pulp and paper processes for sustainable production keith larson

Pulp and Paper Processes for Pulp and Paper Processes for Sustainable ProductionSustainable Production

Keith Larson

History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making

105 A.D. Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court 105 A.D. Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court official, invented paperofficial, invented paper

mulberry bark, hemp and rags with watermulberry bark, hemp and rags with water Paper was first produced in Egypt Paper was first produced in Egypt

around 900 A.D. around 900 A.D. England early in the 14th Century England early in the 14th Century

To this point all paper and books were produced by hand


Gutenberg Press in 1436Gutenberg Press in 1436 On September 30, 1452 On September 30, 1452

Guttenberg's Bible was published Guttenberg's Bible was published

TThe printing press allowedhe printing press allowed

printed materials to beprinted materials to be

produced at a greater rateproduced at a greater rate

thus increasing the demandthus increasing the demand

for paper for paper


First North American paper mill in First North American paper mill in 1690 near Philadelphia 1690 near Philadelphia

America's first writing papers were America's first writing papers were produced by collecting, separating, produced by collecting, separating, and cleaning old cloth ragsand cleaning old cloth rags

The paper was made in single sheets The paper was made in single sheets


1798, Nicholas-Louis Robert of 1798, Nicholas-Louis Robert of France invented a paper making France invented a paper making machine that produced paper on an machine that produced paper on an endless wire screenendless wire screen

Further developed in England by Further developed in England by Brian DonkinBrian Donkin

Not put into service until 1804 Not put into service until 1804

History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper MakingThe FourdrinierThe Fourdrinier

1st Fourdrinier machine in the US, 1827


18661866American Benjamin American Benjamin

Tilghman developed Tilghman developed the the sulfite pulping sulfite pulping processprocess

Dominant pulping Dominant pulping process until the process until the 1930s 1930s

18791879German chemist, C. F. German chemist, C. F.

Dahl, developed the Dahl, developed the Kraft pulping Kraft pulping processprocess

1930s dominant 1930s dominant pulping process pulping process and still is today and still is today

Two major advancements in pulping were developed in the late 1800s

Advantages of the Kraft ProcessAdvantages of the Kraft Process

The majority of the chemicals used in The majority of the chemicals used in the pulping process are recoverable the pulping process are recoverable for use in further pulping operationsfor use in further pulping operations

Large amounts of energy are Large amounts of energy are produced in the recovery boilers produced in the recovery boilers during the recovery processduring the recovery process

The Kraft process can pulp pine trees The Kraft process can pulp pine trees

Pine trees are abundant throughout much Pine trees are abundant throughout much of the United States. The Kraft process of the United States. The Kraft process allowed the United States to become a allowed the United States to become a major producer of paper products. major producer of paper products. However, the Kraft process has created However, the Kraft process has created environmental problems environmental problems

Ocala National Forest, Dec. 1998

The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process

The process of making paper begins far fromThe process of making paper begins far fromthe paper mill itself the paper mill itself

Clearcut in Oregon's Coast Range


Paper Making Process Overview [Chesterton, 2004]


Wood Yard [Chesterton, 2004]


1)1) Mechanical Pulping Mechanical Pulping

2)2) Chemimechanical Chemimechanical

3)3) ThermomechanicalThermomechanical

4)4) Chemimechanical and Chemimechanical and Thermomechanical Pulping (CTMP) Thermomechanical Pulping (CTMP)

5)5) Chemical PulpingChemical Pulping

Five Methods of pulping


The chemical method is the most popular The chemical method is the most popular because it produces a higher quality paper because it produces a higher quality paper than mechanical pulping than mechanical pulping

The most popular method of pulp production The most popular method of pulp production is the Kraft process, producing nearly 85% is the Kraft process, producing nearly 85% of all pulp in the United Statesof all pulp in the United States

This will be the focus of the pulping This will be the focus of the pulping description description


Chesterton Pulp Digester [Chesterton, 2004]


Chesterton Pulp washers [Chesterton, 2004]


Chesterton Bleach Plant [Chesterton, 2004]


Paper Machine [Chesterton, 2004]


Recovery Evaporators [Chesterton, 2004]


Recovery Boiler [Chesterton, 2004]


Recovery Causticizing [Chesterton, 2004]


Water Treatment [Chesterton, 2004]

The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions

The pulp and paper industry came into The pulp and paper industry came into its own during a period when the its own during a period when the environmental effects of chemical environmental effects of chemical plants were not well understood, and plants were not well understood, and discharges were not well regulateddischarges were not well regulated

The operation of a pulp and paper mill The operation of a pulp and paper mill creates many environmental creates many environmental concerns concerns

The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions One of the very first One of the very first

impacts of the impacts of the paper industry was paper industry was the deforestation of the deforestation of large tracts of land large tracts of land in the early 1900s in the early 1900s

Today the paper Today the paper companies practice companies practice a process of a process of sustainable forestrysustainable forestry

Brush Creek, Private Land, Oregon


The Sustainable Forest Initiative program The Sustainable Forest Initiative program was developed in 1994 by the American was developed in 1994 by the American Forest & Paper Association to ensure Forest & Paper Association to ensure forests are protectedforests are protected

““responsible environmental practices and responsible environmental practices and sound business practices can be sound business practices can be integrated to the benefit of landowners, integrated to the benefit of landowners, shareholders, customers and the people shareholders, customers and the people they serve” they serve” [aboutsfi, 2004][aboutsfi, 2004]

The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions For every tree For every tree

harvested today, the harvested today, the paper companies are paper companies are planting five seedlings planting five seedlings

