1

“STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL, BODY

COMPOSITION AND PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES

OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT

LEVELS OF COMPETITION”

Abstract

Submitted to

The faculty of Education & Information Sciences

for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education

Supervised By: Submitted By:

Dr.N.S.Deol, Amarpreet Singh

Head & Prof.

Dept. of Physical Education,

Punjabi University, Patiala.

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA

2

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity is an inherent trait of a human living. It

develops its own in a natural way. It becomes all the way imperative

to identify the nature and the degree of this natural talent and to

nurture, modifies and refines it to get the cherished outcomes. The

children perform a lot of activities such as running, jumping,

throwing, catching, kicking and striking etc. The activities are known

as natural or universal skills.

The twenty first century is the most rapidly of changing

century of all time. Rapidity of changes created unusual demands on

individuals and on system of education. Today education must not

only include the body and knowledge, but also to develop inquiring

minds that will enable them to comprehend and accept what is to

come tomorrow.

As Jacks, the british philosopher, put it, living becomes an art

only, “When work and play, labour and leisure, mind and body,

education and recreation are governed by single vision of excellence

and a continuous passion for achieving it.

The developing tendencies in international sports, especially

in team games are identified as the increase in game tempo, tougher

body game and greater variability in technique and tactics. An

increased performance level can only be achieved by working and

training of all major components i.e. technique, coordination, tactics,

physical fitness, physiological qualities and psychological qualities.

The theory of motor coordination is the basis for

understanding the motor of coordination abilities. Motor coordination

is part and parcel of actions regulation. Coordination abilities have

also important and strong links with the motor skills as the motor

coordination focus the basis of both. These abilities enable the

sportsperson to do a group or set of movement with better quality

and effect. Psychomotor abilities enable the sports man to do a group

of movements with better quality and effect. The speed of learning of

3

skill and its stability is directly dependent on the level of various

coordinative abilities. They are needed for maximal utilization of

conditional abilities, technical skills and tactical skills (Hardayal

Singh, 1991).

The accurate appearance of body composition is an

important component in a comprehensive program of total physical

fitness. The evaluation of body composition permits quantification of

the major structural components of the body - muscle, bone and fat.

With respect to health fitness, it refers to the percentage of body

weight that is composed of fat as compared of fat as compared with

fat-free or lean tissue. Having a high percentage of body fat is a

serious detriment to fitness and health. Height and weight tables

have been used traditionally used to determine desirable body

weight. Individuals whose body weight exceeds set standards for

their sex, age, and physical strature by 10%to 20% are considered

over weight 89. persons over weight by 20% of their optimum weight

are obese, and those who are overweight by more than 50% of their

optimum weight are considered morbidly obese or super obese.”

It should be noted that being over weight can be attributed to

having an excess of either fatty tissue or lean tissue. For example,

certain athletes such as football players could be classified as over

weight however, when their body composition is examined, the

excess weight is attributable to muscular development and their

overall percentage of body fat is quite low (e.g., a professional football

player can weight 250 pounds or more, yet have only 12 percent

body fat or less).The important consideration with respect to health

fitness is not the weight of the individual but how much fat the

individual has.

It is highly important that professional and the public

realize that a certain amount of adipose tissue or fat is essential for

the body to function. Body fat also serves to protect internal organs.

The goal of fitness programs is not the elimination of body fat but

4

helping individuals attain desirable levels of body fat. The average

percentage of body fat is 18% for men and 23% for women. With

respect to health fitness, the desirable level of the body fat for men is

12% or less and for women 18% or less. The percentage of body fat

should not be less than 3% in men and 12% in women (the height

percentage for women is necessary for the protection of the

reproductive organs).89 extremely low percentages of body fat are

hazardous to one‟s health.

A high percentage of body fat is associated with

numerous health problems. Obesity contributes to an increased with

other cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension. An increase

incidence of diabetes, elevated serum blood cholesterol levels,

respiratory problems, low back pain, and certain psychological

problems are found among individuals with a high percentage of

body fat. Mortality is higher at younger age, and life expectancy is

decreased for chronically obese individuals.

The problem of obesity is widespread. It is estimated that more

than 50% of the adult population and about 40% of the school-age

population in the united states is overweight. Moreover, overweight

children typically grow up to be overweight adult. Determination of

the cause of obesity is important. In most cases obese can be

attributed to overeating and a lack of physical activity. In a few cases

however obesity can be the result of disease When dealing with

obesity particularly individuals who are super obese it is important

that a physician be consulted A physical examination and careful

monitoring of eating and exercise habit are helpful in determining

the cause of he problem . A qualified physician can offer guidance in

designing and implementing a sound fitness program of obesity.

