric

The overall effectiveness of a speech depends largely on the speaker’s credibility◦ The imprression the audience forms of a speaker

as a person◦ Their opinion of the speech as a presentation

Credibility gaps : disparitas between what public figures say and what those who hear and read their statements believe

Credibility in Public Speaking

Reliability : the ability to inspire confidence Expertise : must know what he or she is

talking about Dynamism : active, energetic, and

enthusiastic Consistency : the quality of holding the

same position over time and of holding positions that agree with one another

Sociability : the quality of being friendly and pleasant

10 Components of Credibility

Honesty : telling the truth Sincerity : what we say and believing it to

be true Concern for the message : must believe not

only that a statement is true but also that it is important

Concern for listeners : project concern for the best interests and welfare of the audience

Personal attractiveness : physically attractive

Introduce yourself or have someone introduce you

Tell the audience why you are talking about the topic

Tell the audience about any special expertise you have that relates to the logic

Do not admit to limited knowledge easily Suggest that you have the best interests of

the listener at heart Maintain a competent and relaxed style Take the speaking situation seriously Appear involved

The Speaker and Credibility : Tactics

Unclear purpose Too much information Lack of organization and leadership Not making the real need Monotous and sloppy Not enough support

7 Major Speaking Faults

1. Effective speaking begins with good content

2. Effective speaking involves organizing material so that it develops and heightens the speech purpose

3. Effective speaking is a product of clear, vivid, emphatic, and appropriate wording adapted to audience knowledge and interests

4. Effective speaking requires good delivery

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Opening tell what you will tell …. %

Contenttell it …. %

Closingtell what you have told …. %

Structure of Presentation

Selecting Your Topic◦ In public speaking, as in conversation, people talk

about the things they are concerned with◦ Where speakers sometimes have trouble is in

translating their concerns into specific topics◦ If good topics do not often occur to you, try

brainstorming –the old word-association process

Principle 1 – Selecting Topics and Finding Material

Determining Your Specific Purpose◦Heading of purpose stated : (1) to entertain

an audience, (2) to inform an audience, and (3) to persuade an audience

◦Questions tests : Am I really interested in the topic ? Does my purpose meet the assignment ? Whether

the assignment is made by purpose (to inform or to persuade), or by type of speech (expository or descriptive), or by subject (book analysis or current event), your specific purpose should reflect the nature of that assignment

Can I cover the topic in the time allocated ? Is this topic one that will provide new information,

nes insight, or reason for a change of opinion for the audience ?

Are my motives for speaking legitimate ?

Analyzing Your Audience◦ What is the nature and extent of my audience’s

knowledge of this topic ?◦ What is the nature and the extent of my listener’s

interest in this topic ?◦ What is the nature and the intensity of my

listener’s attitude toward this topic ? Finding Your Material

◦ Your own knowledge, observation, interviewing, source material

Preparing the body ◦ selecting and stating main points

As a rule, main points are complete sentence statements that best develop the specific purpose

Stating main points is also a matter of order – time order is a kind of organization in which each of the main points follows a chronological sequence of ideas or events

Space order is a kind of organization In which each of the main points indicates a spatial relationship

Topic order is a kind of organization in which each of the main points arbitrarily develops a part of the purpose.

◦ selecting and adapting development materials

Principle 2 : Organizing Speech Material

Preparing the Introduction◦ To get initial attention ( 7 – 50 % of the speech)◦ To create a bond of goodwill between speaker and

audience◦ To lead into the content of the speech

Startling statement Question Quotation Anecdote, Narrative, Illustration Personal Reference Suspense compliment

• Preparing the Conclusion– The summary• Summarize the main points

– The appeal• Used conclusion for a persuasive speech, that now

they have heard all the arguments after describing the behavior you would like them to follow

– The challenge• Calls for an audience to try something new

– Humor• Humorous conclusion

– Emotional appeal• Affects the emotions of the audience

Structure1. 2.3. a.b.c. 1) 2) 3) A) B) C)

Logic There is level in logical

Utilityas a skeleton of a speech, not the speech itself

Principles of Outlining

Clarity Contributes to achieving instant intelligibility by eliminating ambiguity and confusion.