There is now more There is now more forestland than in forestland than in 1970 1970

The Sustainable Forest The Sustainable Forest Initiative has been a Initiative has been a success success

The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and SolutionsMany environmental concerns Many environmental concerns

surround water usagesurround water usage

Release of Hydrogen Sulfide (HRelease of Hydrogen Sulfide (H22S)S)

and Sludgeand Sludge

Creation of Dioxins and FuransCreation of Dioxins and Furans

BOD, COD, TSSBOD, COD, TSS


Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smells Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smells like rotten eggs like rotten eggs

At elevated levels, it can irritate the eyes At elevated levels, it can irritate the eyes and respiratory system and respiratory system

It can be deadly at very high levels (greater It can be deadly at very high levels (greater than 500,000 parts per billion)than 500,000 parts per billion)


No current Federal Limits on HNo current Federal Limits on H22SS

In January 2000, EPA issued a In January 2000, EPA issued a Federal RegisterFederal Register notice announcing notice announcing H2S is one of the chemicals for which H2S is one of the chemicals for which EPA is developing a health EPA is developing a health assessmentassessment

Individual States are setting limits Individual States are setting limits


Dioxins and FuransDioxins and Furans Most toxic chemicals known to Most toxic chemicals known to

sciencescience The most toxic compound is 2,3,7,8-The most toxic compound is 2,3,7,8-

tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDDtetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDD Any process that uses chlorine can Any process that uses chlorine can

change or generate chlorinated change or generate chlorinated dioxins and furansdioxins and furans

White Paper bleaching uses ChlorineWhite Paper bleaching uses Chlorine

(EPA/600/C-01/012, March, 2001)


Reduction of WastewaterReduction of Wastewater

Reduce the demand for the high Reduce the demand for the high quality bright-white paperquality bright-white paper

For “lower quality” papers use a For “lower quality” papers use a combination of other chemicals in the combination of other chemicals in the bleach process (oxygen for example) bleach process (oxygen for example)

Do a better job of pulping the woodDo a better job of pulping the wood


Ash and smoke, Ash and smoke, byproducts of byproducts of burning the burning the black liquor and black liquor and fuel in the fuel in the recovery boiler recovery boiler and power and power boiler, escapes boiler, escapes thru the smoke thru the smoke stacksstacks

The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions Improved electrostatic precipitators Improved electrostatic precipitators

are being installed to help prevent are being installed to help prevent the release of ash and smoke into the release of ash and smoke into the atmospherethe atmosphere

The process of concentrating the The process of concentrating the black liquor has been improvedblack liquor has been improved

Use cleaner burning fuels Use cleaner burning fuels

Hope for the FutureHope for the Future

Still have a long way to go to prevent any Still have a long way to go to prevent any environmental impactenvironmental impact

Operating a paper mill is a balancing actOperating a paper mill is a balancing act

Cost

Quality

Environment

Time


Advances Toward SustainabilityAdvances Toward Sustainability

Sustainable Forest Initiative ProgramSustainable Forest Initiative Program Recovery of Process ChemicalsRecovery of Process Chemicals Recycling of Process WaterRecycling of Process Water Reduction of Dioxin ProductionReduction of Dioxin Production Make use of by-product ResidueMake use of by-product Residue

Tall Oil – used in paints, perfume, cosmeticsTall Oil – used in paints, perfume, cosmeticsTurpentineTurpentine


““responsible environmental practices and responsible environmental practices and sound business practices can be integrated to sound business practices can be integrated to the benefit of landowners, shareholders, the benefit of landowners, shareholders, customers and the people they serve”customers and the people they serve”

ReferencesReferences http://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/photos.htmhttp://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/photos.htm http://www.aboutsfi.org/about.asp , 2004.http://www.aboutsfi.org/about.asp , 2004. http://www.afandpa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/http://www.afandpa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/

Pulp_and_Paper/Paper_-_the_history_and_making/Paper_-Pulp_and_Paper/Paper_-_the_history_and_making/Paper_-_the_history_and_making.htm , 2004._the_history_and_making.htm , 2004.

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?

deid=20797, deid=20797, (EPA/600/C-01/012, March, 2001)(EPA/600/C-01/012, March, 2001) http://www.chesterton.com/pulp-paper/ , 2004.http://www.chesterton.com/pulp-paper/ , 2004. http://www.linde.com/en/en.jsp ,2004.http://www.linde.com/en/en.jsp ,2004. http://www.paperhall.org/info/glossary.html , 2004.http://www.paperhall.org/info/glossary.html , 2004. Profile of the Pulp Profile of the Pulp andand Paper Manufacturing Sector in Paper Manufacturing Sector in

Georgia, 1993, Georgia, 1993, http://www.ganet.org/dnr/p2ad/pblcations/pulp/page1.htmlhttp://www.ganet.org/dnr/p2ad/pblcations/pulp/page1.html

World Bank. 1996. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement: World Bank. 1996. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement: Pulp and Paper Mills.” Draft Technical Background Pulp and Paper Mills.” Draft Technical Background Document. The Environment Department, Washington, D.C.Document. The Environment Department, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1998. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement: World Bank. 1998. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement: Pulp and Paper Mills.” Darft Technical Background Pulp and Paper Mills.” Darft Technical Background Document. The Environment Department, Washington, D.C.Document. The Environment Department, Washington, D.C.

pulp and paper processes for sustainable production keith larson

Documents

paper slide

modern paper

history of paper

paper industry

paper companies

water paper

paper processes

kraft process