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Puri

For other uses, see Puri (disambiguation).

Puri ( listen ) (Odia: ପୁରୀ) is a city and a municipalityin the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the districtheadquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay ofBengal, 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of the state capitalof Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri afterthe 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city.It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites forHindus.

Puri is known by several names since the ancient times,and was locally known as “Shrikhetra” and Lord Jagan-nath temple is known as “Badadeula”. Puri and the Jagan-nath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslimrulers, from the 4th century AD till the early 19th centurywith the objective of looting the treasures of the tem-ple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under theBritish Raj from 1803 till India attained independence inAugust 1947. Even though princely states do not exist inIndia today the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurdastill perform the ritual duties of the temple. The templetown has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.

The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religiousimportance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent ofnearly 80 percent. The 24 festivals, including 13 majorones, held every year in the temple complex contribute tothe economy; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are themost important which are attended by millions of peo-ple every year. Sand art and applique art are some of theimportant crafts of the city.

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities forHeritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana(HRIDAY) scheme of Government of India.

1 Geography and climate

1.1 Geography

Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Ben-gal, is in the centre of the Puri district. It is delimited bythe Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Mauza Sipauru-billa on the west, Mauza Gopinathpur in the north andMauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilome-tres (42 mi) coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends

between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. How-ever, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Munici-pality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres

The Puri Beach

The Atharanala Bridge dating back to the 16th century at the

entrance of Puri

(6.3038 sq mi) spread over 30 wards, which includes a

shore line of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[1]

Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on theshores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it wasnear to Sisupalgarh (also known as “Ashokan Tosali”).Then the land was drained by a tributary of the BhargaviRiver, a branch of the Mahanadi River. This branch un-derwent a meandering course creating many arteries al-tering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. Thesesand hills could not be cut through by the streams. Be-cause of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River, flowing tothe south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake.This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons,

known as Sar and Samang, on the eastern and northernparts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 5miles (8.0 km) in an east-west direction and a width of

1

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2 2 HISTORY

2 miles (3.2 km) in north-south direction. The estuaryof the Bhargavi River has a shallow depth of just 5 feet(1.5 m) and the process of siltation continues. Accord-ing to a 15th-century Odia writer Saraladasa, the bed ofthe unnamed stream that flowed at the base of the BlueMountain or Neelachal was filled up. Katakarajavamsa,

a 16th-century chronicle (c.1600), attributes filling up ofthe bed of the river which flowed through the presentGrand Road, as done during the reign of King NarasimhaII (1278–1308) of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[2]

1.2 Climate

According to the Köppen–Geiger climate classificationsystem the climate of Puri is classified as Aw (Tropicalsavanna climate). The city has moderate and tropical cli-mate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The

temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36°C (97 °F) and during winter it is 17 °C (63 °F). The av-erage annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres (52.6 in) andthe average annual temperature is 26.9 °C (80.4 °F). Theweather data is given in the following table.[3][4]

2 History

Main article: Timeline of Puri

2.1 Names in history

Puri, the holy land of Lord Jagannatha, also known bythe popular vernacular name Shrikhetra, has many an-cient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda,Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, PadmaPurana, Skanda Purana, Kapila Purana and Niladrimaho-daya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as aplace called Purushamandama-grama meaning the placewhere the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divin-ity deified on an altar or mandapa was venerated near thecoast and prayers offered with Vedic hymns. Over timethe name got changed to Purushottama Puri and furthershortened to Puri, and the Purusha came to be knownas Jagannatha. Sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeyahad their hermitage close to this place.[5] Its nameis mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, asSrikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra,Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri, however, isthe popular usage. It is also known by the geographicalfeatures of its location as Shankhakshetra (the layout ofthe town is in the form of a conch shell),[6] Neelāchala(“Blue mountain” a terminology used to name a verylarge sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this

name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri.[7] InSanskrit, the word “Puri” means town or city,[8] and iscognate with polis in Greek.[9]

Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Gen-eral Alexander Cunningham of the Archaeological Sur-vey of India, which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo byChinese traveller Hiuen Tsang. When the present tem-ple was built by the Eastern Ganga king AnantavarmanChodaganga in the 11th and 12th centuries AD, it was

called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, theMarathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Moghul ruler Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it wasknown as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama AnarghaRaghava Nataka as well, authored by Murari Mishra, aplaywright, in the 8th century AD, it is referred to asPurushottama.[6] It was only after 12th century AD thatPuri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagan-natha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form asPuri.[7] It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, alongwith Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati,

and Shakti, abodes with Krishna, who is also known bythe name Jagannath.[10]

2.2 Ancient period

king Indradyumna of Ujjayani credited with building the original

temple in 318 AD

According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 AD,the priests and servitors of the temple spirited awaythe idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta kingRakatavahu.[11] In the temple’s historical records it findsmention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana stat-ing that the temple was built by the king Indradyumna,Ujjayani.[12]

S. N. Sadasivan, a historian, in his book A Social Historyof India quotes William Joseph Wilkins, author of thebook Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic as stating thatin Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practicebut later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism be-

came the order of the religious practice in the town; theBuddha deity is now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagan-natha. It is also said by Wilkinson that some relics of Bud-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joseph_Wilkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjayanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indradyumnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madala_Panjihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjayanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indradyumnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(goddess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhudevihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain-i-Akbarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain-i-Akbarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodagangahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodagangahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiuen_Tsanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cunninghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neel%C4%81drihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankhakshetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Purihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusottama_Kshetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikshetrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhriguhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_hymnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_puranahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Jagannathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Purihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarala_Dashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language


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2.4 Modern history 3

dha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which theBrahmins claimed were the bones of Lord Krishna. Evenduring Maurya king Ashoka's reign in 240 BC, Kalingawas a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu(barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhismand built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now

worshipped as Jagannatha. Wilkinson also says that theLohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precinctsof the temple.[13]

Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136AD and completed towards the latter part of the 12thcentury. The Eastern Ganga king Anangabhima III ded-icated his kingdom to Lord Jagannatha, then known asthe Purushottam-Jagannatha, and resolved that from thenon he and his descendants would rule under “divine orderas Jagannatha’s sons and vassals”. Even though princelystates do not exist in India today, the heirs of the Gajapatidynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the

temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of thechariots before the start of the Ratha Yatra.[14]

2.3 Medieval and early modern periods

The history of Puri is on the same lines as that of theJagannath Temple, which was invaded 18 times duringits history to plunder the treasures of the temple, ratherthan for religious reasons. The first invasion occurredin the 8th century AD by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III(798–814 AD), and the last took place in 1881 AD by the

monotheistic followers of Alekh (Mahima Dharma) whodid not recognise the worship of Jagannatha.[15] From1205 AD onward [14] there were many invasions of thecity and its temple by Muslims of Afghan and Moghul de-scent, known as Yavanas or foreigners. In most of theseinvasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priestsand the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the tem-ple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by thekings of the region. However, the treasures of the tem-ple were repeatedly looted.[16] The table lists all the 18invasions along with the status of the three images of thetemple, the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra

following each invasion.

[15]

Puri is the site of the Govardhana Matha, one of the fourcardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya,when he visited Puri in 810 AD, and since then it hasbecome an important dham (divine centre) for the Hin-dus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwarka andJyotirmath. The Matha (monastery of various Hindusects) is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. It is a lo-cal belief about these dhams that Lord Vishnu takes hisdinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends thenight at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.[12][26]

In the 16th century, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal es-

tablished the Bhakti movements of India, now known bythe name the Hare Krishna movement. He spent manyyears as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to

have merged with the deity.[27] There is also a matha ofChaitanya Mahaprabhu here.[12]

In the 17th century, for the sailors sailing on the east coastof India, the temple served as a landmark, being locatedin a plaza in the centre of the city, which they called the

“White Pagoda” while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilo-metres (37 mi) away to the east of Puri, was known as the“Black Pagoda”.[27]

The iconic representation of the images in the Jagannathatemple is believed to be the forms derived from the wor-ship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging tonorthern Odisha. These images are replaced at regularintervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is aspecial event carried out ritualistically by special group ofcarpenters.[27]

