publication number 51-6110000-001481-10seoul at a glance 2016

Publication number

51-6110000-001481-10

SEOUL at a Glance

2016

Seoul at a Glance2016

I. Households and people in Seoul

1. Households in Seoul

Households in Seoul: Basic information

Households in Seoul: Education level

Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size

Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where

Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where

2. People in Seoul

Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living expenses after retirement

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities

The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where

II. Everyday life in Seoul

1. Living satisfaction

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation

2. Living condition

Female labor force in Seoul

Housing supply rate in Seoul

Preferred housing types in Seoul

Public transportation in Seoul

Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage

Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air

Air quality of Seoul: NO2

Air quality of Seoul: Underground

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Contents

III. Well-being in Seoul

How happy are people in Seoul?

Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?

How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health conditions?

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social status

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward mobility

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s economic and social status

IV. Citizenship in Seoul

Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work

Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children with disabilities

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due to more social

welfare for the elderly

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to empower female social

participation

Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens

Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens

Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice

Seoul survey?

Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors the changes

happening in Seoul

Seoul survey index system

Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data

Outcomes of Seoul survey

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Contents

Households and

people in Seoul

I

1 Households in Seoul

━ Households in Seoul: Basic information

━ Households in Seoul: Education level

━ Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size

━ Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where

━ Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and

where

2 People in Seoul

━ Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital

status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment

and occupation

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living

expenses after retirement

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities

━ The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where

Households in Seoul

━ Households in Seoul: Basic information

━ Households in Seoul: Education level

━ Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size

━ Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where

━ Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where

Households in Seoul

1

10 >> 11

Householdsin Seoul:Basic information

In 2015, the average household

head in Seoul was a 48.9-year-old

male with a college degree. The

increase in the average age of the

householders indicates on one hand

that Seoul is getting older. On the

other hand, the average number of

household members is decreasing,

with 2.64 members per household

in 2016.

In terms of monthly income, 17%

of all households had an income of

4-5 million KRW, and 15.9% had an

income of 3-4 million KRW.

Among the 25 gus (districts) in

Seoul, low-income households with

monthly incomes of less than 2

million KRW were distributed mostly

in the Southwest and Northweat

Living Zone 15.0% were in the

Southwest 2 Living Zone, 11.8% in

the Southwest 1 Living Zone, and

10.3% in the Northwest 2 Living

Zone.Average age, gender, and educational attainment of household heads in Seoul

48.9 Average size of households in Seoul

2.64 people

Average monthly income of households in Seoul

4-5Million KRW

Maleyears old College Degree

2Million KRW 6Million KRW

Southwest 2 Living Zone


Northwest Living Zone

Southeast 1 Living Zone


Central zone

I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 11

Northeast 2 Living Zone

10.0


31.8


8.2


35.2


6.3


31.6


4.7


43.7


6.3


39.5

Central zone

8.9

Central zone

36.3


10.3


20.9


11.8


20.1


15.0


22.9

% of households with income less than 2 million KRW by Living ZoneSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

% of households with income more than 6 million KRW by Living ZoneSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

(Unit : %)

(Unit : %)

5 Living Zone 9 Living Zone district(gu)

Central zone Central zone Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Yongsan-gu

Northeast Living Zone Northeast 1 Living Zone Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Jungnang-gu

Northeast 2 Living Zone Seongbuk-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Dobong-gu, Nowon-gu

Northwest Living Zone Northwest Living Zone Eunpyeong-gu, Seodaemun-gu, Mapo-gu

Southwest Living Zone Southwest 1 Living Zone Gangseo-gu, Yangcheon-gu

Southwest 2 Living Zone Guro-gu, Geumcheon-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu

Southwest 3 Living Zone Dongjak-gu, Gwanak-gu

Southeast Living Zone Southeast 1 Living Zone Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu

Southeast 2 Living Zone Songpa-gu, Gangdong-gu

Classificaion of Living Zone

12 >> 13

In 2015, 35.7% of Seoul householders

completed at least a four-year

college program. If one includes

associate’s degrees, 56.1%, or 5-6

of every 10 householders, have

obtained the education level of

college graduate or higher.

A high spatial variation was noted

for the educational attainment of

householders in Seoul. Ratios of

householders with high education

levels (bachelor’s degree or higher)

were greatest in Gangnam-gu,

Gangdong-gu, and Mapo-gu at 51.1%,

42.4%, and 41.2%, respectively,

whereas Gangbuk-gu, Jung-gu,

and Yeongdeungpo-gu ranked the

lowest, with 26.4%, 27.7%, and

29.4%, respectively.

Households in Seoul: Education level

% of householders with college degree or higher

56.1%

% of householders with bachelor’s degree or higher

35.7%

Gangnam-gu Gangdong-gu Mapo-gu

51.1% 42.4% 41.2%


Dobong-gu

48.5Nowon-gu

56.1Gangbuk-gu

43.3Eunpyeong-gu

56.6Seongbuk-gu

54.3Jongno-gu

62.1Seodaemun-gu

62.5

Jungnang-gu

51.2Dongdaemun-gu

52.7Jung-gu

51.8Mapo-gu

59.7

Gangseo-gu

56.5

Yangcheon-gu

41.7

Yeongdeungpo-gu

46.9Dongjak-gu

55.1Guro-gu

50.8

Geumcheon-gu

60.1

Gwanak-gu

54.6

Seocho-gu

57.0

Yongsan-gu

59.3

Seongdong-gu

56.6 Gwangjin-gu

53.9

Gangdong-gu

68.8

Songpa-gu

62.4Gangnam-gu

72.2

Dobong-gu

30.8Nowon-gu

34.9Gangbuk-gu

26.4Eunpyeong-gu

36.6Seongbuk-gu

32.8Jongno-gu

40.8Seodaemun-gu

39.2

Jungnang-gu

30.9Dongdaemun-gu

31.6Jung-gu

27.7Mapo-gu

41.2

Gangseo-gu

40.5

Yangcheon-gu

31.3

Yeongdeungpo-gu

29.4Dongjak-gu

33.6Guro-gu

32.0

Geumcheon-gu

37.3

Gwanak-gu

32.2

Seocho-gu

38.1

Yongsan-gu

34.6

Seongdong-gu

37.7 Gwangjin-gu

31.9

Gangdong-gu

42.4

Songpa-gu

37.2Gangnam-gu

51.1

% of householders with college degree or higher by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

% of householders with bachelor’s degree or higher by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

(Unit : %)

(Unit : %)

14 >> 15

The average household size in Seoul

changed from 2.63 people in 2005

to 2.39 people in 2015, a decrease

of 0.24 people over the last ten

years. This decrease was caused by

an increase in the number of single-

person households and trends

toward avoidance of marriage and

childbirth.

The Vital Statistics Division of

Statistics Korea revealed that the

number of married couples in 2015

was 64,193—a rapid decline of

38.1% from 103,843 married pairs

in 1990. In Seoul, the average age

at first marriage increased from

28.26 to 32.95 for men and from

25.54 to 30.80 for women. Trends

show a tendency among the young

generation to avoid or postpone

marriage.

In Seoul, the total fertility rate,

which shows the estimated number

of births delivered per woman

throughout her lifetime, decreased

from 1.558 in 1993 to 1.001 in 2015,

ranking lowest among the country’s

17 major cities and provinces.

Average number of people per household, Seoul

2.39people

Total fertility rate, Seoul

1.001people

Total fertility rate, national

1.239people

Number of marriages in 2015, national

64,193couple

Average age at first marriage by gender, Seoul

33.0years old

(1970-2015) (2015)

30.8years old

Source: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea



Source: Resident Registration Population and Household Status, Seoul Metropolitan Government


Households in Seoul: Trends in average household size

38.1% 1.001people


Average household size by yearSource: Resident Registration Population and Household Status, Seoul Metropolitan Government

Total fertility rates by year, SeoulSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea

Total fertility rates in 2015 by regionSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea

2.63 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.48 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.43 2.392.41

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

(people)

2.000

1.500

1.000

0.500

0.000

( births per

woman)

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Seoul

1.001

Busan

1.139

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province

1.477

Gwangju

1.207

Daejeon

1.277

Sejong Special Self-Governing City

1.893Daegu

1.216Ulsan

1.486

Gangwon-do

1.311

Chungcheongbuk-do

1.414Chungcheongnam-do

1.480

Jeollabuk-do

1.352

Jeollanam-do

1.549

Gyeongsangnam-do

1.437

Gyeongsangbuk-do

1.464

Incheon

1.216

Gyeonggi-do

1.272

(Unit : births per woman)

16 >> 17

The increase in single-person

households is one of the distinctive

characteristics causing changes in

the population structure not only

in Seoul throughout the nation. The

ratio of single-person households in

Seoul and the nation has increased

more than fivefold over the last

30+ years. In Seoul, single-person

households constituted 4.5% of all

households in 1980 and increased to

29.5% in 2015, indicating that one-

third of households can be regarded

as “home-aloners”. Over the same

period, South Korea’s single-person

households increased from an

average of 4.8% to 27.2%, showing

a trend similar to Seoul’s.

Based on household projections

by Statistics Korea, small-sized(i.e.,

one-or two-person) households will

constitute 63.2% of total households

by 2035. This estimate indicates that

the nuclear family will be less intact

in the future, and that there will be

a noteworthy generation of home-

aloners or “couple households”.

% of single-person households (National VS. Seoul)Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015

% of single-person households in Seoul

29.5%

Projected % of one- or two-person households in 2035

63.2%

4.86.9

9.012.7

15.520.0

23.927.2

4.56.7

9.112.9

16.320.4

24.429.5

1980

� National

� Seoul

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30.0

20.5

20.0

10.5

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

4.5%

29.5%

Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where

(1980)

(2015)


% of single-person households by guSource: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015

National statistics regarding single-person households for the period 2015Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015

Dobong-gu

21.9Nowon-gu

22.5Gangbuk-gu

28.5Eunpyeong-gu

24.4Seongbuk-gu

29.8Jongno-gu

37.0Seodaemun-gu

33.2

Jungnang-gu

28.7Dongdaemun-gu

36.1Jung-gu

37.4Mapo-gu

33.8

Gangseo-gu

26.2

Yangcheon-gu

20.0

Yeongdeungpo-gu

32.8Dongjak-gu

33.5Guro-gu

26.2

Geumcheon-gu

33.4Gwanak-gu

43.9

Seocho-gu

24.3

Yongsan-gu

34.4

Seongdong-gu

30.7 Gwangjin-gu

36.7

Gangdong-gu

24.3

Songpa-gu

23.2Gangnam-gu

29.3

Seoul

29.5

Busan

27.1

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province

26.5

Gwangju

28.8

Daejeon

29.1

Sejong Special Self-Governing City

29.1Daegu

25.8Ulsan

24.5

Gangwon-do

31.2

Chungcheongbuk-do

28.8Chungcheongnam-do

29.5

Jeollabuk-do

29.8

Jeollanam-do

30.4

Gyeongsangnam-do

27.6

Gyeongsangbuk-do

30.4

Incheon

23.3

Gyeonggi-do

23.4

(Unit : %)

(Unit : %)

18 >> 19

The percentage of female single-

person households in Seoul is

greater than that of male single-

person households. Based on the

Population and Housing Census

Report by Statistics Korea in 2015,

the ratio of female single-person

households in Seoul was 51.2%, 2.4%

higher than male single-person

households’ 48.8%.

Based on 2015 data, single-female

households constituted 15.1%

of total households, showing

particularly high distributions in

Gwanak-gu, Mapo-gu, Gawngjin-gu,

Yongsan-gu, and Jongno-gu among

the 25 gus. Also, 43.7% of single-

female householders are in their 20s

or 30s.

As the number of young women

living alone increases because of

marriage avoidance and career

demands, diverse public services

related to providing for their safety

have become necessary in today’s

society.

