• Depending  on  dietary  intake,  bacterial  popula4ons  in  the  GI  tract  can  vary  in  abundance  and  diversity.  (Eckberg  et  al.,  2005)      

•   Func4onal  fiber  has  been  shown  to  s4mulate  the  growth  of  bacteria.  (Brownawell  et  al.,  2012)    

Enterobacteriaceae  Salmonella  typhi  Escherichia  coli  Shigella  spp.    Serra4a  marcescens  Serra4a  liquefaciens  Enterobacter  agglomerans    Enterobacter  cloacae  Cronobacter  sakazakii  (Janda  &  Abbo,  2006)  

Randomized  controlled  study    72  obesity  prone  C57BL/6J  male  mice    •  6  weeks  old    •  6  groups  of  12  •  8  weeks  of  diet  treatment    Treatment  Groups  1)  High  fat  diet  2)  Whole  flaxseed  (10%)  supplemented  high  fat  diet  3)  DefaXed  flaxseed  (6%)  supplemented  high  fat  diet  4)  Flaxseed  oil  (3.7%)  supplemented  high  fat  diet  5)  Whole  buckwheat  (10%)  supplemented  high  fat  diet  6)  Low  fat  diet      •  Fecal  samples  collected  pre  and  post  diet  treatment    •  Cecum  samples  collected  post  diet  treatment    •  Weight  in  grams  measured  weekly  •  Food  intake  in  grams  measured  weekly    

Flaxseed  and  buckwheat  supplemented  diets  altered    bacterial  popula4ons  in  the  cecum  and  feces  of  mice  

Pulkrabek, M., Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Development and Education

Gibbs, P., Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Rhee, Y., Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences

Hall, C., Department of Plant Sciences Blodgett-Salafia, E., Department of Human Development and Family Science

North  Dakota  State  University  

Introduc4on

Hypothesis  

Methods Results

Discussion

References

To  determine  the  growth  and  diversity  of  Enterobacteriaceae  in  the  cecum  and  feces  of  C57BL/6J  mice  following  flaxseed  and  buckwheat  supplemented  diets.  

Whole  flaxseed  and  buckwheat  supplementa4on  altered  Enterobacteriaceae  bacterial  growth  in  the  cecum  and  feces  •  Lowest  frequency  of  growth  in  high  fat  and  flaxseed  oil  

groups  •  Highest  frequency  of  growth  in  whole  flaxseed  group  •  Most  diversity  in  whole  flaxseed  and  buckwheat  groups  

Brownawell,  A.  M.,  Caers,  W.,  Gibson,  G.  R.,  Kendall,  C.  W.  C.,  Lewis,  K.  D.,  Ringel,  Y.,  &  Slavin,  J.  L.    (2012).  PrebioHcs  and  the  Health  Benefits  of  Fiber:  Current  Regulatory  Status,  Future  Research,  and    Goals.  Journal  of  Nutri4on,  142(5),  962-­‐974.  doi:  10.3945/jn.112.158147  

 Eckburg,  P.  B.,  Bik,  E.  M.,  Bernstein,  C.  N.,  Purdom,  E.,  Dethlefsen,  L.,  Sargent,  M.,  &  Relman,  D.  A.  

 (2005).  Diversity  of  the  human  intesHnal  microbial  flora.  Science,  308(5728),  1635-­‐1638.  doi:    10.1126/science.1110591  

 Janda,  J.M  &  Abbo,,  S.L.  (2006)  The  Enterobacteria.  Washington:  ASM  Press.  ISBN  978-­‐1-­‐55581-­‐342-­‐0    

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

35  

40  

High  Fat   Whole  Flaxseed  

Defa,ed  Flaxseed  

Flaxseed  Oil  Buckwheat   Low  Fat  

Grams  o

f  Intake  

Treatment  Groups  

Average  Weekly  Food  Intake  

0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100  

High  Fat   Whole  Flaxseed  

Defa,ed  Flaxseed  

Flaxseed  Oil  Buckwheat   Low  Fat  

%  of  G

rowth  

Treatment  Groups  

Enterobacteriaceae  Growth  in  Cecum    

0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100  

High  Fat   Whole  Flaxseed  

Defa,ed  Flaxseed  

Flaxseed  Oil  Buckwheat   Low  Fat  

%  of  G

rowth  

Treatment  Groups  

Enterobactriaceae  Growth  in  Feces  Post  

Sta4s4cal  analysis     SAS  9.22  •  General  linear  model  t  compare  weight  gain  among  

treatment  groups  •  General  linear  model  to  compare  average  weekly  diet  

intake  among  treatment  groups  •  Chi  Square  for  homogeneity  to  compare  treatment  

groups  and  Enterobacteriaceae  frequency  of  growth  

Purpose  

Animals  fed  high  fat  diets  will…  •  Shed  the  least  bacteria  •  Lowest  variety  in  bacterial  species    

Animals  fed  high  fiber  diets  will…  •  Shed  the  most  bacteria  •  Highest  variety  in  bacterial  species    

p  <  0.3290  

p  <  0.0348  p  <  0.0033  

**

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

High  Fat   Whole  Flaseed  

Defa,ed  Flaxseed  

Flaxseed  Oil  Buckwheat   Lean  

Weight  in  Grams  

Treatment  Groups  

Average  Weight  Pre  Treatment  

p  <  0.3942  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

35  

40  

High  Fat   Whole  Flaseed  

Defa,ed  Flaxseed  

Flaxseed  Oil  Buckwheat   Lean  

Weight  in  Grams  

Treatment  Groups  

Average  Weight  Post  Treatment  

*****

p  <  0.0130  

**

* *****

**** *** * ** *** ****

*Low  fat  and  whole  flaxseed  p  <  0.0001  **Low  fat  and  high  fat  p  <  0.0003  ***Low  fat  and  buckwheat  p  <  0.0007  ****Low  fat  and  defa,ed  flaxseed  p  <  0.0033  *****Whole  flaxseed  and  flaxseed  oil  p  <  0.0016  

Approval  from  the  Ins4tu4onal  Animal  Care  and  Use  CommiXee  of  North  Dakota  State  University  was  obtained  prior  to  the  ini4a4on  of  this  research.    

Acknowledgements •  Whole  flaxseed,  defa,ed  flaxseed,  and  flaxseed  oil  donated  by  Dr.  Clifford  Hall  in  the  Department  of  Plant  

Science  at  NDSU    •  Buckwheat  donated  by  Dr.  Darrin  Haagenson  in  the  Department  of  Agricultural  and  Biosystems  Engineering  

at  NDSU