pure water san diego: surface water augmentation water san diego: surface water augmentation 2015...

Pure Water San Diego: Surface Water Augmentation2015 Clarke Prize Conference

October 30, 2015

contributors, acknowledgments

Water Quality Solutions Inc Imad Hannoun

Trussell Technologies Inc Rhodes Trussell, Shane Trussell, Brian Pecson

Flow Science Inc John List, Susan Paulson, Li Ding

San Diego water & wastewater facts

Provide services to 8th largest US city

& surrounding area

1.3M water & 2.5M wastewater customers from

12 agencies

Regulated by Federal & State

agencies

USEPA, State Water Resources

Control Board

~$1B invested in systems over last

5 years

More than $412M planned capital projects

over next 2 years

Annual purchase of imported

water ($209M) and facility

construction and maintenance are

biggest costs

Two hundred years ago:San Diego Mission Dam and Flume

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKOV4bq85cgCFRHLYwodUpAJHg&url=http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/keyword/Mission+San+Diego+de+Alcala&psig=AFQjCNH22Sw_nE0o8ro7E8Mfjcrl1b8O7g&ust=1446131554239405

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKOV4bq85cgCFRHLYwodUpAJHg&url=http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/keyword/Mission+San+Diego+de+Alcala&psig=AFQjCNH22Sw_nE0o8ro7E8Mfjcrl1b8O7g&ust=1446131554239405

A century ago: big dams for San Diego

A century ago: big dams for San Diego

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCMeN4c2-5cgCFVTNYwodGh0B_g&url=http://sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/water.html&psig=AFQjCNEZB-P-MaLwUAk-8JkfYHXfIHGyWA&ust=1446132767074012

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCMeN4c2-5cgCFVTNYwodGh0B_g&url=http://sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/water.html&psig=AFQjCNEZB-P-MaLwUAk-8JkfYHXfIHGyWA&ust=1446132767074012

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCLWOrJ6_5cgCFQffYwodUpMFiA&url=http://www.sweetwater.org/index.aspx?page=152&psig=AFQjCNEqC7HYcST0pjiX6Wpf9Pv8YJqfUw&ust=1446132940347478

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCLWOrJ6_5cgCFQffYwodUpMFiA&url=http://www.sweetwater.org/index.aspx?page=152&psig=AFQjCNEqC7HYcST0pjiX6Wpf9Pv8YJqfUw&ust=1446132940347478

A decade ago: ag to urban transfers

Thirty days from now: ocean desalination

Carlsbad Desalination Project

• 50 mgd

• fully operational

• final testing and approvals

San Diego is downstream

San DiegoSan Diego

SAN DIEGO IS

DOWNSTREAM

SAN DIEGANS ARE

CRANKY ABOUT

WATER

The future: potable reuse

1/3

Pure Water

will produce

Phase 1

2021 Completion 15 - 30 mgd North City AWPF to San

Vicente or Miramar

of San Diego’swater locally

Phase 2

2035 Completion 28 – 53 mgd Central Area AWPF to San

Vicente or Lake Murray

1/3

Pure Water

will produce

of San Diego’swater locally

13

Phase 3

(as needed)

2035 Completion 0 - 15 mgd South Bay AWPF to Otay

Pure Water

will produce

1/3of San Diego’swater locally

14

Potable reuse options

The role of the reservoir in a potable reuse project

The reservoir serves as an environmental buffer that provides:

• Time to respond to a treatment failure at the Advanced Water Purification Facility

• Attenuation of pathogens introduced with purified water

– Dilution

– Inactivation [aka “die off”]

• Mitigation of chemical toxins, through dilution

17

San Vicente Reservoir

Maximum volume 247,000 AF

Normal operating pool 150,000 – 210,000 AF [design 170,000 AF]

2-1/2 miles long

outlet

Otay Reservoir



2-1/2 miles long

outlet

Miramar Reservoir



1 mile longoutlet

170,000 AF

35,000 AF

5,500 AF

State Water Board [DDW] draft regulationsfor surface water augmentation

1a] 1% (100:1) dilution of any 24 hour inflow of purified water, measured at the outlet

or

1b] 10% (10:1) dilution any 24 hour inflow of purified water, measured at the outlet, plus an independent treatment step providing one additional log-reduction of virus, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia

and

2] six month theoretical retention time

NWRI (2015). Final Panel Meeting Report #5: Surface Water Augmentation – IPR Criteria Review. Based on an Expert Panel Meeting Held June 2-3, 2015