% of female single-person households in Seoul

15.1%

43.7%

% of female single-person householders in their 20s and 30s

% of single-person households by genderSource: Population and Housing Census, Statistics Korea

Size and % of female single-person households in Seoul by year

Source: Complete Enumeration

Results of the Population and

Housing Census (Households),

Statistics Korea, 2015

2000 2005 2010 2015 Male Female

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0

(Household)

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

� Number of female single-person household

� % of female single-person household

� 2000

� 2010

� 2015

8.6%

10.7%

12.6%

15.1%

264,905 353,835 450,030571,685

48.8% 51.2%

Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where

47.3

52.7

47.3

52.7

48.8

51.2


Male Female

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

% of female single-person households in Seoul by guSource: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015

% of single-person households in Seoul by gender and age groups, 2015Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2016

Dobong-gu

12.0Nowon-gu

12.7Gangbuk-gu

15.3Eunpyeong-gu

13.3Seongbuk-gu

16.1Jongno-gu

18.1Seodaemun-gu

18.2

Jungnang-gu

13.9Dongdaemun-gu

17.2Jung-gu

18.0Mapo-gu

18.4

Gangseo-gu

13.9

Yangcheon-gu

10.4

Yeongdeungpo-gu

15.9Dongjak-gu

16.6Guro-gu

12.7

Geumcheon-gu

14.5Gwanak-gu

20.0

Seocho-gu

13.3

Yongsan-gu

18.2

Seongdong-gu

16.7 Gwangjin-gu

18.3

Gangdong-gu

12.2

Songpa-gu

12.3Gangnam-gu

16.8

Less than 20 years old

20-24 years old

25-29 years old

30-34 years old

35-39 years old

40-44 years old

45-49 years old

50-54 years old

55-59 years old

60-64 years old

65-69 years old

70-74 years old

75-79 years old

80-84 years old

More than 85 years old

0.503.33

7.538.07

5.465.08

4.504.11

3.472.33

1.751.22

0.790.380.23

0.735.01

7.306.07

3.993.41

2.862.83

3.493.253.303.26

2.791.83

1.12

(Unit : %)

(Unit : %)

People in Seoul

━ Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status

━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living expenses

after retirement

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements

━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities

━ The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where

2

People in Seoul

22 >> 23

“Baby boomers” in Korea are people

in the demographic group born

during the post-Korean War—that is,

between 1955 and 1963. According

to 2015 data from Statistics Korea,

the nationwide total of baby

boomers in 2015 was 7.11 million,

or 14.3% of the total population. In

Seoul, 14.2% of the city’s population

(1.36 million people) were baby

boomers.

The baby boomers in Seoul are

evenly distributed across the 25 gus.

% of baby boomers, national

14.3%

% of baby boomers, Seoul

14.2%

Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level

1.36million people

14.2%

I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 23

% of baby boomer householders by guSource: Population by Age and Gender (Eup, Myeon, Dong), Population Census,

Statistics Korea, 2015

Total number and national ratio of baby boomers in 2015 by gender

Number and percentage of baby boomers in Seoul in 2015 by gender

� Baby Boomers

� National

� Baby Boomers

� Seoul

Source: Population by Age and Gender (Eup, Myeon, Dong),

Population Census, Statistics Korea, 2015

(million people) (million people)

Male MaleFemale FemaleTotal Total

Dobong-gu

15.9Nowon-gu

14.2Gangbuk-gu

15.1Eunpyeong-gu

14.3Seongbuk-gu

13.6Jongno-gu

14.3Seodaemun-gu

13.7

Jungnang-gu

15.9Dongdaemun-gu

14.1Jung-gu

15.2Mapo-gu

12.5

Gangseo-gu

14.6

Yangcheon-gu

14.7

Yeongdeungpo-gu

14.3Dongjak-gu

13.4Guro-gu

14.3

Geumcheon-gu

15.7

Gwanak-gu

12.8

Seocho-gu

12.9

Yongsan-gu

14.1

Seongdong-gu

14.2 Gwangjin-gu

13.9

Gangdong-gu

15.7

Songpa-gu

14.4Gangnam-gu

13.2

(Unit : %)

3,551,416 653,168

24,819,8394,694,31724,885,824

4,872,879

49,705,6639,567,196

3,558,821 706,924

7,110,237 1,360,092

14.31%

13.91%14.30% 14.51%14.30% 14.22%

6,000

4,000

2,000

800

600

400

200

0

100

50

20

15

10

5

0

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

(%)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

(%)

24 >> 25

% of baby boomer householders with a family size of 4 or above

39.4 %

% of baby boomer householders with a family size of 5 or above

11.2%

% of married baby boomer householders

73.2%

% of divorced/separated baby boomer householders

15.3%

Baby boomers in Korea were born

during the post-Korean War period

when the birth rate was very high.

For these baby boomers who have

experienced rapid modernization

and industrialization, therefore,

marriage and birth have been typical

rites of passage.

Based on the 2015 Seoul Survey

data, 39.4% of baby boomer

householders had families with

more than four members, and 11.2%

had more than five members. These

family sizes differ from current

trends and the rapid increase in the

number of small-sized households.

Survey results also indicated that

73.2% of baby boomer householders

were married, and a relatively high

number of householders (15.3%)

were either divorced or separated.

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,

2015 Seoul Survey

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status

39.4% 11.2%


� Single-person household

� Two-Person Household

� Three-Person Household

� Four-Person Household

� Five-Person Household and above

� Married

� Unmarried(single)

� Divorced/Separated

� Widowed

Family size by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Marital status of householders by birth cohortsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

Seoul, Total

Seoul, Total

Baby boomers

Baby boomers

Post-baby boomers

Post-baby boomers

Pre-baby boomers

Pre-baby boomers

24.6

%

24.0

%

22.9

%

21.3

%

7.3%

65.3

%

16.5

%

8.3% 9.9%

59.9

%

2.3% 5.

8%

32.0

%

73.2

%

3.1%

15.3

%

8.4%

65.0

%

26.7

%

7.1%

1.2%

30.6

%

42.5

%

15.7

%

5.3% 5.9%

15.6

% 19.7

% 25.3

%

28.2

%

11.2

%

25.1

%

17.7

%

25.0

%

25.6

%

6.5%

26 >> 27

62.5% 25.9%

Seoul, Total Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers

Detached House 34.6 36.4 34.4 33.9Apartment (Independent) 42.6 42.7 43.9 42.1Apartment units in a private house 12.2 11.6 11.7 12.7Rowhouse/Villa 10.4 9.2 9.9 11.0Others 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3

Seoul, Total Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers

Owned 41.1 60.9 62.5 25.9Lump-sum deposit only (no monthly rent) 32.9 19.8 23.8 41.3Monthly rent with deposit 24.8 18.0 12.7 31.6Monthly rent without deposit 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2Lump sum rent payment in advance (no deposit) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Demonstrating their leading role in

the economic development of the

Korean society, many baby boomers

have enjoyed home ownership and

automobile ownership.

The percentage of baby boomer

householders with their own houses

in Seoul is 62.5%, signifying that

six out of every ten baby boomer

householders have their own homes.

This percentage is higher than that

of pre-baby boomers (60.9%), and

more than two times higher than

that of post-baby boomers (25.9%).

Housing types by birth cohort

Types of occupancy by birth cohort of householders

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

% of baby boomer householders with home ownership % of post-baby boomer householders with home ownership

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status

62.5%


Housing types by birth cohort of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Types of housing tenures by birth cohort of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

� Detached House

� Apartment (Independent)

� Apartment units in a private house

� Rowhouse/Villa

� Others

� Owned

� Lump-sum deposit only

(no monthly rent)

� Monthly rent with deposit

� Monthly rent without deposit

� Lump sum rent payment in advance

(no deposit)

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

Seoul, Total

Seoul, Total

Baby boomers

Baby boomers

Post-baby boomers

Post-baby boomers

Pre-baby boomers

Pre-baby boomers

34.6

%

42.6

%

12.2

%

10.4

%

0.2%

41.1

%

32.9

%

24.8

%

1.2%

0.0%

36.4

% 42.7

%

11.6

%

9.2%

0.1%

60.9

%

19.8

%

18.0

%

1.2%

0.1%

34.4

%

43.9

%

11.7

%

9.9%

0.1%

33.9

%

42.1

%

12.7

%

11.0

%

0.3%

62.5

%

23.8

%

12.7

%

1.0%

0.0%

25.9

%

41.3

%

31.6

%

1.2%

0.0%

28 >> 29

Baby boomers have high aspirations

for social advancement based on

educational attainment. More than

half of baby boomer householders

(51.1%) hold a college degree or

higher.

Higher education levels seem to

influence the types of occupations

in which the members of this

generation are employed. For

example, 41.3% of baby boomer

householders work in white-collar

jobs.

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation

51.1% 41.3%

48.9%

41.3%

51.1%

% of baby boomer householders with high school diploma or less

% of baby boomer householders with professional or white-collar jobs

% of baby boomer householders with college degree or higher


Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers

Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers

Educational attainment by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Occupation types by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

� High school graduates or below

� College graduates or higher

� Professional jobs

� White-collar jobs

� Blue-collar jobs

� Others

27.9%

51.1%

16.0%

41.7%

36.0%

52.4%

30.9%

6.4% 5.3%

45.2%

39.1%

69.4%72.1%

48.9%

10.4%

6.3%

10.3%

30.6%

30 >> 31

% of baby boomer householders with debt

49.1%

% of baby boomer householders owning their houses with debt, Seoul

64.6%

% of baby boomer householders with housing debt

58.1%

Types of loans by purpose

Residential Property Purchase 41.9%Real Estate Purchase

(excl. Residential Use) 17.3%

Tenancy Deposit 6.9%Debt Consolidation 2.7%Business Fund

(incl. Farming Fund) 22.8%

Living Expenses 3.7%Others 4.6%Total 100.0%

Source: Statistics Korea, 2015, Survey of Household Finances

and Living Conditions

The proportion of baby boomer

householders in Seoul with

household debt is 49.1%. Mostly,

debt is a result of loans for the

purchase or lease of houses. Survey

responses indicated that 64.6% of

baby boomer householders with

debt are homeowners; furthermore,

58.1% of baby boomer householders

with debt indicated that mortgage

loans represent their primary

obligations.

According to the 2015 Survey of

Household Finances and Living

Conditions by Statistics Korea, the

purchase of houses and lump-sum

deposits accounted for 48.8% of

total mortgages and credit loans.

This shows that a considerable

number of Korean households have

housing debt.

Types and shares of household loans (2015)

Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status

49.1% 48.8%


Factors of debt for baby boomer householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

% of householders with debt by birth cohortsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

% of baby boomer householders with debt by occupancy typesSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Seoul,

Total

48.4%

Owned

64.6%

Pre-baby

boomers

33.9%

Lump-sum

deposit only

(no monthly

rent)

23.1%

Baby

boomers

49.1%

Monthly

rent with

deposit

11.9%

Post-baby

boomers

54.1%

Monthly

rent without

deposit

0.4%

Housing

purchase or

lease

58.1%

Educational

expenses

16.8%

Medical

expenses

6.5%

Living expenses

excluding educational

and medical expenses

7.4%

Financial investments

10.6%

Others

0.7%

32 >> 33

Baby boomers began to retire

in 2010, and most people in this

demographic group will be retired

by 2026.

However, baby boomers still want to

continue working even though they

are of retirement age. In fact, 30.4%

of baby boomers participating in the

survey cited 1.5–2 million KRW as

their optimal desired income after

retirement.

It is likely that the large number of

retired baby boomers—combined

with the aging population and low

national birth rate—will create

significant ripple effects throughout

society. Therefore, it is necessary to

prepare ways to link retired baby

boomers with society, as they are

valuable and enthusiastic human

assets.