5

Body composition is primarily influenced by nutrition and

physical activity. Although body composition is genetically related to

body type the nature and amount of food consumed and the extent of

participation in physical activity exert a profound influence on body

composition Overeating and low levels of physical contribute of poor

body composition Individuals who are fat tend to eat more and are

more sedentary.

Body fat exists in two storage sites, or depots. The first depot,

termed essential fat, is the fat stored in the marrow of bones and in

heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and lipid-

rich tissues of the nervous system. This fat is required for normal

physiological functioning. In the heart, for example, the quantity of

dissectable fat determined from cadaver studies represents about

18.4g, or 5.3%, for an average heart weight of 349g in males, and

22.7g, or 8.6%, for an average heart weight of 256g in females

(Womack, H.C, 1983). Standard body weight scales provide a

measure of total weight, but don't determine the lean-to-fat ratio of

that weight. Standing on most scales can tell you only if you weigh

more than the average person, but not if that weight is fat or muscle.

Based only on scale weight, a 250-pound athlete with 8% body fat

may be considered "overweight" by a typical weight chart. Such

charts are not a good indication of ideal body weight for general

health or for athletic performance. The ideal weight and fat-lean ratio

varies considerably for men and women and by age, but the

minimum percent of body fat considered safe for good health is 5

percent for males and 12% for females. The average adult body fat is

closer to 15 to 18% for men and 22 to 25% for women. Athletes tend

to be at low end of this scale due to their increased lean weight

(muscle mass). While low levels of body fat seem to be related to

improved performance, body composition alone is not a great

predictor of sports success. A linebacker needs to have enough body

6

mass (lean and fat weight) to generate high forces and avoid injury.

Body fat among elite athletes varies largely by sport. There is little

evidence of any benefit when men drop under 8% and women drop

under 14 percent body fat.

Different types of physique have specific advantages in

specific sports. For instance, throwers at different levels of

competitions are heavier and taller with long muscular arm and

wider shoulders. In shot-put, discus and hammer throwing, greater

body weight is beneficial because during throwing the object forward

and upward, an equal and opposite reactive force is exerted on the

throws, pushing him/her backward and downward. In different

events of athletics and different games, specific physique is

determined, for eg. In basketball and volleyball the average height of

players are more as compared to hockey and soccer players.

Interest in body composition has developed in players with the

increased application in parallel with the increased application of

scientific methods and in sports medicine and exercise studies. The

relationship between work capacity and body fat is of most concern

to those involved in sports and physical education. Body composition

helps to determine the biological age of the athletes, predicting the

possibility of the success of them in specific sports. The evaluation of

body composition permits quantification of the major structural

components of the body-muscle, bone and fat. To study this section

hydrometry, densitometry, somatometry or anthropometry is the

main methods.

Bale (1991) studies the anthropometric measurements and

performance of 18 junior female national basketball players of

England. They were studies according to their playing positions and

found that the central position players had taller physique and body

compositions, followed by the forwards and guards. It was concluded

7

that the central positioned players were taller, had longer limbs,

wider hips and had more lean body mass.

The Olympic basketball players are the tallest followed by the

national team, the state level and district level players (Sodhi and

Sidhu 1984). The controls were shortest among all. In general, there

was a gradient of decreasing body size from the national team

players to state level players through the district level players and

the controls. The first mentioned were found to have proportionality

longer upper and lower extremities, shorter trunk, broader hips and

more slender chest. The somatotype indicated that the rating of

ectomorphic components was greater in the case of the state level

players than in the case of the other groups. However, it is

interesting to note that the rating of mesomorphic component was

not greater in these players. The Indian basketballers were,

therefore, less muscular than their Olympic competitors. The lack of

ectomesomorphic physique among Indians may be a limiting factor

for their better performance in the International competitions.

In body composition, the basketballers had less of body fat

than the controls. The state level players seemed to be less fatter,

with more strongly developed knees and a better developed

musculature in the limbs.

The basketballers are tall with longer upper and lower

extremities which make them suitable to catch the ball with jumps,

provide them with a wider reach during the passes and make it

easier for them while throwing the ball into the basket. This also

helps them to rebound and also to guard the ball to impede the

action of an opponent.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

8

The purpose of this research work is:

“Study of Physiological, Body Composition and Psychomotor

variables of Basketball Players at different levels of Competitions”.