Govardhana matha main gate

The city has many other Mathas as well. The EmarMatha was founded by the Tamil Vaishnava saintRamanujacharya in 12th century AD. This Matha, whichis now located in front of Simhadvara across the east-ern corner of the Jagannath Temple, is reported to havebeen built in the 16th century during the reign of kingsof Suryavamsi Gajapatis. The Matha was in the news on25 February 2011 for the large cache of 522 silver slabsunearthed from a closed chamber.[28][29]

The British conquered Orissa in 1803, and, recognising

the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life ofthe people of the state, they initially appointed an officialto look after the temple’s affairs and later declared thetemple as part of a district.[14]

2.4 Modern history

In 1906, Sri Yukteswar, an exponent of Kriya Yoga and aresident of Puri, established an ashram, a spiritual train-ing center, named “Kararashram” in Puri. He died on 9March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the

ashram.

[30][31]

The city is the site of the former summer residence ofBritish Raj, the Raj Bhavan, built in 1913–14 during the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan_(Puri)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriya_Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Yukteswarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujacharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emar_Mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emar_Mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhana_mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Templehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badrinathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameshwaramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankaracharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirmathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sringerihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankaracharyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhana_mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavanashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahima_Dharmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangabhima_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_dynasty


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4 5 CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

H.H Jagadguru Swami Nischalananda Saraswati, The

Shankaracharya of Puri

era of governors.[32]

For the people of Puri, Lord Jagannatha, visualized asLord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They be-lieve that Lord Jagannatha looks after the welfare of thestate. However, after the partial collapse of the Jagan-natha Temple (in the Amalaka part of the temple) on 14June 1990, people became apprehensive and considered

it a bad omen for Odisha. The replacement of the fallenstone by another of the same size and weight (7 tonnes(7.7 tons)), that could be done only in the early morninghours after the temple gates were opened, was done on28 February 1991.[27]

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities forthe Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yo-jana scheme of the Indian Government. It is chosen asone of the 12 heritage cities with “focus on holistic devel-opment” to be implemented within 27 months by the endof March 2017.[33]

Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but

are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings fromthe roof of the Raghunandan library, located within theprecincts of the temple, for a small donation.[34]

3 Demographics

See also: List of cities in Odisha

According the 2001 Census of India, Puri is an urban ag-glomeration governed by the Municipal Corporation in

Odisha state, with a population of 157,610[35] This roseto 200,564 in 2011 – comprising 104,086 males, 96,478females, and 18,471 children (under six years of age).

The sex ratio is 927. The average literacy rate in thecity is 88.03 percent (91.38 percent for males and 84.43percent for females). Religion-wise data has not beenreported.[36]

4 Economy

The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the ex-tent of about 80 percent. The temple is the focal pointof the city and provides employment to the people ofthe town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegeta-bles and so forth of the region meet the large require-ments of the temple. Many settlements around the townexclusively cater to the other religious requirements ofthe temple.[37] The temple administration employs 6,000men to perform the rituals. The temple also provideseconomic sustenance to 20,000 people.[34] According toColleen Taylor Sen an author on food and travel, writingon the food culture of India, the temple kitchen has 400cooks serving food to as many as 100,000 people,.[38] Ac-cording to J Mohapatra, Director, Ind Barath Power InfraLtd (IBPIL), the kitchen is known as “a largest andbiggestkitchen of the world.”[39]

5 City management and gover-

nance

Samudra arati or worship of the sea at Swargadwar by disciples

of the Govardhana matha

The Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Au-thority, Public Health Engineering Organisation andOrissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of theprincipal organisations that are devolved with the respon-sibility of providing for civic amenities such as water sup-ply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting and in-frastructure of roads. The major activity, which putsmaximum pressure on these organisations, is the annualevent of the Ratha Yatra held during June- July. Accord-ing to the Puri Municipality more than a million people

attend this event. Hence, development activities such asinfrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart fromsecurity, gets priority attention.[40]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhana_mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Taylor_Senhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomerationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomerationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Census_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_City_Development_and_Augmentation_Yojanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_City_Development_and_Augmentation_Yojanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_City_Development_and_Augmentation_Yojanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalaka


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6.2 The Pancha Tirtha of Puri 5

The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility ofthe Puri Municipality. The municipality came into exis-tence in 1864 in the name of the Puri Improvement Trust,which was converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. Af-ter India’s independence in 1947, the Orissa MunicipalAct (1950) was promulgated entrusting the administra-

tion of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body isrepresented by elected representatives with a Chairper-son and councilors representing the 30 wards within themunicipal limits.[41]

6 Landmarks

6.1 Jagannatha Temple at Puri

Main article: Jagannath Temple (Puri)

The Jagannatha Temple at Puri is one of the major Hindutemples built in the Kalinga style of architecture.[42] Thetemple tower, with a spire, rises to a height of 58 metres(190 ft), and a flag is unfurled above it, fixed over a wheel(chakra).[34][43]

The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about420,000 square feet (39,000 m2) area),[44] 20 feet (6.1m) above the adjacent area. The temple rises to a heightof 214 feet (65 m) above the road level. The temple com-plex covers an area of 10.7 acres (4.3 ha). [40] There arefour entry gates in four cardinal directions of the temple,

each gate located at the central part of the walls. Thesegates are: the eastern gate called the Singhadwara (LionsGate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (HorseGate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (TigersGate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate calledthe Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). These four gatessymbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma(right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renuncia-tion) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crownedwith pyramid shaped structures. There is a stone pillarin front of the Singhadwara, called the Aruna Stambha{Solar Pillar}, 11 metres (36 ft) in height with 16 faces,made of chlorite stone; at the top of the stamba an ele-gant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode is mounted.This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun Temple.[45]

The four gates are decorated with guardian statues in theform of lion, horse mounted men, tigers, and elephants inthe name and order of the gates.[34] A pillar made of fos-silized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. TheLion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the tem-ple, which is guarded by two guardian deities Jaya andVijaya.[44][45][46] The main gate is ascended through 22steps known as Baisi Pahaca, which are revered, as it isbelieved to possess “spiritual animation”. Children aremade to roll down these steps, from top to bottom, to

bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the tem-ple, on the left side, there is a large kitchen where foodis prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities; the

kitchen is called as “the biggest hotel of the world”.[44]

The main entrance of the Jagannath Temple

According to a legend King Indradyumma was directed

by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for himwhich he did as directed. However, according to histor-ical records the temple was started some time during the12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Gangadynasty. It was completed by his descendant, Anangab-hima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images ofJagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deifiedhere. The temple was under the control of the Hindurulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied bythe Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under thecontrol of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following thedefeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the Generalof Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple becamepart of the

Mughal empire till 1751. Subsequently, it was under thecontrol of the Marathas till 1803. During the British Raj,the Puri Raja was entrusted with its management until1947.[43]

The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, per-sonifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, His older brother,and Subhadra, His younger sister. The images are madeof neem wood in an unfinishedform. The stumps of woodwhich form the images of the brothers have human arms,while that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The headsare large, painted and non-carved. The faces are markedwith distinctive large circular eyes.[27]

6.2 The Pancha Tirtha of Puri

Main article: Pancha Tirtha of PuriHindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha

Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, to com-plete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bod-ies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, theMarkandeya Tank, the Swetaganga Tank, and the Bayof Bengal also called the Mahodadhi , in Sanskrit 'Maho-dadhi' means a “great ocean";[47] all are considered sacred

bathing spots in the Swargadwar area.[48][49][50] Thesetanks have perennial sources of supply from rainfall andground water.[51]

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6 6 LANDMARKS

Markandeshwar Tank

6.3 Gundicha Temple

Main article: Gundicha TempleThe Gundicha Temple, known as the Garden House of

The Main Gate of the Gundicha Temple

Jagannatha, stands in the centre of a beautiful garden,bounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a dis-tance of about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northeast of

the Jagannatha Temple. The two temples are located atthe two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue), whichis the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a leg-

end, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna whooriginally built the Jagannath temple.[52]