Optimum expected monthly living expenses after retirementSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

1.5-2 million KRW

Mode : 30.4%

Optimum expected monthly living expenses after retirement

� Less than 0.5 M KRW

� 0.5-1 M KRW

� 1-1.5 M KRW

� 1.5-2 M KRW

� 2-2.5 M KRW

� 2.5-3 M KRW

� 3-3.5 M KRW

� 3.5-4 M KRW

� More than 4 M KRW

Seoul,

Total

Baby

boomers

0.1%

0.1%

2.3%

3.0%

19.5%

19.1%

30.4%

29.2%

24.3%

24.5%

10.6%

11.7%

6.0%

7.0%

4.1%

3.0%

2.7%

2.4%

Baby boomer householders in Seoul:Optimum expected living expenses after retirement

Less than1.5-2million KRW


% of young adults (aged 25 to 34)

20.1%

% of young adults with office jobs

45.2%

% of young adults living in rented residences

70.4%

10.7%

10.0%

9.1%

11.2%

9.7%10.4%

25-29 years old 30-34 years old


(Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

% of young adults by year and age group

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in

Seoul start economic activity after

college. They are the population

cohort that will lead Seoul’s future,

and comprise 20.1% of the total

population of the city.

45.2% of the young adults are

office workers while 12.1% and

12.6% of them work in the service

industry and in retail, respectively.

The economic base of young adults

who are just beginning to engage

in fiscal activities is relatively weak.

Looking at their housing tenure,

70.4% of them pay monthly rent

leasing costs. In other words, 7 out

of every 10 young adults are living

in rented residences.

� 2009

� 2014

� 2015

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics

45.2%

12.1%

12.6%

Office workers

Service industry

Retail business

34 >> 35

Types of occupation of young adultsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Types of housing by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

Types of housing tenure by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

50.0

40.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

� 2009

� 2014

� 2015

� 2009

� 2014

� 2015

Detached House

Office

work

45.2%

Restail

service

12.6%

Service

industry

12.1%

Student

7.4%

Home

maker

7.3%

Pro

fessional

service

3.7%

Technical

service

3.5%

Unem

ployed

3.2%

Manage

ment

1.7%

Machine

device

operating

and

assembly

1.7%

Simple

labor

1.4%

Agriculture

and

fishery

0.1%

Owned Lump-sum

deposit only

(no monthly rent)

Monthly

rent with

deposit

Monthly

rent without

deposit

Free

Apartment

(Independent)

Apartment unit in a

private house

Rowhouse/Villa

36.8

%36

.1% 41

.0%

12.8

%

9.4%

0.7%

41.7

%

17.2

%

4.2%

37.8

%32

.0% 37

.3%

23.7

%

6.5%

0.4%

40.5

%

14.8

%

5.9%

42.7

%29

.6%

39.6

%

29.6

%

1.2%

33.3

%

12.8

%

11.0

%


33.0years old

30.8years old

% of unmarried young adults

68.2%

Average age at first marriage by gender

% of one- or two-person households among young adults

44.2%

Census data from Statistics Korea in

2010 revealed that 68.2% of young

adults in Seoul are unmarried. This

figure is related to the increase in

age at first marriage. In 2015, the

average age at first marriage for

men was 33.0 and 30.8 for women.

These ages are generally three years

higher than the average age at first

marriage in 2000 (i.e., 29.7 for men

and 27.3 for women, respectively).

55.9% of unmarried young adults in

Seoul belong to families of three or

more persons and 44.2% of them

belong to single-person or two-

person households. 5-6 out of every

10 young adults are unmarried and

still live with their parents.

% of young adults living with 3 or more family members

55.9%

Source: Statistics Korea, 2010, Census

Source: Statistics Korea, Population Trends (2015)



Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements

29.5%

14.7%

55.9%

36 >> 37

25-34 years old

29.5%

14.7%

55.9%

Unmarried young

adults in Seoul

25-34 years old

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014

Marital status of young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul

Survey

Living arrangements of unmarried young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul

Survey

Average age at first marriage in Seoul by gender and year Source: Statistics Korea, Population Trends (2000-2015)

34.0

33.0

32.0

31.0

30.0

29.0

28.0

27.0

26.0

(years old)

29.7 29.930.1

30.530.9

31.2 31.3 31.5 31.732.0

32.2 32.3 32.4 32.6 33.032.8

27.327.5

27.8 28.028.3

28.628.8 29.0

29.329.6

29.8 30.0 30.230.4

30.830.7

� Male

� Female

� Single-person household

� Two-person household

� Household of 3 or more members

� Unmarried

� Married60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

45.5%

53.7%


% of young adults participating in alumni meeting

53.7%

% of young adults not participating in social activities

27.0%

% of young adults participating in volunteer work

10.4%

% of young adults participating in (informal) social gathering

27.1%

Most unmarried young adults living

with their parents are accustomed

to self-oriented lifestyles. According

to the 2015 Seoul Survey, 27.0%

of young adults did not participate

in any group activities for the past

year. This finding indicates that at

least 3 out of every 10 young adults

in Seoul isolate themselves from

social activities and relationships.

The group activity attracting

the most participation among

respondents was alumni meetings

(53.7%, multiple answers allowed),

indicating that social meetings

based on school connections

are the most popular venues for

social interaction. Informal social

gatherings ranked second in terms

of group activities in which this age

group participated.

On the other hand, young adults

are quite passive toward becoming

involved in public or community

activities, including volunteer work.

For example, their participation rate

for volunteering decreased from

17% in 2013 to 10.4% in 2015.

Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities

53.7% 10.4%

38 >> 39

Social

gathering/

Alumni

meeting

ClubCommunity

gathering/

hometown

alumni/

clan gathering

Volunteer

organization

Online

community

Citizen

group

Labor

union

Political

party

Religious

group

Others None

2013

17.0%

83.0%

2014 2015

9.6% 10.4%

90.4% 89.6%

Types of social activities of young adults, by year (multiple answers allowed)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

Participation in volunteer work by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

� 2013

� 2014

� 2015

� Participated

� Not participated

56.9

%

53.7

%57.7

%

24.8

%

27.1

%29.8

%

22.3

% 27.0

%

21.2

%

16.1

% 19.1

%

13.3

% 16.7

%

18.6

%

12.3

%

10.2

%

15.2

%

13.0

%

5.2 %

10.6

%

4.9 %

1.4 % 2.

7 %

2.0 %

0.5 %

0.7 %

0.7 %

0.6 %

1.1 %1.3 %

0.1 %

0.2 %

0.1 %


712thousand people

1970

1975

198

0

198

5

199

0

199

5

20

00

20

05

20

10

20

15

20

20

20

25

20

30

20

35

20

40

1.7%4.2%2.5%

20.0%

30.4%

1,400thousand people

% of the elderly in Seoul

12.3%

Seoul had already become an “aging

society”in 2005, when 7.1% of the

population was 65-years-old or over.

According to Statistics Korea, the

elderly population will reach 14.3%

in 2019, surpassing the standard

indicator for an aging society, which

is 14%. It will increase to 20% in

2026, which is the standard marker

of a “hyper-aged society.”

In hyper-aged Seoul, the old-age

dependency ratio is estimated to

be 29.1 people per 100 working

age individuals. The dependency

has increased threefold since

2005, when the ratio was 9.3

elderly people per 100 working age

individuals.

Size and proportion of the elderly in Seoul by yearSource: Prospects of population, Statistics Korea, 2014

Dobong-gu

13.8Nowon-gu

11.9Gangbuk-gu

15.7Eunpyeong-gu

13.9 Seongbuk-gu

13.5Jongno-gu

15.2Seodaemun-gu

14.5

Jungnang-gu

12.9Dongdaemun-gu

14.0Jung-gu

15.1Mapo-gu

12.2

Gangseo-gu

11.4

Yangcheon-gu

10.3

Yeongdeungpo-gu

12.3Dongjak-gu

13.0Guro-gu

11.8Geumcheon-gu

12.1

Gwanak-gu

12.3

Seocho-gu

10.9

Yongsan-gu

14.4

Seongdong-gu

12.5 Gwangjin-gu

10.8

Gangdong-gu

11.2

Songpa-gu

10.2Gangnam-gu

10.4

% of the elderly in Seoul by guSource: Resident Registration Population Data,

Seoul Metropolitan Government

Source: Resident Registration Population Data, Seoul Metropolitan Government

� Population of the elderly

� Proportion3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

(thousand

people)

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

7.1%

The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where

(Unit : %)

14.3%

Everydaylife

in Seoul

II

1 Living satisfaction

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation

2 Living condition

━ Female labor force in Seoul

━ Housing supply rate in Seoul

━ Preferred housing types in Seoul

━ Public transportation in Seoul

━ Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage

━ Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air

━ Air quality of Seoul: NO2

━ Air quality of Seoul: Underground

Living satisfaction

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues

━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation

1

Living satisfaction

44 >> 45

Less than 1 M KRW

More than5 M KRW

4-5 M KRW

3-4 M KRW

2-3 M KRW

1-2 M KRW

Maximum scale: 10

The average score of Seoul citizens

on their satisfaction with general

economic conditions such as living

expenses, income, and working

hours in 2015 was 5.30 out of a

maximum of 10. Dongdaemun-

gu (4.91), Yongsan-gu (4.99), and

Seongdong-gu (5.09) had the lowest

satisfaction scores among all gus

(districts), while Gangnam-gu (5.51),

Songpa-gu (5.48), and Gwangjin-gu

(5.48) showed relatively high scores.

Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions

5.30points (out of 10)

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

5.015.20 5.26

5.445.27 5.30

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions


Gangnam-gu

II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 45

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

4.86 4.84 4.86 4.945.15 5.18

5.48 5.585.26 5.30

Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

5.44Nowon-gu

5.09Gangbuk-gu

5.31Eunpyeong-gu

5.46Seongbuk-gu

5.37Jongno-gu

5.10Seodaemun-gu

5.27

Jungnang-gu

5.42Dongdaemun-gu

4.91Jung-gu

5.44Mapo-gu

5.32

Gangseo-gu

5.20

Yangcheon-gu

5.38

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.13Dongjak-gu

5.14Guro-gu

5.22

Geumcheon-gu

5.12Gwanak-gu

5.26

Seocho-gu

5.43

Yongsan-gu

4.99

Seongdong-gu

5.09 Gwangjin-gu

5.48

Gangdong-gu

5.46

Songpa-gu

5.48Gangnam-gu

5.51

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

46 >> 47

Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions in 2015



for satisfaction with general

residential conditions (e.g., water

and sewage system, housing,

electricity, telecommunication,

transportation, green areas, and

others) was 6.16 out of a maximum

of 10 in 2015. Seoul citizens’

satisfaction with residential

conditions has been steadily

increasing for the last decade.

Jongno-gu (6.48), Dobong-gu (6.41),

and Geumchon-gu (6.33) had the

highest average satisfaction scores

among the 25 gus of Seoul, while

Yongsan-gu (5.50), Dongdaemun-

gu (5.54), and Seodaemun-gu (5.93)

showed the lowest satisfaction

scores.

Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions in Jongno-gu


20s and

younger

60s and

older

50s40s30s

Maximum scale: 10

Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

7.00

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

points

(out of 10)

5.986.08

6.22 6.276.12

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions


Jongno-gu


5.395.78 5.66 5.76 5.81 5.95 6.10 6.25 6.44

6.13 6.16

Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

6.41Nowon-gu

5.99Gangbuk-gu

6.16Eunpyeong-gu

6.32Seongbuk-gu

6.29Jongno-gu

6.48Seodaemun-gu

5.93

Jungnang-gu

6.24Dongdaemun-gu

5.54Jung-gu

5.96Mapo-gu

6.26

Gangseo-gu

6.31

Yangcheon-gu

6.27

Yeongdeungpo-gu

6.26Dongjak-gu

6.10Guro-gu

6.19

Geumcheon-gu

6.33Gwanak-gu

6.19

Seocho-gu

6.32

Yongsan-gu

5.50

Seongdong-gu

6.00 Gwangjin-gu

6.28

Gangdong-gu

6.06

Songpa-gu

6.03Gangnam-gu

6.23

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Maximum scale: 108.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

48 >> 49

Average score on satisfaction with financial conditions


Health Finance Personal relationship Family life Social life

2005 6.60 5.11 6.71 6.86 6.442006 6.63 5.21 6.75 6.85 6.542007 6.72 5.38 6.74 6.82 6.502008 6.88 5.55 6.73 6.81 6.572009 6.88 5.65 6.75 6.82 6.602010 6.88 5.88 6.75 6.80 6.642011 6.90 5.90 6.82 6.89 6.732012 7.06 6.05 6.90 6.99 6.842013 7.15 6.23 6.95 7.03 6.942014 7.16 6.21 7.08 7.14 7.012015 7.18 6.28 7.09 7.16 7.04


for (subjective) satisfaction with their

financial conditions was 6.28 out of

a maximum of 10. The satisfaction

with financial conditions was lower

than other living satisfaction criteria,

including health condition, home

life, relationship with family and

friends, and social life. Nevertheless,

the average satisfaction scores

for financial conditions have been

increasing since 2005.

The scores on satisfaction by differ

according to the income level of

each gu (district). For instance,

Gangseo-gu (6.55), Gangnam-gu

(6.52), Geumcheon-gu (6.50), and

Dongjak-gu (6.49) showed high

scores, while Yongsan-gu (5.98),

Dongdaemun-gu (6.04), Gwangjin-

gu (6.07), and Dobong-gu (6.11)

showed relatively low.

Average score on living satisfaction by criterionSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions


Gangseo-gu

Maximum scale: 10 (Unit : out of 10)


5.115.21 5.38 5.55 5.65 5.88 5.90 6.05 6.23 6.21 6.28

Average satisfaction score on financial conditions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with financial conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

6.11Nowon-gu

6.40Gangbuk-gu

6.14Eunpyeong-gu

6.11Seongbuk-gu

6.13Jongno-gu

6.16Seodaemun-gu

6.16

Jungnang-gu

6.24Dongdaemun-gu

6.04Jung-gu

6.16Mapo-gu

6.40

Gangseo-gu

6.55

Yangcheon-gu

6.25

Yeongdeungpo-gu

6.43Dongjak-gu

6.49Guro-gu

6.47

Geumcheon-gu

6.50Gwanak-gu

6.43

Seocho-gu

6.36

Yongsan-gu

5.98

Seongdong-gu

6.20 Gwangjin-gu

6.07

Gangdong-gu

6.12

Songpa-gu

6.16Gangnam-gu

6.52

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

50 >> 51

(Unit : Cases)

Among the perceived degree of

urban risk, ‘nuclear and radiation

accident’had the highest score

(6.38), followed by ‘violent crime’

(6.36), ‘epidemic’(6.27), ‘financial

crisis’(6.17), ‘safety accident’(6.16),

‘unemployment’(6.14), ‘natural

disaster’(6.12), and ‘national security’

(6.02).

Among 2015’s 439 violent crimes,

murder cases numbered 163 and

robbery cases 276. Over the 15

years since 2003 (except 2009),

violent crime in Seoul has steadily

decreased.

Juvenile crimes have also decreased,

except for two periods. For example,

juvenile crimes decreased from their

peak in 2000 until 2005, when the

crime rate began to increase again,

reaching another peak in 2007. A

general decrease in the juvenile

crime rate was observed until 2015,

though a slight rebound was noted

in 2012. Juvenile criminal cases in

2015 totaled 13,746—58.7% less than

the total number of cases in 2000

(33,288).

Frequency of juvenile criminal cases by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency,

Status of juvenile crime

Citizens’ perceived degrees of urban risks

Maximum scale: 10 (Unit : out of 10)

According to revised juvenile act (2008.6.22),

juvenile crime is applied to the youth aged from

10 to less than 19 years old.

※ Since 2010, sexual assault part of special sexual

assault laws and the act of juvenile sex protection

have been changed to violent crime.

33,2

88

30,3

41

26,1

34

21,6

66

20,1

43

21,1

54

23,3

04

28,2

31

25,6

91

24,0

98

18,8

56

16,5

69

20,5

54

17,1

85

14,4

79

13,7

46

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Nuclear and radiation accident 6.38Epidemic 6.27Safety accident 6.16National security 6.02Financial crisis 6.17Unemployment 6.14Corruption 5.66Violent crime 6.36Social conflict 5.63Social disorder caused by cyber crime 5.94Natural disaster 6.12Average degree of risk 6.08

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues

58.7%

(2015) 13,746 cases

(2000) 33,288 cases


Frequency of violent crime (murder and robbery) by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, Status of juvenile crime

� murder

� robbery1,566

2,077

2,303

3,013

1,884

1,696

1,401

1,296

1,169

1,760

1,323

1,214

749

572

439

501

1,399

1,874

2,134

2,841

1,655

1,478

1,201

1,077

948

1,510

1,029

956

570

420

276

343

Citizens’ perceived degrees of urban risks by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

5.84Nowon-gu

5.84Gangbuk-gu

5.83Eunpyeong-gu

6.04Seongbuk-gu

5.91Jongno-gu

5.96Seodaemun-gu

5.98

Jungnang-gu

6.18Dongdaemun-gu

6.18Jung-gu

6.19Mapo-gu

6.33

Gangseo-gu

6.10

Yangcheon-gu

6.26

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.96Dongjak-gu

5.84Guro-gu

6.18

Geumcheon-gu

6.27Gwanak-gu

6.31

Seocho-gu

6.12

Yongsan-gu

6.35

Seongdong-gu

5.93 Gwangjin-gu

6.44

Gangdong-gu

6.08

Songpa-gu

6.18Gangnam-gu

5.78

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 163

158

167

203

169

172

229

218

200

219

221

250

294

258

179

152

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

(Unit : Cases)

52 >> 53

Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with public transportation


Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with subway


Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with taxi


Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with bus


In Seoul, more than 60% of daily

traffic volume is accounted for by

subway, railroad, and bus travel.

Thus, one can argue that satisfaction

with public transportation is

equivalent to people’s satisfaction

with the general transportation

infrastructure in Seoul.

According to Seoul Surveys from

2008 and 2015, the average

satisfaction of citizens with public

transportation is steadily increasing.

Comparing 2008 and 2015, the

average satisfaction score for public

transportation has increased by

13.0% from 5.83 to 6.59.

In terms of average score for

satisfaction with different means

of public transportation during the

same period, the satisfaction score

for taxis increased by 14.4% from

5.14 to 5.88, the score for subways

increased by 11.3% from 6.30 to

7.01, and that for buses increased by

14.7% from 6.00 to 6.88.

Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation


(2008)


(2015)


Bus Subway Taxi

2003 4.76 5.99 4.722004 4.85 6.08 4.962005 5.61 6.26 4.702006 5.66 6.30 4.832007 6.00 6.33 4.922008 6.00 6.30 5.142009 6.19 6.52 5.272010 6.16 6.71 5.672011 6.28 6.79 5.612012 6.58 6.81 5.542013 6.67 7.03 5.502014 6.78 6.95 5.702015 6.88 7.01 5.88

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with public transportation by means of transportation and by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

� Bus

� Subway

� Taxi

Livingconditions

━ Female labor force in Seoul

━ Housing supply rate in Seoul

━ Preferred housing types in Seoul

━ Public transportation in Seoul

━ Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage

━ Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air

━ Air quality of Seoul: NO2

━ Air quality of Seoul: Underground

Livingconditions

2

56 >> 57

Size of female labor force aged 15 and older

2,374thousand people

Female labor force participation rate

53.2%

Among females aged 15 and older,

2,374,000 participated in economic

activities in 2015. This number has

increased from 2,009,000 people

in 2000. The female labor force

participation rate is now 53.2%.

There is a great disparity between

the genders even though the

economical ly act ive female

population has been increasing since

2000. Disparity in the economically

active population between males

and females was 25.8 percentage

points in 2000 (74.6% for males

and 48.8% for females), and it is still

significant (19.7 percentage points)

in 2015.

Female labor force in Seoul

53.2% 72.9%

II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 57

Labor force participation rate by gender and yearSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Male

Female

Aged 15-29 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50-59 Aged 60 and more

40.4%

47.4%

89.8%

62.4% 63.9%

91.4%

60.8%

85.8%

46.8%

25.6%

Employment rate by age group, SeoulSource: Employment Survey by Region, Statistics Korea (2015 Q2)

100.0

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

(%)

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

(%)

� Male

� Female

74.6 74.5 75.3 74.8 75.1 75.3 74.7 74.7 73.7 72.5 73.0 73.7 73.0 72.7 73.5 72.9

48.8 49.6 49.7 50.0 51.6 52.0 51.9 51.7 51.0 49.8 51.2 52.0 52.3 52.6 53.7 53.2

58 >> 59

Source: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division,

Housing trends

Total

households

Total

housing units

Jongno-gu 60,684 55,275Jung-gu 44,864 45,745Yongsan-gu 96,157 92,110Seongdong-gu 103,603 108,205Gwangjin-gu 140,172 137,286Dongdaemun-gu 125,458 134,704Jungnang-gu 151,095 152,468Seongbuk-gu 177,555 166,234Gangbuk-gu 120,828 120,571Dobong-gu 121,032 121,302Nowon-gu 202,158 200,120Eunpyeong-gu 163,262 174,249Seodaemun-gu 108,570 111,435Mapo-gu 146,930 142,246Yangcheon-gu 159,404 158,604Gangseo-gu 207,653 202,039Guro-gu 151,559 150,429Geumcheon-gu 87,685 89,380Yeongdeungpo-

gu 141,212 134,927

Dongjak-gu 153,583 151,845Gwanak-gu 230,298 205,278Seocho-gu 147,625 147,797Gangnam-gu 214,332 208,718Songpa-gu 250,703 231,514Gangdong-gu 175,029 161,270

Housing supply rate in Seoul (2014)

97.9%

Housing Supply Rate

This is an index showing whether there is an excess and/or deficiency of housing in

a certain country or a region. Generally, it is calculated by dividing housing units by

households (total housing units/average households x 100).

The number of total housing units is from the population and housing census,

Statistics Korea

In the years when the census was not conducted, the number of newly built houses

was added and the number of losses was subtracted yearly.

Change in Housing Supply Rate Scoring Criteria

The number of normal households by housing type was counted (including

households with five or less unrelated people and single households). Group

households (households with six or more unrelated people, dormitories, social

facilities, etc.) and foreign households were excluded.

The housing supply rate in Seoul has

increased continuously since 2009

and reached 97.9% in 2014. Out

of 100 households, 98 can afford

housing.

Among the 25 gus (districts) of Seoul,

9 gus, including Dongdaemun-gu,

Eunpyeong-gu, Seongdong-gu, and

Seodaemun-gu, have housing supply

rates of over 100%. The other 16 gus

have relatively lower housing supply

rates, and the lowest housing supply

rate is 89.1% in Gwanak-gu.