OBJECTIVES

I. To find out the difference in psychomotor variables of school,

college and university male basketball players.

II. To compare the physiological variables of school, college and

university male basketball players.

III. To find out the difference of body composition variables of

school, college and university male basketball players.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The research will be delimited to male basketball players.

2. The study will be delimited to male basketball players who

have represented their schools, colleges and universities.

3. The study will be delimited to male basketball players ranging

between 14 to 25 years of age.

4. The study will be delimited to one hundred fifty male

basketball players (50 under-19 school players, 50 inter college

players and 50 All India interuniversity

players).

5. The study will be delimited to psychomotor, physiological and

body compositions variables. These variables are:

I. PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES

a) Speed

b) Agility

c) Orientation Ability

d) Differentiation Ability

e) Balance ability

f) Rhythm Ability

g) Reaction Ability

9

II. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

a) Vital Capacity

i. FVC (Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity)

ii. PEF (Peak Expiratory Force)

iii. PIF (Peak Inspiratory Force)

b) VO2 max (Maximum Oxygen Consumption)

III. BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES

a) Body Fat

b) BMI

c) Visceral Fat

d) Basal Metabolic Rate

HYPOTHESES

I. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference

between psychomotor variables of male basketball players at

their different levels of participations.

II. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference

between physiological variables of school, college and

university male basketball players.

III. It is hypothesized that there will be significant difference

between the body composition variables of school, college and

university male basketball players.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

Results of the study may be helpful in the following ways:

1. The results of the study will add new dimensions of knowledge in

the field of physical education and sports with special reference to

basketball players.

2. The study will help to quantify the psychomotor, physiological and

body composition status of basketball players.

10

3. The study also reveal the role played by crucial psychomotor,

physiological and body composition variables contributing to

basketball performance.

4. The result of study may be helpful for scanning of future potential

basketball players on the basis of psychomotor, physiological and

body composition variables.

DEFINITION/EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS

SPEED

Theiss and Schnabel (1987) give the following definition of speed

“It is the performance prerequisite to do motor actions under given

conditions in minimum of time”.

AGILITY

According to Singh “Agility is defined as the ability of the body

parts to change direction rapidly and accurately”.

ORIENTATION ABILITY

According to Hertz “It is the ability to determine the body

position and its parts in time and space in relation to gravity, playing

field, other players, ball, equipment etc”.

DIFFERENTIATION ABILITY

According to Singh “It is the ability to achieve a high degree of

accuracy and economy (time adjustment) of separate body

movements and mechanical phases of total movements. It is based

upon conscious, precise distinction between force, space and space

parameters of the motor process and those existing in the athletes

mind”.

11

According to Singh,” it is the ability to achieve a high degree of

accuracy and economy of separate body movements and movement

phases in a motor action. It depends upon a person‟s capacity to

precisely differentiate between the minute differences in temporal,

spatial and dynamic parameters of a movement compared to the

movement concept.

BALANCE ABILITY

According to Singer, “The balance ability is the ability to

maintain body positions which is necessary for the successful

performance of the sports skills”.

RHYTHM ABILITY

Singh defines rhythm as, “The ability to perceive the externally

and to reproduce it in motor action. It also denotes the ability to

reproduce a rhythm existing in motor memory in motor action”.

REACTION ABILITY

Reaction ability is the ability to initiate quickly and perform

rapid and well-directed actions following a signal.

According to Singh, “Reaction ability is the ability to react

quickly and effectively to a signal”.

VITAL CAPACITY

Dill has defined “Vital capacity is the maximal volume of air

that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs following a maximal

inspiration. Maximal volume of air forcefully expired after maximal

inspiration.”

VO2 MAX

12

Bye, had written the volume of oxygen we can consume while

exercising at our maximum capacity can measure fitness. VO2 max is

the maximum amount of oxygen in millimeters, one can use one

minute per kilogram of body weight.

VO2 max is defined as, “The height rate of oxygen

consumption attainable during maximal or exhaustive exercise.

HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT

Hemoglobin is a red colored protein located in erythrocytes,

which transports most of the oxygen in the blood. Anologeneric

protein composed of four polypeptide chains each of which contains

a hemo group having a single atom of iron with which oxygen

reversible combines.

BODY MASS INDEX

According to Katch and Katch ,“Body mass index (BMI) is a

simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify

underweight, overweight and obesity. It is defined as the weight in

kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (km/m2). For

eg. An adult weight 70 kg and height 1.75 m will have

BMI=70(kg)/1.752(m2) = 22.9.”