The temple is built using light-grey sandstone, and, archi-tecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architec-ture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four com-

ponents: vimana (tower structure containing the sanc-tum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festi-val hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There isalso a kitchen connected by a small passage. The templeis set within a garden, and is known as “God’s SummerGarden Retreat” or garden house of Jagannatha. The en-tire complex, including the garden, is surrounded by awall which measures 430 by 320 feet (131 m × 98 m)with height of 20 feet (6.1 m).[53]

Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra, when the triad imagesare worshipped in the Gundicha Temple, otherwise it re-mains unoccupied for the rest of the year. Tourists can

visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners(generally prohibited entry in the main temple) are al-lowed inside this temple during this period.[54] The tem-ple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri,the governing body of the main temple. A small band ofservitors maintain the temple.[53]

6.4 Swargadwar

The Sea at Swargadwar of Puri

Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation groundor burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea.Here thousands of dead bodies of Hindus brought fromfaraway places are cremated. It is a belief that the Chi-tanya Mahaparabhu disappeared from this Swargadwarabout 500 years back.[55]

6.5 Beach

The beach at Puri, known as the “Ballighai beach, at the

mouth of Nunai River, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away fromthe town and is fringed by casurina trees.[12] It has goldenyellow sand. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic at-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagamohanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundicha_Temple


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7.1 Rath Yatra at Puri 7

Puri Sea Beach viewed from the light house

tractions here.[56] Waves break in at the beach which islong and wide.[27]

6.6 District museum

The Puri district museum is located on the station road

where the exhibits in display are the different typesof garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures,patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting), an-cient Palm-leaf manuscripts, and local craft work.[57]

6.7 Raghunandana library

Raghunandana Library is located in the Emara Mathacomplex (opposite Simhadwara or lion gate, the main en-trance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti(Jagannatha Historical Centre) is also located here. The

library houses ancient palm leaf manuscripts on Jagan-natha, His cult and the history of the city.[57]

7 Festivals of Puri

Main article: List of festivals observed at JagannathaTemple, PuriPuri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are

The Grand Road near the Jagannath Temple

major. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra, orthe car festival, held in the June–July, which is attendedby more than 1 million people.[58]

7.1 Rath Yatra at Puri

Main article: Ratha-Yatra (Puri)The Jagannatha Temple triad are normally worshipped

The Rath Yatra in Puri in moderntimes showing thethreechariots

of the deities with the Temple in the background

in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during themonth of Asadha (rainy season of Orissa, usually in Juneor July), they are brought out on the Bada Danda (mainstreet of Puri) and taken over a distance of (3 kilometres(1.9 mi)) to the Shri Gundicha Temple in huge chariots(ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (holy view).This festival is known as the Rath Yatra, meaning thejourney (yatra) of the chariots.[59] The yatra starts everyyear according to theHindu calendar on theAsadha SuklaDwitiya day, the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha

(June–July).[60]

Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the RathYatra on the completion of the Jagannatha Temple around1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivalsthat was reported to the Western world very early. [61]

Friar Odoric, in his account of 1321, reported how thepeople put the “idols” on chariots, and the King, theQueen and all the people drew them from the “church”with song and music.[62][63]

The Rathas are huge wooden structures provided withlarge wheels, which are built anew every year and arepulled by the devotees. The chariot for Lord Jagannatha isabout 45 feet (14 m) high and 35 square feet (3.3 m2) andtakes about 2 months for its construction.[64] The chariotis mounted with 16 wheels, each of 7 feet (2.1 m) diam-eter. The carving in the front face of the chariot has fourwooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces,the wooden carvings are of Rama, Surya and Vishnu. Thechariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the char-iot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. Thenext chariot is of Balabhadra which is 44 feet (13 m) inheight fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved withSatyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariotinclude images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannatha’s

companions. The next chariot in the order is of Subhadra,which is 43 feet (13 m) in height supported on 12 wheels,roof covered in black and red colour cloth, and the char-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyakihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruti_Nandanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%9Banahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundicha_Templehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rath_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha-Yatra_(Puri)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rath_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_observed_at_Jagannatha_Temple,_Purihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_observed_at_Jagannatha_Temple,_Purihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patachitra