Total housing units versus total households by gu

Housing supply rate in Seoul(2014)


Total households, total housing units, and housing supply rate by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division, Housing trends

2007

93.2%

2005

93.7%

2006

94.1%

2010

97.0%

2012

97.3%

2014

97.9%

2008

93.6%

2009

93.1%

97.1%

2011 2013

97.5%

� Total households

� Total Housing Units

� Housing Supply Rate(%)

Housing supply rates by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division, Housing trends

Dobong-gu

100.2Nowon-gu

99.0Gangbuk-gu

99.8Eunpyeong-gu

106.7Seongbuk-gu

93.6Jongno-gu

91.1Seodaemun-gu

102.6

Jungnang-gu

100.9Dongdaemun-gu

107.4Jung-gu

102.0Mapo-gu

96.8

Gangseo-gu

97.3

Yangcheon-gu

99.5

Yeongdeungpo-gu

95.5Dongjak-gu

98.9Guro-gu

99.3

Geumcheon-gu

101.9Gwanak-gu

89.1

Seocho-gu

100.1

Yongsan-gu

95.8

Seongdong-gu

104.4 Gwangjin-gu

97.9

Gangdong-gu

92.1

Songpa-gu

92.3Gangnam-gu

97.4

4,000,000

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0

100

95

90

80

85

(Unit : %)

60 >> 61

% of people preferring to live in an apartment

62.0%

% of people preferring to live in a detached house

23.5%

(Unit : %)

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Apartment 58.6 60.5 63.7 60.0 62.0Detached House 26.1 25.8 23.8 23.9 23.5Row House/Multiplex House 11.5 8.8 8.1 10.6 9.3Studio Apartment 1.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.0Multi-unit Apartment 1.5 2.3 2.0 3.0 3.2

What will be Seoul’s main type

of housing in ten years? 62% of

householders in Seoul still hope to

live in apartments in ten years, while

23.5% want to move to detached

houses. The main housing type in

Seoul is still likely to be apartment

housing in ten years.

Preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey

Preferred housing types in Seoul

25.9%

Apartment Apartment


Apartment Detached House Row House /

Multiplex House

Studio

Apartment

Multi-unit

Apartment

2011 31.2 17.2 15.2 6.9 6.7 6.9 5.2 4.4 2.72012 29.8 19.5 13.8 11.2 7.9 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.32013 28.9 22.7 10.9 12.1 8.5 5.3 3.7 4.5 3.62014 29.0 20.0 13.2 11.0 6.5 7.3 5.3 4.1 3.42015 25.9 21.3 8.5 14.7 9.9 5.0 3.4 5.1 6.2

Apartment

↓

Apartment

Detached

House

↓

Apartment

Detached

House

↓

Detached

House

Row House

/ etc

↓

Apartment

Apartment

↓

Detached

House

Detached

House

↓

Row House

/ etc

Row House

/ etc

↓

Row House

/ etc

Row House

/ etc

↓

Detached

House

Apartment

↓

Row House

/ etc

Preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey

Current vis-à-vis preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

� 2011

� 2012

� 2013

� 2014

� 2015

� 2011

� 2012

� 2013

� 2014

� 2015

26.1

25.8

23.8

23.9

23.5

11.5

8.8

8.1 10

.69.

3

1.6 2.5

2.4

2.5

2.0

2.3

1.5 2.0 3.0

3.2

58.6

60.5 63

.760

.0 62.0

2011 58.6 26.1 11.5 1.6 1.52012 60.5 25.8 8.8 2.5 2.3 2013 63.7 23.8 8.1 2.4 2.0 2014 60.0 23.9 10.6 2.5 3.0 2015 62.0 23.5 9.3 2.0 3.2

62 >> 63

Modal share by subway and train (2014)

39.0%

Modal share by bus (2014)

27.0%

Modal share by taxi (2014)

6.8%

Transport volume

(k/day)

Modal Share

(%)

Car 7,461 22.8Bus 8,831 27.0Subway·Train 12,741 39.0Taxi 2,219 6.8 Etc. 1,437 4.4Total 32,690 100.0

Source: Seoul Metropolitan City (http:/traffic.seoul.go.kr/

archives/289)

Subways and trains are the “feet”

of Seoul citizens. The modal share

of subways and trains was 39% in

2014, which was the largest among

public transportation modes. Buses

had a modal share of 27.0% and

cars had 22.8%.

The modal share of subways

increased continuously from 29.4%

in 1996 to 38.8% in 2013 and

reached 39% in 2014. Meanwhile,

the modal share of taxis decreased

steadily from 10.4% in 1996 to 6.8%

in 2014.

Model share by mode (2014)

Public transportation in Seoul

Subway

Taxi


1996 2002

1,51

32,

195

10,2

857,

705

7,98

3

20061,

592

1,95

910

,839

8,61

68,

188

2010

1,38

22,

236

11,2

898,

746

7,50

2

2013 2014

1,41

82,

219

12,6

298,

812

7,43

4

1,43

72,

219

12,7

418,

831

7,46

1

1996

5.5

10.4

29.4

30.1

24.6

2002

5.17.

434

.626

.026.9

2006

5.16.

334

.727

.626

.3

2010

4.47.

236

.228

.124

.1

20142013

4.46.

838

.827

.122

.9

4.46.

839

.027

.022

.8

Transport volume by mode and yearSource: household travel diary survey

Modal share by mode and yearSource: household travel diary survey

� Car

� Bus

� Subway·Train

� Taxi

� Etc.

� Car

� Bus

� Subway·Train

� Taxi

� Etc.

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

0

(k/day)

1,52

92,90

18,

183

8,35

86,

829

64 >> 65

Total fire incidents in Seoul(2015)

5,921Cases

Total fire incidents in Gangnam-gu(2015)

504 Cases

Total damage caused by fires(2015)

14,337million KRW

A record number of fire incidents

occurred in 2001 in Seoul: 7,379.

The number steadily decreased

until 2006, increased in 2007, and

peaked again at 6,731 in 2008.

Though the number decreased after

that, the trend has been increasing

since 2013.

A total of 5,921 fire incidents

occurred in 2015. The greatest

number of incidents was recorded

in Gangnam-gu (504) and the least

in Geumcheon-gu (131).

Economic damage due to fires

was also higher in years with more

frequent fire incidents. Damage

decreased by 66% between 2001

and 2006 from 1.6 billion KRW

to 0.5 billion KRW as incidents

decreased. In 2007 and 2008, when

the incidents increased, damage

increased by 226% (1.9 billion

KRW) and 306% (2.2 billion KRW)

compared to 2006. Damage caused

by fires in 2015 was 1.4 billion KRW.

Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage

Gangnam-gu

Seocho-gu

Gangseo-gu


20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

7,058

7,379

6,017

5,5035,421

4,9964,907

6,698

6,731

6,318

5,321

5,5265,724

5,646

5,815

Frequency and damage of fires by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters Counterplan of Disaster Division: Trends in fires

Frequency of fires by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters Counterplan of Disaster Division: Trends in fires

Dobong-gu

188Nowon-gu

241Gangbuk-gu

178Eunpyeong-gu

244Seongbuk-gu

151Jongno-gu

260Seodaemun-gu

215

Jungnang-gu

175Dongdaemun-gu

223Jung-gu

237Mapo-gu

251

Gangseo-gu

301

Yangcheon-gu

218

Yeongdeungpo-gu

243Dongjak-gu

185Guro-gu

221

Geumcheon-gu

131Gwanak-gu

285

Seocho-gu

303

Yongsan-gu

187

Seongdong-gu

197 Gwangjin-gu

241

Gangdong-gu

264

Songpa-gu

278Gangnam-gu

504

25,000,000

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

0

(thousand won)

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

(Cases)20

15

5,921

(Unit : Cases)

� Number of cases

� Total damage

� Damage on real estate

� Damage on movable asset

66 >> 67

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

6570

7669

61 58 60 6155 54

49 4741 44 46 46

Average concentration of air particulates in Seoul (2015)

46㎍/㎥

The concentration of air particulates

in Seoul decreased from 76 ㎍/㎥ in

2002 to 41 ㎍/㎥ in 2012. In 2015, an

air particulate concentration of 46 ㎍

/㎥ was recorded. This figure is close

to the air particulate concentration

in Jeju-do, a well-known clean

region, where a concentration

of 42 ㎍/㎥ was recorded in 2011.

Such an improvement in air quality

can be seen as a result of policy

implementation in Seoul. In 2005,

Seoul Metropolitan City started

pollution mitigation work for diesel

cars and started managing gas

emissions of diesel cars with expired

emissions warranty periods. The air

particulate emissions standard was

enhanced from 60 ㎍/㎥ to 50㎍/㎥

in 2007.

Average concentration of air particulates in Seoul by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City, Air Pollution Trends

80

60

40

20

0

(㎍/㎥)

Average, Seoul

Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air

50㎍/m3

60㎍/m3


20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

0.04

1

0.03

8

0.03

8

0.03

5

0.03

4

0.03

3

0.03

3

0.03

3

0.03

20.03

6

0.03

8

0.03

7

0.03

4

0.03

6

0.03

5

0.03

0

Average concentration of NO2 in Seoul (2015)

0.032 ppm

Nitrogen dioxide emitted by fossil

fuel combustion and chemical

manufacturing greatly influences air

pollution and is 5 to 10 times more

toxic than nitrogen monoxide. Long-

term exposure to nitrogen dioxide

increases the risk of severe acute

lung infections like pneumonia,

acute lung injury, and other fatal

diseases.

The average nitrogen dioxide

concentration goes up and down

every year without significant

change. There was a peak during

2007 and 2008 of 0.038 ppm, but

it decreased to its lowest level of

0.030ppm in 2012. From 2013 to

2015, it has maintained a level of

0.032–0.033ppm.

Air quality of Seoul: NO2

Average concentration of NO2 in Seoul by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City, Air Pollution Trends

0.050

0.040

0.030

0.020

0.010

0.000

(ppm)

Average, Seoul

68 >> 69

City limits for particulates in underground facilities

140㎍/㎥

Particulate concentration in the

Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit

Corporation and underground

facilities that are used most

frequently by Seoul citizens

decreased by 19–25% from 107.8

㎍/㎥ in 2004 to 81.0㎍/㎥ in 2015,

and from 112.5㎍/㎥ in 2007 to 90.7

㎍/㎥ in 2015. The air particulate

concentration in underground

shopping complexes also decreased

by 22% from 64.3㎍/㎥ in 2006 to

50.2㎍/㎥ in 2015. All underground

facilities have safe particulate

concentration levels and are under

Seoul’s limit for particulates (140㎍/

㎥) in underground facilities.

Underground air quality: Seoul metropolitan rapid transit corporation (2015)

81.0㎍/㎥

Underground air quality: underground shopping complex (2015)

50.2㎍/㎥

Underground air quality: Seoul metro (2015)

90.7㎍/㎥

Air quality of Seoul: Underground

19-25%


107.

8

107.

4

108.

2

104.

8

111.

2

100.

7

92.1

92.4

85.4

79.5

81.1

81.0

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

112.

5

95.2

96.5

92.1

92.4

90.2

91.0

90.4

90.7

Average concentration of particulates by year: Seoul metropolitan rapid transit corporation

Source: Seoul Metropolitan City · Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit, Subway

Station Buildings Air Quality Survey Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management

Corporation, Underground Shopping Complex Air Quality Survey

Average concentration of particulates by year: underground shopping complex




Average concentration of particulates by year: Seoul metro




140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(㎍/㎥)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(㎍/㎥)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

(㎍/㎥)

(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)

(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)

(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)

53.0

64.3

57.9

49.1

52.8

52.3

51.1

51.1

51.1

50.6

50.2

Well-beingin

Seoul

III

━ How happy are people in Seoul?

━ Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?

━ How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health

conditions?

━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social

status

━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward

mobility

━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s

economic and social status

72 >> 73

Average happiness score of Seoul citizen (2015)



Question : Considering everything, how satisfied are you with your current life?

Score your level of happiness (the unhappiest: 0, the happiest: 10)

Seoul citizens’average happiness

score of was 7.13 in 2015. 24.7%

and 19.5% of respondents showed

happiness scores of 7 and 8,

respectively.

Happiness scores by age group

showed that people from ten to

39-years-old had similar average

scores of 7.2, while those in their

40s and older had lower happiness

scores. The scores for people in their

50s and 60s and older age groups

rapidly declined.

There is an interesting correlation

between happiness and marriage.

According to Seoul Survey (2015),

married people had an average

happiness score that was 0.06

higher than that of unmarried

people. Meanwhile, married people’

s score was 0.24 higher than that

of divorced or separated people

and 0.34 higher than that of

bereaved people. Marriage does

not necessarily make people happy,

but a happy marriage contributes to

individual happiness.