VISCERAL FAT

According to Goran, Visceral fat usually accumulates

around the abdomen or lower part of the body. People with high

visceral fat content are to be at high risk of developing lifestyle

related illnesses such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, etc. It is

different from other body fat, also called intra-abdominal fat, and

refers to the fat that surrounds the internal organs.

13

BODY FAT PERCENTAGE

According to Goran, Body fat percentage is the amount of

fat tissue in your body as a percentage of total body weight. So if you

weigh 180 pounds and have 36 pounds of fat, your fat percentage is

20 percent.

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

According to Goran, Basal metabolic rate is the amount of

energy which our body needs to maintain normal function while at

rest.

METHODOLOGY

PROCEDURE

In this chapter the selection of subjects, selection of variables,

reliability of data, tester‟s competency, subject‟s reliability,

administration of test and statistical analysis of data are described.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

For the purpose of the study 150 Basketball players were

selected as subjects (50 All India interuniversity players, 50 inter

college players and 50 under-19 school players). The subjects were

thoroughly acquainted with the testing procedure as well as the

purpose and significance of the study. A thorough orientation of

requirements during the testing procedures and performance test

were made for successful completion of study. The selected sample

consists of 150 basketball male players under-19 school players, 50

inter college players and 50 all India interuniversity players. They

were requested by the scholar to cooperate and to participate with

utmost sincerity. Everything regarding the tests were made clear and

finally requested to participate whole heartedly in the present study.

14

SELECTION OF VARIABLES:

On the basis of available literature in Physiology, Body

Composition and Psychomotor Variables tests, the following variables

were selected for this study.

I. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES:

i. Vital capacity: This variable will be assessed by Spirometer

with computer (spiroexcel) and measured the following:

a. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

b. Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

c. Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF)

ii. VO2max: Maximum Oxygen Consumption will be assessed

with the help of Rockport calculation.

II. BODYCOMPOSITION VARIABLES:

i. Body Fat%: It will be analyzed with the help of Body

Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.

ii. Visceral fat: It will be calculated with the help of Body

Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.

iii. Body Mass Index (BMI): It will be calculated with the help

of Body Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.

iv. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): It was calculated with the

help of Body Composition Monitor with scale HBF-361.

III. PSYCHOMOTOR VARIABLES:

i. Speed Ability: Speed will be measured by applying a

standard test of 50 yards dash (Johnson, Borrey and

Nelson, Jack K.1988).

ii. Agility: Shuttle Run will be to measure Agility of the

Basketball Players (Johnson, Borrey and Nelson, Jack

K.1988).

iii. Differentiation Ability: It will be determined by using

backward medicine ball throw test and will be recorded in

15

points.

iv. Orientation Ability: It will be assessed by using medicine

ball run test and will be recorded in 1/ 100th of second.

v. Balance Ability: This variable will be assessed by using

„Stork Stand Test‟ and will record in 1/100th seconds.

vi. Rhythm Ability: It will be measured through „Straight and

Rhythm Run Test‟ and will record in 1/100th second.

vii. Reaction Ability: This variable will be evaluated by using

„Visual Reaction Timer‟ and will record in 1/100th seconds.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

With regard to purpose of the study Mean, Standard Deviation and „t‟

test were calculated. Technique of One-Way Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) was also used to study the significance of difference in

selected Physiological, Body Composition and Psychomotor Variables

between three different competition levels. Scheffe Post-hoc test will

be applied to find out Mean Differences among different levels. In

order to check the significance, level of significance was set at 0.05.

References:

Archana Chahal, Sushma Ghildyal, Vijay Chahal (2012),

“Predicting Excellence in Basketball: Anthropometric and

Physiological Attributes In Elite Indian Female Players.”

International Quarterly of Sport Science 2012/1.

Archita Koley (April 1999), “Relationship of coordinative abilities to

sprinting performance in sprinter‟s.”(Unpublished Master

Degree Thesis, L.N.I.P.E.).

Atwell and Elbel (March 1948), “Reaction time of Male High School

Students in 14-17 Years Age Groups.” Research Quarterly

19: 22-29 27.

16

Bale, P. (1991),“Anthropometric, body composition and performance

variables of young elite female basketball players.” Journal

Sports Medicine, Physical Fitness. 31(2):173-177.

Bakshi, Reema(1994),“Comparison of Two Group in Coordinative

Abilities.” (Unpublished Master‟s Thesis, Jiwaji University,).