Study approach for San Diego reservoirs:

three-dimensional hydrodynamic model

23

ELCOM (Estuary, Lake and Coastal Ocean Model)

CAEDYM (Computational Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamic Model)

Model inputs

model grid

inflow & outflow rates

inflow & outflow water quality

temperature

salinity

nutrients

algae (chlorophyll)

pH

dissolved oxygen

meteorological data

wind speed

wind direction

solar radiation

air temperature

relative humidity

rain

Model outputs

water quality module

total phosphorus

soluble phosphorus

nitrate

ammonia

total nitrogen

dissolved oxygen

algae (chlorophyll)

pH

total organic carbon

3-D hydrodynamic model

water velocities

reservoir level

temperature

salinity

conservative tracer

decaying tracer

Model validation: real-world tracer study

tracer = lanthanum [45 kg]

tracer injected over 1.5 hours near the north inlet location

samples collected at ten mid-lake stations, at one meter depth intervals

samples gathered for about one month; sampling compressed toward beginning

about 2,000 samples each tracer event

samples analyzed by ICP-MS, detection limit 40 ng/l

BACKGROUND SLIDES

• Bullet

29

Tracer study samples

Model validation: real-world tracer study

two tracer studies to validate the model

spring, April and May 2014

summer, July and August 2014

tracer injected July 15

Otay Reservoir tracer study, summer 2014

Measured vs. simulated tracer concentration Profile Path A

July 18, 2014 to July 20, 2014

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ

Measured Data - 7/16/2014

Simulated Data - 7/16/2014



Tracer Injection Location Tracer Injection Location

Tracer Injection LocationTracer Injection Location

Distance from Station E (mi)

Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 5000 10000

Day 3

Tracer

(PPT)

*The outlet structure is not located at Station Z, but close to it. The port labels and horizontal white dashed

lines represent the elevations of the outlet ports.


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 3

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4

#2#3

#1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 5

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 5

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4

#2#3

#1Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 3

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Po

rts

*

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ









July 22, 2014 to July 25, 2014

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ








Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 5000 10000

Day 3

Tracer

(PPT)




Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 10

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 7

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 10

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 7

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Po

rts

*

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ








Measured vs. simulated tracer concentration July 29, 2014 to August 1, 2014

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ








Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 5000 10000

Day 3

Tracer

(PPT)




Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 14

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 17

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 17

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 14

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Po

rts

*

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ









August 5, 2014 to August 12, 2014

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ








Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

0 50 100 150 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 5000 10000

Day 3

Tracer

(PPT)




Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 28

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1


Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

00.511.522.5375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 21

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 28

Po

rts

*

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1Ele

va

tio

n(f

t)

375

400

425

450

475

500

Day 21

#7#6#5#4#3#2

#1

Po

rts

*

JE

DB ICZE

DJICBZ







San Vicente Reservoir model scenarios:

reservoir operations, inlet locations, inflow rate

35

3 purified water inflow rates4 inlet locations3 operating conditions2 reservoir outlets

Focus on “worst case” events:high winds from inlet toward outlet

• Identify six critical dates for tracer injection

• Analyze wind data for extreme wind events

• Identify highest sustained winds for periods of 24 hours by analyzing wind speed and direction vs. time

– from north

– Santa Ana winds (from northeast)

Date

Win

dS

pe

ed

(m/s

)

Win

dD

ire

cti

on

(de

gre

es

)

04/10/12

04/11/12

04/12/12

04/13/12

04/14/12

04/15/12

04/16/12

04/17/120

5

10

15

20

25

30

-360

-270

-180

-90

0

90

180

270

360

EE E EE

W W W W W

relatively high north wind

OTAY RESERVOIR: STRONG SUSTAINED NORTH WIND

Date

24-hr Average Strong-North-Wind Period

Wind SpeedWind

Direction* Time RangeAverage Wind

SpeedAverage Wind

Direction*(m/s) (degrees) (m/s) (degrees)