Distribution of happiness scores

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

3 or lower 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.03.9

11.2

18.8

24.7

19.5

12.4

8.7

How happy are people in Seoul?

College degree

More than 5 million KRW

Teenager

Unmarried

III. Well-being in Seoul >> 73

7.15points

7.21points

6.91points

6.81points

7.29points

7.23points

6.90points

7.21points

7.15points

7.17points

Happiness score by the highest education level and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Happiness score by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Happiness score by marital statusSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

6.74 7.

22

7.20

7.15

6.00

6.89

6.16

7.07

6.60 7.

41

Middle

School

Less than

1 M KRW

2-3

M KRW

1-2

M KRWHigh

School

3-4

M KRWCollege 4-5

M KRWGraduate

School

More than

5 M KRW

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit: out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit: out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

Married

Unmarried

Divorced/Separated

Bereaved

10s

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s and older

74 >> 75

18.1%

25.6%Extreme

High

Normal

Low

Rare

28.3%

25.0%

3.0%

Stress level during the last 2 weeks (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Low stress in daily life leads to

positive feelings and increased

v i t a l i t y a n d m o t i va t i o n t o

accomplish one’s goals. Meanwhile,

excessive stress lowers efficiency

at work and causes physical and

psychological disorders.

A total of 5 to 6 of every 10 Seoulites

have experienced stress, and 47.5%

of the respondents (25.6% of total

respondents) have experienced

extreme stress . Among the

respondents, people in their 20s

represented the highest proportion

of people who had experienced

extreme stress. Considering income

level, all people except those earning

1–2 million KRW per month said they

experienced extreme stress.

Mapo-gu and Gwangjin-gu had the

highest proportion of people who

said that they were under heavy

stress. Seocho-gu and Dongjak-gu

had a relatively lower proportion.

% of people with extreme stress during the last 2 weeks (2015)

25.6%

% of people stressed out during the last 2 weeks (2015)

53.9%

Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?

Seocho-gu

Dongjak-gu

Gangdong-gu

Gangnam-gu

Gwangjin-gu

Mapo-gu

Gangbuk-gu

Jungnang-gu


23.8 27

.3

27.5

24.426

.4

23.7

28.8

25.2

23.3 26

.4

26.1

25.6

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and older

% of people experiencing extreme stress by age group and income level (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

% of people experiencing extreme stress by gu (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

28.6Nowon-gu

27.4Gangbuk-gu

30.9Eunpyeong-gu

26.1Seongbuk-gu

27.7Jongno-gu

21.8Seodaemun-gu

27.5

Jungnang-gu

30.8Dongdaemun-gu

26.5Jung-gu

26.8Mapo-gu

33.2

Gangseo-gu

25.4

Yangcheon-gu

26.1

Yeongdeungpo-gu

22.1Dongjak-gu

20.1Guro-gu

26.4

Geumcheon-gu

24.7

Gwanak-gu

25.2

Seocho-gu

19.8

Yongsan-gu

28.6

Seongdong-gu

24.0 Gwangjin-gu

33.8

Gangdong-gu

20.4

Songpa-gu

22.5Gangnam-gu

20.5

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

(Unit : %)

Less than

1 M KRW

2-3

M KRW

1-2

M KRW

3-4

M KRW

4-5

M KRW

More than

5 M KRW

76 >> 77

Average score on satisfaction with health (2015)


Highest satisfaction score in Dongjak-gu (2015)


Seoul citizens’average score for

satisfaction with their health in 2015

was 7.18 out of 10, which is relatively

high.

By district, Dongjak-gu, Gangseo-

gu, and Guro-gu at 7.62, 7.56, and

7.42 had the highest scores among

the 25 districts, while Gangdong-

gu, Jung-gu, and Yongsan-gu had

the lowest scores at 6.85, 6.88, and

6.90.

Ana lys i s o f soc ioeconomic

characteristics and people’s

satisfaction with their health shows

that people are more satisfied

when they have higher income.

People with an income of more

than 4 million KRW had an average

satisfaction score of 7.26 (4–5

million KRW: 7.26; and more than 5

million KRW: 7.23). However, people

earning less than 1 million KRW

had the lowest satisfaction score of

6.68, people 1–2 million KRW had

a score of 6.75, and people earning

2–3 million KRW had a score of 7.06.

Older age groups lower satisfaction

scores. People in their 60s or older

had a score of 6.55, and those in

their 50s had a score of 6.87. People

in their 40s had a score of 7.30,

people in their 30s had a score of

7.42, people in their 20s had a score

of 7.72, and people in their second

decade had a score of 7.70.

How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health?

More than 4 million KRW

20s


Average score on satisfaction with health by income(2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with health by age group(2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Less than 1 Million KRW

1-2 Million KRW

2-3 Million KRW

3-4 Million KRW

4-5 Million KRW

More than 5 Million KRW

10s

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s and older

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit: out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit: out of 10)

6.68points

7.70points

6.75points

7.72points

7.06points

7.42points

7.18points

7.30points

7.26points

6.87points

7.23points

6.55points

78 >> 79

Health

conditions

6.88

6.90 7.06 7.1

57.1

67.1

8

5.88

5.90 6.

05 6.23

6.21 6.28 6.

75 6.82 6.90 6.95 7.08

7.09

6.80 6.89 6.99 7.03 7.1

47.1

6

6.64 6.73 6.84 6.94 7.01 7.04

Relationship

with friends

Home life Social lifeEconomic

conditions

Average scores of satisfaction with health by domain and yeatSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Average score on satisfaction with health by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

6.92Nowon-gu

7.19Gangbuk-gu

7.09Eunpyeong-gu

7.13Seongbuk-gu

7.02Jongno-gu

7.14Seodaemun-gu

7.21

Jungnang-gu

7.01Dongdaemun-gu

6.99Jung-gu

6.88Mapo-gu

7.07

Gangseo-gu

7.56

Yangcheon-gu

7.30

Yeongdeungpo-gu

7.36Dongjak-gu

7.62Guro-gu

7.42

Geumcheon-gu

7.31

Gwanak-gu

7.37

Seocho-gu

7.26

Yongsan-gu

6.90

Seongdong-gu

7.03 Gwangjin-gu

7.12

Gangdong-gu

6.85

Songpa-gu

7.03Gangnam-gu

7.20

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

� 2010

� 2011

� 2012

� 2013

� 2014

� 2015

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10


Seoul citizens’ average score for

perceived economic status was

6.21 (considering 1 as the lowest

class and 10 as the uppermost),

showing that on average citizens

perceive themselves as belonging

to the middle class of society.

The percentage of respondents

reporting 6 as their degree of

perceived economic status was

highest at 22.6%, followed by those

selecting 5 and 7 at 21.6% and

21.8%, respectively.

Compared to individuals’current

perceived economic and social

s tatus , the i r average score

adolescence was 5.87, representing

an average increase in perceived

status.

Subjective social statusSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Subjective social status during adolescenceSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

1

1

1.4%

2

2

1.5%

3

3

4

4

9.2%

5

5

21.6%

25.4%

6

6

22.6%

20.3%

7

7

21.8%

18.6%

8

8

12.7%

10.5%

9

9

10

10

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

4.2%

6.5%

5.2%

3.3%

7.3%

3.1%

1.0%1.4%

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social status


Average

6.21points

(out of 10)

Average

5.87points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

Maximum scale: 10

2.5%

41.9% 25.7%

25.1%44.7%30.2%

26.8%39.7%33.5%

22.7%44.3%33.0%

32.4%

32.9%31.7%35.3%

80 >> 81

Only a few people positively view

the probability of upward mobility

through individual effort. According

to the Seoul Survey, 30-35%, thus,

only 3-4 respondents out of every

10, expressed positivity towards

the probability of upward social

mobility through individual effort,

while average and low probability

received approximately twice as

many responses at 65-70%.

Negativity towards the probability of

upward mobility through individual

effort increased at lower income

and educational levels. Among the

25 gus, Seodaemun- gu, Dobong-gu,

and Gwangjin-gu displayed relatively

low scores for the perceived

probability of upward mobility at

4.76, 4.79, and 4.83 respectively.

Average degree of the subjective probability of upward mobility

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

5.15 Points (out of 10)

Share of the respondents in the subjective probability of upward mobility (2011-2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

� High

� Average

� Low

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward mobility

30-35%

26.1%42.1%31.8%

26.0%42.0%32.0%

25.3%41.9%32.9%

25.5%

29.0%

27.6%

27.0%

26.7%

25.5%

25.0%

40.8%

39.9%

43.4%

43.6%

42.3%

40.8%

41.8%

33.8%

31.1%

29.0%

29.3%

30.9%

33.7%

33.2%


Subjective probability of upward mobility by education levelsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Subjective probability of upward mobility by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Average degree of the subjective probability of upward mobility by guSource: Statistics Korea, 2010, Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census

Dobong-gu

4.79Nowon-gu

5.19Gangbuk-gu

5.17Eunpyeong-gu

4.95Seongbuk-gu

4.99Jongno-gu

5.04Seodaemun-gu

4.76

Jungnang-gu

4.86Dongdaemun-gu

4.94Jung-gu

4.88Mapo-gu

5.21

Gangseo-gu

5.32

Yangcheon-gu

4.92

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.31Dongjak-gu

5.59Guro-gu

5.47

Geumcheon-gu

5.52

Gwanak-gu

5.54

Seocho-gu

5.56

Yongsan-gu

5.16

Seongdong-gu

4.89 Gwangjin-gu

4.83

Gangdong-gu

4.90

Songpa-gu

5.21Gangnam-gu

5.21

� High � Average � Low

� High � Average � Low

Middle school degree and below

High school degree

Bachelor's degree

Master's degree and above

Less than 1 Million KRW

1-2 Million KRW

2-3 Million KRW

3-4 Million KRW

4-5 Million KRW

More than 5 Million KRW

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

82 >> 83

� High

� Average

� Low

� High

� Average

� Low

Subjective probability of upward mobility

Probabilty of upward social mobility for ones child

Subjective probability of one’s own upward mobility by age group

Subjective probability of upward mobility for one’s child by age group

In 2015, surveys on the “probability

of one’s own upward social mobility”

and the “probability of upward

social mobility for one’s child” were

conducted separately. The results

showed that the percentage of

responses under high probability

for “one’s own” remained at 32.4%,

while that of “one’s child” reached

46.6%, representing citizens’

positive expectations for the next

generation.

� High

� Average

� Low

Question asked in 2015 : What do you think is the probability that you or your child can achieve upward mobility within economic and social strata

through individual efforts in our society?

Question asked before 2014 : What do you think is the degree of probability of upward mobility within social and economic strata through individual

efforts in our society?

My standing

Children’s standing

10s

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s and older

10s

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s and older

32.4%

46.6%

34.5%

46.5%

32.7%

48.5%

32.1%

48.9%

32.0%

47.8%

32.0%

46.5%

32.7%

42.3%

41.9%

35.6%

41.9%

35.0%

41.7%

33.5%

43.1%

34.7%

42.5%

35.1%

42.6%

35.7%

40.0%

38.6%

25.7%

17.7%

23.6%

18.5%

25.7%

18.0%

24.8%

16.3%

25.6%

17.1%

25.4%

17.8%

27.3%

19.1%


Who are the ordinary citizen in our

society? Through the survey that

inquired what social and economic

strata a ordinary citizen belongs

to, the citizens of Seoul identified

the range from the 3rd to the 5th

decile as the ordinary citizens of

Seoul, where 1 is the lowest and

10 the highest. This identification

of social stratification displayed

low generational variation. The

perceived range for ordinary citizens

among the baby boom generation

was 3.01-4.87, while that for the

millennial generation was similar at

3.04-4.88.