Barrow, H.M. and Rosemary (1979), “A Practical Approach to

Measurement in Physical Education.” (Philadelphia: Lea and

Febiger):118-119.

Bayios, I .A, Bergeles, N.K.,Apostolidis N.G, Noutsos K.S and

Koskolou, M.D. (2006), “Anthropometric, Body

Composition and Somatotype differences of Greek elite

female basketball, volleyball and handball players.” Journal

of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness; 46(2):271-80.

Ben Abdelkrim N, Castagna C, Jabri I, Battikh T, El Fazaa S, El

Ati J.(2010), “Activity profile and physiological

requirements of junior elite basketball players in relation to

aerobic-anaerobic fitness.” Journal of Strength and

Conditioning Research; 24(9):2330-42.

Beise, Dorthy(1937), “The Relationship of Reaction Time Speed and

Agility of Big Muscles Groups to Certain Skills.” Research

Quarterly :451.

Black and Johnson (1975), “Effect of Swimming Training on the

Reaction Time of College Athletes.” Abstract of Research

Papers:80.

Boutellier U, Baechel R, Kudent A & Piwko, R. (1992), “The

respiration system as an exercise limiting factor in normal

trained subjects.” European Journal of Applied Physiology;

65:347-353.

17

Brian A. Irving; Christopher K. Davis; David W. Brock

(2008), “Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Abdominal

Visceral Fat and Body Composition.” Medicine and Science

in Sports and Exercise; 40(11):18631872.

Bruce, C.S.(1994), “Research students’ early experiences of the

dissertation literature review.”Studies in the Higher

Education;19(2):217-29.

Burke, Thomas Richard (1972), “Effect of Stimulus Condition and

Direction on Reaction Time Movement Time of Closed and

Open Skill Athletes.” Dissertation Abstract International:

2249.

Bult, Nany Key (1982), “Physiological profiles of high school female

cross country runners.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and

Sports :538.

Bullen, B.A. (1971), “Overweight. In Encyclopedia of Sport Sciences

and Medicine. The Mac. Millar Company, New York.

Buskirk, E. R. and Taylor, H. L. (1957), “Performance Capacity and

Effects of Caloric Restriction with Hard Physical Work on

Young Men.” Journal of Applied Physiology; 10:(3) 421-429.

Bye, R.T.P(1984): “Ventilatory muscles during exercise in air and

oxygen in normal men.” Journal of Applied Physiology;

56:464.

Carlyle (1969), “A Study of Relationship between Balance on

Stationary and Moving Objects.” Completed Research in

Health, Physical Education and Recreation: 167

Carbuhn AF, Fernandez TE, Bragg AF, Green JS, Crouse SF

(2010),“Sport and training influence bone and body

18

composition in women collegiate athletes.” Journal of

Strength and Conditioning Research; 24(7):1710-7.

Castagna C, Chaouachi A, Rampinini E, Chamari K, Impellizzeri

F (Oct.2009), “Aerobic and explosive power performance of

elite Italian regional-level basketball players”. Journal of

Strength and Conditioning Research; 23(7):1982-7.

Chauhan, M.S. (2004), “Prediction of performance of university

throwers in relation to their anthropometric

measurements.” Journal of Sports and Sports Sciences; 26

(2):30-35.

Clair (1960), “Introduction of Test for Agility.” Complete Research in

Health, Physical Education and Recreation: 44.

Coleman (1974), “Aerobic and Anaerobic responses of Male

Freshmen during the season of Basketball.” Journal of

Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness; 14:26.

Croft L, Dybrus S., Lenton J., Goosey Tolfrey V(2010), “ A

comparison of the physiological demands of wheelchair

basketball and wheelchair tennis.” International Journal of

Sports and Physical Performance; 5(3):301-15.

Daniel Rodenstein, Eduardo Banacalari, Robert A. Brown, Jack

L., Clausen (2003), “ Measurement of Lung Volumes in

Humans.” American thoracic society and National Heart,

Lung and Blood Institute Consensus Document.

Delextrat A, Cohen D(Oct. 2009), “Strength, power, speed, and

agility of women basketball players according to playing

position.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research;

23(7):1974-81.

19

Dempsey J., Wagner J. (1999), “To exercise capacity and

endurance: pulmonary system.”Canadian Journal of

Applied Physiology; 7(1): 4-13.

Dill, D.B.(1964),“Handbook of Physiology. Section 4. Adaptation to the

Environment.” Washington, DC, American Physiological

Society.