1/6, Year 1 1.4 338.6 12AM -- 4AM 2.7 354.11/9, Year 1 1.5 347.4 12AM -- 9AM 2.3 23.3

1/13, Year 1 2.7 357.7 10AM -- 7PM 3.9 353.51/28, Year 1 1.3 340.6 8PM -- 4AM 2.0 358.22/16, Year 1 1.4 23.7 12PM -- 5PM 2.8 356.92/21, Year 1 1.4 34.7 12PM -- 5PM 2.6 343.12/29, Year 1 1.5 27.4 11AM -- 6PM 2.6 347.5

12/21, Year 1 1.2 15.8 12AM -- 5AM 2.2 34.42/7, Year 2 0.6 51.5 1PM -- 7PM 2.4 7.82/8, Year 2 0.7 29.2 1PM -- 7PM 2.9 343.1

2/21, Year 2 0.6 40.4 10AM -- 5PM 3.5 8.32/22, Year 2 0.1 139.8 12PM -- 5PM 2.9 355.52/23, Year 2 0.8 93.8 12PM -- 5PM 2.8 11.42/25, Year 2 0.4 334.4 11AM -- 4PM 2.7 342.52/28, Year 2 0.7 39.2 1AM -- 7AM 2.5 29.4

11/29, Year 2 0.7 14.7 12AM -- 3AM 1.9 33.9*Wind direction is clockwise degrees from North.

San Vicente Reservoir model results: Concentration of 24-hour purified water inflow at reservoir outlet

modeled as conservative tracer Extended Drought;1/2 Design Inlet Location; PW Inflow = 68 MGD; Open Port #2

Run #25: 24-Hour Conservative Tracers1/2 Inlet Location; Extended Drought Scenario;

PW Inflow = 68 MGD; Open Port #2

TracerRelease

Tracer Released on 12/2/2006

Days after tracer release

Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

TracerRelease



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)0 5 10 15 20

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

38

Run #26: 24-Hour Conservative Tracers1/4 Inlet Location; Extended Drought Scenario;

PW Inflow = 68 MGD; Open Port #2

TracerRelease



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

TracerRelease



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)0 5 10 15 20

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

San Vicente Reservoir model results: Concentration of 24-hour purified water inflow at reservoir outlet

modeled as conservative tracer Extended Drought; 1/4 Design Inlet Location; PW Inflow = 68 MGD; Open Port #2

39

Date

Tra

ce

r(%

)

Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-070

0.05

0.1

0.15

Design Purified Water Inlet Location

Existing Aqueduct Purified Water Inlet Location

Barona Arm Purified Water Inlet Location

New Aqueduct Purified Water Inlet Location

Tracer Concentrations From Different AWT Discharge LocationsAWT Tracer Released on 1/15/07: Concentration in Outflow

(Open Port #2; Initial Inflow Concentration = 100%; Tracer released for 24 hours)

Tra

ce

r(%

)

01

/10

/07

01

/12

/07

01

/14

/07

01

/16

/07

01

/18

/07

01

/20

/07

01

/22

/07

01

/24

/07

01

/26

/07

01

/28

/07

01

/30

/07

02

/01

/07

02

/03

/07

02

/05

/07

02

/07

/07

02

/09

/070

0.05

0.1

0.15TracerRelease

San Vicente Reservoir model results:Comparison of different Purified Water inlet locations Tracer released on 1/15, Year 2

San Vicente Reservoir model results:

Overall minimum dilution at various inlet locations

“worst of the worst-case scenarios”Extended Drought; Open Port 2

287

105

249

161

65

104 105

75

Ov

era

llM

inim

um

Dilu

tio

n

0

100

200

300

400

PW Inflow = 27 MGD

PW Inflow = 68 MGD

DesignInlet Location

Existing AqueductInlet Location

1/2 DesignInlet Location

1/4 DesignInlet Location

Independent Advisory Panel

Savage Dam at Otay Reservoir, January 2014

Full ten-member IAP met four times in 2009 - 2011

Four-member limnology subcommittee has met eight times with two more meetings planned to complete work at Otay