1 (Lowest)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 (Uppermost)

4.87

3.00

Average, Seoul

Question asked in 2015 : The word "ordinary citizen" is

frequently used in our society. In the diagram of social

and economic strata below, to which stratum does a

ordinary citizen belong?

� (Minimum Stratum ) � (Maximum Stratum )

Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s economic and social status

3rd to 5th decile

Millennium Generation

Baby Boom Generation

3.04-4.88points (out of 10)

3.01-4.87points (out of 10)

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Citizenship in

Seoul

IV

━ Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work

━ Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations

━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children

with disabilities

━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due

to more social welfare for the elderly

━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to

empower female social participation

━ Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens

━ Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens

━ Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice

86 >> 87

Average participation frequency of volunteer work

Volunteering Rate (2015)

12.3%

Volunteering Rate of Teenagers

33.0%

2012 2013 2014 2015

Environmental

Convervation-Related

2.61 2.68 2.94 2.85

Children Education-

Related

3.39 4.50 3.89 3.13

Other Minority Groups-

Related

3.39 3.44 4.33 3.56

Culture and Arts-Related - - 3.90 3.01

Others 2.78 2.60 - -


by Year, Seoul Survey

Seoul citizens’ rate of volunteering

shows a decreasing trend. In 2015, it

was 12.3%, a 12.3% decrease in five

years from 24.6% in 2010.

By district, while Dongdaemun-

gu, Songpa-gu, and Seongdong-gu

displayed the highest participation

rate among the 25 gus at 18.2%,

16.5%, and 15.8% respectively, Guro-

gu, Gangseo-gu, and Yeongdeungpo-

gu showed the lowest at 6.3%, 8.3%,

and 8.9% respectively. High rates of

volunteering were identified at high-

income levels.

As for the rate of volunteering

by field, minority group-related

volunteer work, such as social

services and hospital work, was

the highest at an average of 3.56

times per year, while arts-related

volunteer work, such as cultural

education and talent donation,

was 3.13 times per year. Child

education-related volunteer work

averaged 3.01 and environmental

conservation-related volunteer

work averaged 2.85.

Volunteering rate by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

15.0

12.0

9.0

6.0

3.0

0.0

(%)

Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work

3.56 times

3.01times

2.85 times

2-3 M

KRW

1-2 M

KRW

Less than

1 M KRW

3-4 M

KRW

4-5 M

KRW

More than

5 M KRW

8.6%

6.1%

4.2%

10.6%

13.4% 13.8%

IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 87

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and older

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

2006 20152007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

12.5% 12.3%

17.7%

20.0% 20.3%

24.6%

23.0% 22.7%

20.3%

13.4%

Volunteering rateSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

Volunteering rate by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Volunteering rate by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Volunteering rate by education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

11.2Nowon-gu

11.0Gangbuk-gu

12.1Eunpyeong-gu

10.6Seongbuk-gu

10.0Jongno-gu

13.1Seodaemun-gu

14.5

Jungnang-gu

15.2Dongdaemun-gu

18.2Jung-gu

12.8Mapo-gu

12.6

Gangseo-gu

8.3

Yangcheon-gu

14.6

Yeongdeungpo-gu

8.9Dongjak-gu

10.0Guro-gu

6.3

Geumcheon-gu

13.9

Gwanak-gu

14.1

Seocho-gu

10.4

Yongsan-gu

12.4

Seongdong-gu

15.8 Gwangjin-gu

12.2

Gangdong-gu

13.5

Songpa-gu

16.5Gangnam-gu

12.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

18.8%

11.3% 11.3%

16.1%

(Unit : %)

33.0%

12.8% 11.1%12.7%

10.4%8.0%

88 >> 89

Donation rate (2015)

41.7%

Gus with min and max donation rate (2015)

55.2%

Dongdaemun-gu

In 2015, 41.7% of Seoul citizens

made donations, demonstrating a

5.2% decrease from 2014.

Donation rates increased at higher

education and income levels. By age

group, donation rates were highest

among people in their 30s at 44.2%

and those in their 50s 44.4%.

By district, Guro-gu, Gangseo-

gu, and Dobong-gu displayed the

lowest donation rates among the

25 gus at 28.9%, 31.1%, and 33.3%

respectively, while Dongdaemun-

gu, Gangnam-gu, and Seongdong-

gu displayed highest donation

rates at 55.2%, 54.6%, and 50.7%

respectively.

By form of donations, donations

through automated response

systems (ARS) or cash offerings

were most frequent.

Donation rateSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

45.4% 45.8%

40.7% 37.8% 35.5%

46.9%

41.7%

Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations

Dongdaemun-gu

Gangnam-gu

Seongdong-gu


Through Automated

Response System

(ARS)

Cash Offering Electronic Billing System or

Online Transfer

Goods Points

27.7

24.4

23.5

21.1

25.5

23.0

12.3

12.6

10.0

8.2

13.2

13.3

5.6

4.8

3.2

2.8

6.4

6.6

5.5 6.3

5.7

4.2

9.4

8.6

5.9

4.8

Forms of donations by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

Donor participation rate by age group Donor participation rate by education level

Donor participation rate by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

33.3Nowon-gu

42.9Gangbuk-gu

37.3Eunpyeong-gu

35.3Seongbuk-gu

40.4Jongno-gu

35.3Seodaemun-gu

47.2

Jungnang-gu

46.7Dongdaemun-gu

55.2Jung-gu

47.0Mapo-gu

33.8

Gangseo-gu

31.1

Yangcheon-gu

36.4

Yeongdeungpo-gu

45.1Dongjak-gu

46.9Guro-gu

28.9

Geumcheon-gu

49.7

Gwanak-gu

46.8

Seocho-gu

41.0

Yongsan-gu

44.0

Seongdong-gu

50.7 Gwangjin-gu

34.8

Gangdong-gu

42.9

Songpa-gu

42.2Gangnam-gu

54.6

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(%)

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

(%)

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and older

36.4%

29.7%

41.3% 38.6%

44.2%46.7%43.7%

57.8%

44.4%

37.5%

� 2010

� 2011

� 2012

� 2013

� 2014

� 2015

(Unit : %)

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

90 >> 91

Comfortable socialization with

individuals with disabilities, which

is the willingness to socialize

with disabled people, shows the

power to overcome prejudice

and discrimination towards such

individuals. Among the citizen of

Seoul, the degree of approval for

one’s own child socializing with

a child with a disability was 6.09

in 2015, a 0.05 decrease from the

previous year.

The approval rate for one's child

socializing with a child with a

disability increased at lower age

groups and higher education and

income levels. Among the 25

gus, Mapo-gu, Gangseo-gu, and

Gangnam-gu displayed the lowest

degree of approval at 5.74, 5.84, and

5.85 respectively, while Gangbuk-

gu, Dobong-gu, and Seongdong-

gu showed the highes degree of

approval at 6.38, 6.34, and 6.33

respectively.

Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government·The Seoul Institute,


Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child


Gu with highest degree of approval in socializing with disabled child


Gangbuk-gu

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10

Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child by education level

7.00

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

points

(out of 10)

6.04 6.07 6.11 6.25

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children with disabilities

Gangbuk-gu

Dobong-gu

Seongdong-gu

Maximum scale: 10

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

5.69 5.65 5.66 5.656.14 6.09


6.17

6.18

6.10

6.056.14

5.956.06

5.99 6.10 6.13

5.946.14

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 1-2

Million

KRW

Less than

1 M KRW

2-3

Million

KRW

3-4

Million

KRW

4-5

Million

KRW

More than

5 Million

KRW

60s

and Above

Degree of disability awareness by age group and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Degree of disability awareness by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

6.34Nowon-gu

6.01Gangbuk-gu

6.38Eunpyeong-gu

6.08Seongbuk-gu

6.26Jongno-gu

6.13Seodaemun-gu

6.05

Jungnang-gu

6.20Dongdaemun-gu

6.13Jung-gu

6.28Mapo-gu

5.74

Gangseo-gu

5.84

Yangcheon-gu

5.89

Yeongdeungpo-gu

6.22Dongjak-gu

6.22Guro-gu

5.94

Geumcheon-gu

5.96

Gwanak-gu

6.22

Seocho-gu

5.94

Yongsan-gu

6.19

Seongdong-gu

6.33 Gwangjin-gu

6.29

Gangdong-gu

6.12

Songpa-gu

6.11Gangnam-gu

5.85

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

92 >> 93

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

5.05 5.08 5.42 5.425.06 5.08

Maximum scale: 10

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

In 2026, the aging population in

Seoul will exceed 20% of the total

population. Due to this increase

in the aging population, the social

burden for supporting the elderly

will be an unavoidable reality.

However, the citizens of Seoul have

so far shown a lukewarm response

to the acceptance of such a reality.

The mean approval rate for an

increase in tax burden in order to

expand social welfare for the elderly

remains at 5.08 (out of 10), an

“average”level.

The negative attitudes towards

such a tax burden increase was

higher among lower age groups.

Resistance to such a tax burden

increase peaks amongst people in

their 20s and 30s. The higher the

education level, the more negative

the attitude was towards the tax

burden, and it received the highest

resistance among people with

a Master’s degree or higher. By

districts, Dobong-gu, Eunpyeung-

gu, and Jungnang-gu showed the

highest negativity towards such a

tax burden among the 25 gus, with

approval rates of 4.87, 4.87, and 4.94

respectively, while Yeongdeongpo-

gu, Seongdong-gu, and Seocho-gu

showed the highest approval rates

at 5.32, 5.28, and 5.24.

Average degree of willingness for increased tax burden

Average degree of willingness for increased tax burden


6.00

5.00

4.00

points

(out of 10)

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due to more social welfare for the elderly

Yeongdeungpo-gu

Seongdong-gu

Seocho-gu


Degree of approval for increase tax burden for more elderly social welfare by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Degree of approval for increased tax burden by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

4.87Nowon-gu

5.01Gangbuk-gu

5.18Eunpyeong-gu

4.87Seongbuk-gu

5.06Jongno-gu

5.10Seodaemun-gu

5.22

Jungnang-gu

4.94Dongdaemun-gu

5.09Jung-gu

5.14Mapo-gu

4.98

Gangseo-gu

5.06

Yangcheon-gu

5.05

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.32Dongjak-gu

5.13Guro-gu

5.22

Geumcheon-gu

5.08

Gwanak-gu

5.00

Seocho-gu

5.24

Yongsan-gu

5.12

Seongdong-gu

5.28 Gwangjin-gu

5.16

Gangdong-gu

5.13

Songpa-gu

5.02Gangnam-gu

5.10

5.06

4.96 5.035.17

5.13

5.15

5.09

5.065.18

4.95

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and Above

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)


Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

6.276.11 6.18 6.17

5.99 5.95

94 >> 95

Degree of approval by education level

Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation


Maximum scale: 10

5.905.95 5.96 5.95

Note: Scores out of 10

Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey



S e o u l f e m a l e s ’ l a b o r f o r c e

participation rate has steadily

increased from 2000 to 2015,

leading to a decrease in the

difference compared to men,

from 25.8 percentage point in

2000 to 19.7 percentage point in

2015. However, the labor force

participation rate still displays a

nearly 20 percentage point gap

between males and females.

Nevertheless, the approval rating

for the improving the system in

order to enhance females’labor

force participation rate is steadily

decreasing. The degree of approval

reached its peak in 2010 at 6.27,

but it has since decreased to 5.95 in

2015.

Among the 25 gus, Gangnam-gu,

Yangcheon-gu, and Gangdong-

gu displayed the lowest approval

rates at 5.58, 5.74, and 5.79, while

Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, and

Seodaemun-gu showed the highest

scores at 6.20, 6.17, and 6.15.