◦Accuracy : refers to the ability to select precisely the word that best represents the idea◦Specificity and concreteness : go hand in hand in sharpening meaning by reducing choice on the part of the listener◦Lack of clutter : it should be free from extraneous words and excessive qualification and detail

Principle 3 : Practicing Speech Wording

Vividness Clear language helps the audience see the meaning; vivid language paints meaning in living color. Vividness means full of life, vigorous, bright, and intense. If your language is vivid, your audience will picture your meanings in striking detail

Emphasis◦Proportions : the amount of time spent on each of the ideas in the speech◦Transition : the words, phrases, and sentences that show idea relationships. Transitions summarize, clarify, forecast, and in almost every case emphasize◦Repetition : an exact duplication of idea or it may be a restatment

AppropriatenessMeans using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the audience without offending, angering, or in some way turning it off.◦Adapt your language to the audience◦Use personal pronouns◦Use audience questions◦Allude to common experience◦Build hypothetical situations◦Avoid inappropriate language

Delivery is the use of voice and body to help convey the message of the speech. Although the best delivery will not save the poorly prepared speech, particularly poor delivery may well harm your speech so much that even exceptional content and organization are negated. Speech delivery may be the deciding factor in the audience’s estimation of your effectiveness

Principle 4 : Effective Speaking Requires Good Delivery

Desire to communicate◦ If you really want to communicate,

your voice will have a quality in it that audiences will recognize and respond to

◦If you are really well prepared, you will be less nervous than if you are only partly prepared

Eye contact◦As a speaker, you have a certain amount of

control over your listeners’ attention simply by looking at them

◦Not only does good eye contact help attention, it also increases audience confidence in the speaker

• Spontaneity– The impression that the idea is being formed at

the time it is spoken• Voice– The meanings expressed by the way we sound

(called paralanguage) may tell our audience what we intended and may contribute to the meanings of our words : • Pitch : refers to the highness or lowness of the voice • Volume : the loudness of the tone we make• Rate : the speed at which we talk• Quality : the tone, timbre, or sound of voice• Vocal variety and expressiveness vs. monotonous

voice and constant pattern

Articulation◦ The shaping of speech sounds into recognizable

oral symbols that go together to make up a word Bodily action

◦ Serves many key functions in communication.◦ Often defines the meaning of ideas

Facial expression : the eyes and mouth Gesture : the movement of hands, arms, and fingers Movement : should occur to help focus on transition,

to emphasize an idea, or to call attention to a particular aspect of the speech

• Speech Setting– Was there anything about the room (size, lighting,

heating, and the like), distribution of the audience, public address system, or any other aspect of setting that added to or detracted from the speaker’s potential success ?

• Speech Audience– Was there anything about the audience size, age, sex,

race, religion, socioeconomic level, attitude, interests, or knowledge that added to or detracted from the speaker’s potential success ?

• The Speaker– Was there anything about the speaker’s attitude, dress,

demeanor, posture, and the like that added to or detracted from his potential success ?

• The Speech– Content, organization, style, delivery

Speech Evaluation

• Content–Was the speaker prepared ?–Was the speaker’s reasoning, support, or proof

logical?–Was the speaker ethical in the handling of his

material?–Did the speaker have specific evidence to support

or to explain his major statements ? Or did he speak in generalities ?

• Organization–Did the introduction gain attention, gain goodwill

for the speaker, and lead into the speech ?–Were the main points clear, substantive ideas ?–Did the conclusion tie the speech together ?

The Speech

• Style–Was the speech in an oral style ?–Were the ideas clear ?–Was the language vivid ?–Were ideas presented emphatically ?–Was the language appropriate ?

• Delivery–Did the speaker have a positive attitude ?–Did the speaker look at his audience ?–Was the delivery spontaneous ?–Did the speaker show sufficient variety and

emphasis?–Was articulation satisfactory ?–Did the speaker show sufficient poise and have

good posture ?