Dixit, Poonam (1982), “Inter-relationship of Reaction time, Speed of

Movement and Agility and Their Comparison among the

Players from Selected Sports.” (Unpublished Master Thesis,

Jiwaji University).

Ehab Mostafa Kamel and Mahmoud Houssain Mahmoud(2011),

“Coordination Abilities as a Defining Element in Raising the

Physical and Skill Performance Level of Basketball Female

Juniors (A Factorial Study).” World Journal of Sport

Sciences 4 (4): 386-393, 2011 ISSN 2078-4724.

Espenchade (March 1947), “Development of Co-ordination in Boys

and Girls.” Research Quarterly; 18:30-43.

Espenschade and Dable (October 1953), “Dynamic Balance in

Adolescent Boys.” Research Quarterly; 24: 270.

Farrow (Sept.1975), “An Investigation of Selected Motor/Physical

Performance Variables for a Sample Population of

professional Basket Ball Players.” Dissertation Abstracts

International ;36:1369-A.

Gomez, A. (2004), “Athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition

alternatives.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent

Medicine;158:1084-1086.

20

Goran, M.I. (1995), “Intra-abdominal adipose tissue in young

children.” Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic

Disorders;19:279-283.

Gouranga Saskar (1999), “Relationship of coordinative abilities to

shooting performance in Soccer.” (Unpublished Master

Degree Thesis in L.N.I.P.E.).

Hart, C. (1998), “Doing a literature: Releasing the social Science

Research Imagination.” London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Hodgkins, Jean (October 1963), “Reaction Time and Speed of

Movement in Males and Females of Various Age.” Research

Quarterly; 34:335.

Heller, A.G (1998), “Physiological profiles of male and female

taekwondo black belt.” European Journal of Applied

Physiology and Occupational Physiology;Vol.59,1:131-140.

Jelicic M, Sekulic D, Marinovic M.(2002), “Anthropometric

characteristics of high level European junior basketball

players.” Pub.Med;26 Suppl:69-76.

Jennet, W. (1960), “An Investigation of Tests of Agility,” Complete

Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 2:

44.

Johnson A. T. (1991): "Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology." (New

York: Wiley): 166-360.

Julian Espartero (2003), “Study on Physical Activity, Physiological,

And Psychomotor Performance: Study on Variously Active

Older Adult Men.” European Journal of Exercise Sciences;

68: 80-86.

21

Katch,F.I., and Katch,V.L(1984). “The Body Composition Profile:

Techniques of Measurement and Applications.” Clinical

Sports medicine.3:31.

Kansal, D.K., Verma, S.K. and Sidhu, L.S. (1989). “Intra sportive

differences in maximum oxygen uptake and body

composition of Indian players in hockey and football.”

Journal Sports Medicine; 20:275-284.

Kaur, R., Kaur, G., Deepak, Singh, J. and Singh, S. (2001).

“Anthropometric and fitness profiles of Asian gold medalists

male kabaddi players.” Journal of Sports and Sports

Sciences; 24(2):27-37.

Kerr (March 1966), “Relationship between Speed of Reaction Time

and Movement in Knee Extension Movement.” Research

Quarterly; 37:335.

Khanna GL, Majumdar P, Malik V, Vrinda T, Mandal M.(1994), “ A

Study Of Physiological Responses During Match Play In

Indian National Kabaddi Players.” Faculty of Sports

Sciences, Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subhash

Southern Centre, Bangalore, India.

Kippelen, P. (2005), “Effect Of Endurance Training On Lung

Function: A One Year Study.” British Journal of Sports

Medicine;39: 617-621.

Kurt, C., Kobas, I., Ayas, S., Dindar, M.D and Omurulu, I.K

(2010), “The body composition and some conditional

features of the women judoists of Turkish national

team.”Facta: Physical Education and Sports; 8(2):133-139.

22

Lidor R, Ziv G. (2010), “Physical and Physiological Attributes of

Female Volleyball Players--A Review.” Journal of Strength

and Conditioning Research; 24(7):1963-73.

Lotter (May 1960), “Interrelationship among Reaction time and

Speed of Movement in Different Limbs.” Research Quarterly;

31: 147.

Lynch (Feb. 1985), “Muscular Power, Reaction Time and Visual

Perception as Related to Striking Abilities of Second Grade

Children.”Dissertation Abstract International; 45:.2240-A.

Malina, R.M. (2007), “Body composition in athletes: assessment and

estimated fatness.” Clinics in Sports Medicine; 26:37-68.