Degree of the approval for the “need for more system reforms to invigorate female social participation”

6.00

5.90

5.80

5.70

5.60

5.50

points

(out of 10)

Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to empower female social participation

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

7.00

6.00

5.00

points

(out of 10)


Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation by age group and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

6.20Nowon-gu

5.90Gangbuk-gu

6.02Eunpyeong-gu

6.17Seongbuk-gu

5.91Jongno-gu

5.83Seodaemun-gu

6.15

Jungnang-gu

5.88Dongdaemun-gu

5.91Jung-gu

6.09Mapo-gu

5.95

Gangseo-gu

5.95

Yangcheon-gu

5.74

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.87Dongjak-gu

6.13Guro-gu

6.07

Geumcheon-gu

5.91

Gwanak-gu

6.04

Seocho-gu

5.94

Yongsan-gu

5.97

Seongdong-gu

6.09 Gwangjin-gu

5.90

Gangdong-gu

5.79

Songpa-gu

5.97Gangnam-gu

5.58

6.01

5.93

5.956.01

6.03

5.89 5.98

5.80 5.95

5.99

5.835.93

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)


Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and Above

1-2

Million

KRW

Less than

1 M KRW

2-3

Million

KRW

3-4

Million

KRW

4-5

Million

KRW

More than

5 Million

KRW

96 >> 97

Average degree of trust in neighbors


% of Respondents expressing trust in neighbors (2015)

39.6%

% of Respondents expressing no trust in neighbors (2015)

19.4%

approval rates at 5.58, 5.74, and

5.79, while Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-

gu, and Seodaemun-gu showed the

highest scores at 6.20, 6.17, and 6.15.

Trust, along with caring and

coexistence, is a major factor in

achieving social integration. In

Korean society, where the main

subjects of trust are family members,

other people, and the general

public, social trust and its expansion

are preconditions for social

integration and prerequisites for the

sustainability of such integration.

In 2015, Seoul citizens’degree of trust

in neighbors was 5.51 out of 10, 3.32

lower than trust in family (8.83). Only

39.6% of the respondents expressed

trust for their neighbors, with 40.9%

and 19.4% expressing “some trust”

and “no trust”respectively.

Among the 25 gus, Yeongdeongpo-

gu, Gangnam-gu, and Nowon-

gu displayed the lowest trust in

neighbors at 5.23, 5.27, and 5.28

respectively, and Gwangjin-gu, Jung-

gu, and Dobong-gu showed the

highest trust in neighbors at 5.81,

5.76, and 5.71 respectively.

Average degree of trust in neighbors Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,

(Corresponding year) Seoul Survey

2011 2012 2013 20152014

5.81

5.55

5.36

5.515.54


5.80

5.60

5.40

5.20

5.00

points

(out of 10)

Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens

39.6%


9.3%38.9%47.6%

16.1%38.9%45.0%

17.9%41.9%40.1%

23.8%37.3%38.9%

18.9%41.2%39.9%

Share of the degree of trust in neighbors by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Degree of trust in neighbors by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Degree of trust in neighbors by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Dobong-gu

5.71Nowon-gu

5.28Gangbuk-gu

5.67Eunpyeong-gu

5.57Seongbuk-gu

5.63Jongno-gu

5.56Seodaemun-gu

5.44

Jungnang-gu

5.61Dongdaemun-gu

5.62Jung-gu

5.76Mapo-gu

5.64

Gangseo-gu

5.66

Yangcheon-gu

5.38

Yeongdeungpo-gu

5.23Dongjak-gu

5.44Guro-gu

5.40

Geumcheon-gu

5.51

Gwanak-gu

5.59

Seocho-gu

5.29

Yongsan-gu

5.70

Seongdong-gu

5.50 Gwangjin-gu

5.81

Gangdong-gu

5.31

Songpa-gu

5.61Gangnam-gu

5.27

5.42

5.36 5.525.70

5.54

5.48

5.52

5.51

5.47

5.50

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)


� Great Deal

� Some

� None

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 19.4%40.9%39.6%

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and Above

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

98 >> 99

Confidence in public institutions (2015)


Gu with highest confidence in public institutions (2015)


Dobong-gu

The average degree of confidence

in public institutions by the citizens

of Seoul in 2015 was 5.05 out of 10,

a score that is 3.78 lower than for

family (8.83) and 0.46 lower than

for neighbors (5.51). The ratio of

citizens who had “great confidence”

in public institutions was 32.2%,

while “no confidence”and “some

confidence”received 28.9% and

38.9% of the responses.

Generational variation indicates a

decreasing trend in confidence in

public institutions from teenagers

to those in their 30s, followed by

an increasing trend beyond the

40s that finally peaks in those in

their 60s. By education level, a

decreasing trend is observed among

those with a middle-school degree

or Bachelor’s degree, followed by

an increasing trend in those with a

Master’s degree and above.

By districts, while Dongjak-gu, Jung-

gu, and Seocho-gu displayed the

lowest scores among the 25 gus at

4.73, 4.75, and 4.77 respectively,

Dobong-gu, Jungnang-gu, and

Gangbuk-gu showed the highest

scores at 5.52, 5.51, and 5.50.

Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens

Average degree of confidence in public institutionsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014

5.73

5.14 5.225.055.08

5.32


5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

points

(out of 10)

Dobong-gu

Jungnang-gu

Gangbuk-gu


Degree of confidence in public institutions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

15.2%44.7%41.7%

23.8%44.7%31.5%

22.9%44.7%32.4%

18.8%48.6%32.5%

28.5%38.7%32.8%

Dobong-gu

5.52Nowon-gu

4.95Gangbuk-gu

5.50Eunpyeong-gu

5.36Seongbuk-gu

5.08Jongno-gu

4.89Seodaemun-gu

5.22

Jungnang-gu

5.51Dongdaemun-gu

4.97Jung-gu

4.75Mapo-gu

5.24

Gangseo-gu

4.96

Yangcheon-gu

5.00

Yeongdeungpo-gu

4.99Dongjak-gu

4.73Guro-gu

5.02

Geumcheon-gu

5.03

Gwanak-gu

5.13

Seocho-gu

4.77

Yongsan-gu

4.98

Seongdong-gu

5.07 Gwangjin-gu

4.96

Gangdong-gu

4.78

Songpa-gu

4.95Gangnam-gu

4.96

Share of the degree of confidence in public institutions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey

Degree of confidence in public institutions by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

5.19

5.02 5.

25

5.17

4.98 5.

29

5.05

5.005.

22

4.83

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

points

(out of 10)


2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 28.9%38.9%32.2%

Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

� Great Deal

� Some

� None

10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s

and Above

Middle

school

degree

and below

High

school

degree

Bachelor's

degree

Master's

degree

and above

100>> 101

Major factors of discrimination (2015)

Highest score in social justice (2015)


Opportunity for Higher Education

Young adults (aged 25 to 34)

in Seoul selected income and

education level as the major

contributors to discrimination.

Less economic affluence and lower

educational levels were believed to

cause more social discrimination.

Evaluation of social justice, especially

issues of equality, by young

adults in Seoul was very negative.

According to the data from the 2015

Seoul Survey, the opportunity for

higher education received a score

of 4.98 out of 10, and other areas,

especially tax policies, opportunity

for employment, income, etc., all

received low scores below 4.5.

Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice

Lowest score in social justice (2015)


Minority rights

4.98points

45.9%

Education Level

49.3%

Income Level

Opportunity for Higher Education

50%

30%

10%

5points

3points

1points

Opportunity for higher

education

Income level

Development in capital

regions and provinces

Education level

Occupation

Gender equality

Social welfare

Appearance

Development in urban

and rural areas

Gender

Income and

revenue

Age

Opportunity for work

and employment

Nationality

Tax policy

Region of origin

Minority rights

Religion


Note:

Top two factors combined

4.98

49.3

4.69

45.9

4.68

39.2

4.65

24.1

4.51

13.2

4.31

12.8

4.27

10.3

4.03

2.6

3.96

2.6

Factors of discrimination identified by young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey

Evaluation on areas of social justice and equalitySource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey Maximum scale: 10

(Unit : out of 10)

(Unit : %)

Seoulsurvey

━ Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors

the changes happening in Seoul

━ Seoul survey index system

━ Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data

━ Outcomes of Seoul survey

Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors the changes happening in Seoul

Seoul Survey is a city index system that monitors urban development and changes in the lives

of citizens from a time-series approach. The index data are aggregated through administrative

materials, large-scale household surveys, and foreigner surveys. The survey introduces the

agenda of each social aspect and policy area using a policy impact analysis based on multi-

dimensional analysis of the constructed data.

● To discover a time-appropriate policy using a trend

analysis of changes in Seoul

● To improve citizens’ trust in the public sector

through effective and smooth communication

Application

● A measure that shows how Seoul is changing in

various fields such as household status, residence

and livelihood, generation and social strata,

economy, welfare, transportation, environment,

and values and awareness

Function

● 12 dimensions, 41 categories, and 208 indicators

● Each year, the indices’ data are built based on

approximately 46, 000 Seoul citizens, 2,500 Seoul-

residing foreigners, and administrative data

Composition

Seoul survey index system

Dimensions Categories Indices

Population • Seoul citizens

• Seoul-residing foreigners 14Economy • Economic base

• Business environment

• Human resources

• Living environment

26

Urban development and urban life

• Residential conditions

• Living conditions

• Educational conditions

• Financial conditions

21

Culture • Cultural activities

• promotion of cultural activities

• Cultural infrastructures

• Cultural markets

23

Tourism • Tourist resources

• Tourist industries

• Tourist services

• Holiday tourism and environment

10

Welfare • Positive discrimination

• Health

• Elderly social security 20

Women and family • Gender equality

• Healthy family

• Child rearing14

Environment • Air pollution

• Water pollution

• Natural environment

• Waste

• Environmental governance

19

Transportation • Transportation infra

• Transportation service

• Eco-friendly transportation21

Information and knowledge

• Transparency

• Information application and consumption 6Safety and disaster

• Disaster safety

• Everyday safety

• Transportation safety

• Response to disaster

17

Values and awareness

• Consumption and work

• Family norms

• Citizenship17

Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data

Survey targets Households in Seoul and

members of households

aged 15 or above

Sample size 20,000 households

The total population of

members of households

aged 15 or above (46,837

people in 2015)

Survey period October, every year

Survey method 1 : 1 Household visit

interview

Survey target Foreigners aged 20 or above

residing in Seoul who have stayed

in the country for at least 90 days

Sample size 2,500 people

Survey period October, every year

Survey method on-the-spot

*Survey conducted since 2007

*Sample size increased in 2009

(1,000 people � 2,500 people)

Seoul at a glance

Survey of Seoul citizens

Survey of foreigners residing in Seoul *

Outcomes of Seoul survey

1

3

2Creating a scientific basis for the government administration through comprehensive statistics for policy analysis

validation of policy effects by continuously developing policy indices and analyzing citizen satisfaction

Systematic analysis of the current state of

Seoul and changes in the lives of citizens

a time-series analysis of the changes in the city, in people’s quality of life,

values, and awareness.

Enhanced citizens’ trust and confidence in the government administration by sharing local government information

Sharing various types of information in relation to city policy through statistics webzine, raw data, and publication of reports, thereby enhancing citizens’ trust.

Editors

Seoul Metropolitan Government

Younghoon Choi (CIO of Seoul)

Jeongjoon Ahn (Director, Data & Statistics Division)

Sun-ah Hwang (Deputy director, Data & Statistics Division)

Yubok Won (Officer, Data & Statistics Division)

Seoul Institute

Miree Byun (Director, Global Future Research Center)

Minjin Park (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)

Jin-ah Kim (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)

Yoonseok Choi (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)

2016 Seoul Metropolitan Government (Not for sale)

(Produced by) Data & Statistics Division, Information System Planning Bureau

(Edited by) Global Future Research Center, The Seoul Institute

(Designed by) 霖design | [email protected]

(Printed by) Hyunmum Group

(Publication number) 51-6110000-001481-10

ISBN 979-11-5621-942-2 03310

Seoul at a Glance2016

publication number 51-6110000-001481-10seoul at a glance 2016

Documents