Reconvened full IPA to consider the Miramar Option, October 2015

42

Key findings for San Vicente Reservoir

• Adding purified water to the reservoir will not affect hydrologic conditions, specifically seasonal stratification

• Dilution and retention provides a substantial environmental barrier

• Purified water will be diluted at least 100:1 (1%) under all anticipated reservoir operations, at the selected purified water inlet locations

• Adding purified water to the reservoir will not affect water quality

43

Key findings for San Vicente Reservoir: inlet location, dilution, and time

44

north inlet location

south inlet location

outlet

Otay Reservoir: model scenarios:reservoir operations, inlet locations, inflow rate


Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Tracer Released on 1/13, Year 1

Tra

ce

rR

ele

as

e


Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


Tra

ce

rR

ele

as

e

Days after tracer releaseT

rac

er

(%)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0



Tra

ce

r(%

)

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


Otay Reservoir model resultsConcentration of 24-hour purified water inflow at reservoir outlet

PW inflow=15 MGD; Low WSEL

North Inlet Location (NIL) South Inlet Location (SIL)

Otay Reservoir model results

minimum dilutions on various tracer release dates

581

234

392

242

498

870

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


559 575

735 787

1053 1053

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


629 617

840 855

1064 1075

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


671735

893 901

1087 1053

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


578

251

752826 826

1010

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


645 629

769 787

952 935

Min

.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

LowWSEL

MedianWSEL

HighWSEL


North Inlet Location South Inlet Location

Otay Reservoir model results

overall minimum dilutions

“worst of the worst cases”

559

234

392

242

498

870

Ov

era

llM

in.D

ilu

tio

n

0

200

400

600

800

1000

North Inlet Location

South Inlet Location

Low WSEL Median WSEL High WSEL

Key findings for Otay Reservoir

• Similar to San Vicente Reservoir

• Purified water will be diluted at least 100:1 (1%) under all anticipated reservoir operations, at either purified water inlet location

• Minimum dilutions are typically 300:1 to 600:1

• Overall minimum dilutions [worst of worst case] at Otay are greater than at San Vicente, even thought total volume is about 1/5

– Otay is not very windy

– purified water inflow rate is less

– distance from inlet to outlet is greater49

Anticipated findings for Miramar Reservoir

• scaling down from San Vicente or Otay to Miramar should provide reasonable estimates of dilution

• Miramar is one fifth the volume of Otay, and the purified water inflow rate is double; thus at Miramar expect dilutions (1/5) x (1/2) = one tenth of Otay

• expect dilutions at Miramar to be 30:1 to 60:1, and always greater than 10:1

• theoretical retention time < 6 months [ ̴2months]

50

Title

• Text

• Text

5151

conclusions

“Most agree a surface water reservoir does provide additional public health protection

provides additional response retention time

provides an opportunity for dilution”

“A reservoir of any size can make an important contribution to public health protection in a potable reuse project . . . ”

R. Rhodes Trussell, Trussell Technologies, Inc., presentation to DDW Advisory Panel, 20 Oct 2015

Summary: criteria for the reservoirin a surface water augmentation project

• Metric for dilution is at hand

Dilution of a 24 hour inflow, measured at the reservoir outlet

Can be calculated with modeling or measured with real-world tracer studies

• Reservoir volume is important for dilution

• Distance from inlet to outlet is also important

• Metric for response retention time yet to be worked out

Questions?

Miramar Option: Time to Respond

• “Time to respond” to off-specification treatment at the AWPF, such that no inadequately treated purified water reaches the potable water treatment plant

• A metric for “time to respond” must relate to AWPF treatment monitoring and operational actions

• “Time to respond” is provided by conveyance time in pipeline and residence time in reservoir

56

57

time in conveyance pipeline~ 3 hours

residence timein reservoir

AWPF

57

105 ft deep

55 ft deep

25 ft deep

58

Description of Miramar Reservoir

• Constructed in 1960

• Earth-fill dam, 1190 ft. long, 155 ft. tall

• Maximum reservoir volume is 7,200 AF

• Reservoir surface area ~170 acres

• Catchment

– 650 acres total

– City owns 370 acres

– 540 housing units

• Runoff from developed areas mostly diverted away

59

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