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8 7 FESTIVALS OF PURI

iot is known as Darpa Dalaan and the charioteer carved isArjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are of VanaDurga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi.[60][65] The artists andpainters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petalsand other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved chari-oteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall be-

hind the throne.[59] The chariots of Jagannath pulled dur-ing Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the Englishword Juggernaut.[66] The Ratha Yatra is also termed asthe Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra[60]

Pahandi bije during Ratha Yatra at Puri

7.2 Chhera Pahara

The Chhera Pahara (sweeping with water) is a signifi-cant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra. During this

ritual, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeperand sweeps all around the deities and chariots. The kingcleans the road in front of the chariotswith a gold-handledbroom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder. Asper the custom, although the Gajapati King has been con-sidered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom,he still renders the menial service to Jagannatha. This rit-ual signifies that under the lordship of Jagannatha, thereis no distinction between the powerful sovereign and thehumblest devotee.[67]

7.3 Chandan Yatra

Main article: Chandan Yatra

The Narendra Tirtha tank where ceremonies of Chandan Yatra

are performed

The Chandan Yatra festival held every year on Akshaya

Tritiya day marks the commencement of the constructionof the chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the cele-bration of the Hindu new year.[12]

7.4 Snana Yatra

Main article: Snana Yatra

Every year, on the Purnima day in the Hindu calendarmonth of Jyestha (June), the triad images of the Jagan-natha Temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated on

the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is takenin 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: “golden well”)located near the northern gate of the temple. Water isdrawn from this well only once in a year for the sole pur-pose of the religious bath of the deities. After the baththe triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephantgod, Ganesha. Later, during the night, the original triadimages aretaken out in a procession back to themain tem-ple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi .[60] Afterthis the Jhulana Yatra is performed when proxy imagesof the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.[12]

7.5 Anavasara or Anasara

Anasara, a derivative of the Sanskrit word“Anabasara”,[68] literally means vacation. Everyyear after the holy Snana Yatra, the triad images, withoutthe Sudarshana Chakra, are taken to a secret altar namedAnavasara Ghar (also known as Anasara pindi, 'pindi' isOriya term meaning “platform” [68]) where they remainfor the next fortnight of (Krishna paksha); devotees arenot allowed to view these images. Instead, devotees go tothe nearby Brahmagiri to see the Lord in the four-handed

form of Alarnath, a depiction of Vishnu.[60][69] Devoteesthen get the first glimpse of the Lord only on the daybefore Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagiri,_Orissahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_pakshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulana_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganeshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyesthahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Moonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snana_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan_Yatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggernauthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_Devihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Devihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_Durgahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_Durgahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna


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7.8 Niladri Bije 9

Images during the Snana Yatra.

local belief that the gods suffer from fever after taking

an elaborate ritual bath, and they are treated by thespecial servants, the Daitapatis, for 15 days. Daitapatisperform special nitis (rites) known as Netrotchhaba (arite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this periodcooked food is not offered to the deities.[70]

7.6 Naba Kalebara

Main articles: Nabakalevara and Nabakalebara 2015

Naba Kalebara is one of the most grand events associated

with the Lord Jagannatha that takes place when one lunarmonth of Ashadha is followed by another of Ashadhacalled Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take placeat an interval of 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally mean-ing the “New Body” (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body) inOdia, the festival is witnessed by millions of people andthe budget for this event generally exceeds $500,000. Theevent involves installation of new images in the templeand burial of the old ones in the temple premises at KoiliVaikuntha. During the Nabakalebara ceremony held dur-ing July 2015 the idols that were installed in the temple in1996 were replaced by specially carved new images madeof neem wood.[71][72] More than 3 million people are re-

ported to have attended this festival.[73]

7.7 Suna Besha

Main article: Suna BeshaSuna Besha, ('Suna besh'in Oriya language means “dress-ing in gold”[74]) also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja Bhe-sha [75] or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad imagesof the Jagannatha Temple are adorned with gold jewelry.This event is observed five times in a year. It is commonlyobserved on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi

also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Bi-jayadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November),and Pousa Purnima (December).[76][77] One such Suna

Suna Besha or Golden Attire of Lord Jagannath

Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during theRath Yatra on the chariots placed at the Simhadwar. Theother four Beshas are observed inside the temple on the

Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasiongold plates aredecorated over the hands and feet of Jagan-natha and Balabhadra; Jagannatha is also adorned with aChakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a sil-ver conch adorns the left hand. Balabhadra is decoratedwith a plough madeof gold onthe left hand while a goldenmace adorns his right hand.[76]

7.8 Niladri Bije

Niladri Bije, celebrated in the Hindu calendar month

Asadha (June–July) on Trayodashi (13th day),[78]

marksthe end of the Ratha Yatra. The large wooden images ofthe triad of gods are taken out from the chariots and thencarried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically;a ritual which is known as pahandi .[72]

7.9 Sahi yatra

A scene from a play being enacted during the Sahi Yatra

The Sahi Yatra, considered the world’s biggest open-airtheatre,[79] is an annual event lasting 11 days; a traditionalcultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on

Ram Navami and ends on Rama avishke (Sanskrit mean-ing : anointing). The festival includes plays depicting var-ious scenes from the Ramayana. The residents of various

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishekahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Navamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_(club)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suna_Beshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_Purnimahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashaharahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekadashihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnimahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magha_(month)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suna_Beshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabakalebara_2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabakalebara_2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_monthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_monthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabakalebara_2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabakalevarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snana_Yatra


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10 9 ARTS AND CRAFTS

localities, or Sahis, are entrusted the task of performingthe drama at the street corners.[80]

7.10 Samudra Arati

Samudra arati of worship of the sea by disciples of the Matha at

Puri

The Samudra arati is a daily tradition started by thepresent Shankaracharya 9 years ago.[81] The daily prac-tise includes prayer and fire offering to the sea at Swar-gadwar in Puri by disciples of the Govardhan Matha. OnPaush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himselfcomes out to offer prayers to the sea.

8 Transport

Malatipatpur Bus Stand (Puri)

Earlier, when roads did not exist, people used to walk ortravel by animal-drawn vehicles or carriages along beatentracks to reach Puri. Travel was by riverine craft along theGanges up to Calcutta, and then on foot or by carriages.

It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Ja-gannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The EastIndia Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri,

which became operational in 1898.[82] Puri is now well-connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gaugerailway line of the South Eastern Railways which con-nects Puri with Calcutta, and Khurda is an important rail-way junction on this route. The rail distance is about 499kilometres (310 mi) from Calcutta and 468 kilometres

(291 mi) from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includesNH 203 that links the city with Bhubaneswar, the statecapital, situated about 60 kilometres (37 mi) away. NH203 B connects the city with Satapada via Brahmagiri.Marine drive, which is part of NH 203 A, connects Puriwith Konark. The nearest airport is the Biju Patnaik In-ternational Airport at Bhubaneswar.[58] Puri railway sta-tion is among the top hundred booking stations of theIndian Railways.[83]

9 Arts and crafts

9.1 Sand art

Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beachesof Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poetwho lived in the 14th century. Sculptures of various godsand famous people are now created in sand by amateurartists. These are temporary in nature as they get washedaway by waves. This art form has gained internationalfame in recent years. One of the famed sand artists ofOdisha is Sudarshan Patnaik. He established the GoldenSand Art Institute in 1995, in the open air on the shores of

Bay of Bengal, to provide training to students interestedin this art form.[84][80]

9.2 Appliqué art

An applique art work

Appliqué art, which is a stitching-based craft unlike em-broidery, was pioneered by Hatta Maharana of Pipili. Itis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipilihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarshan_Patnaikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpaintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_railway_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_railway_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagiri,_Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satapadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_203_(India)(old_numbering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishakhapatnamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_zonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gaugehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhan_Mathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arati


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11

widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities andfor sale. Maharana’s family members are employed asdarjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri. Theyprepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple forvarious festivals and religious ceremonies. The appliquéworks are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the

form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags,coverings of dummy horses and cows, and other house-hold textiles; these are marketed in Puri. The cloth usedis made in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blueand turquoise blue.[85]

10 Culture

Odissi dancer

Cultural activities, including the annual religious festi-vals, in Puri are: The Puri Beach Festival held from 5 to9 November every year, and the Shreekshetra Utsav heldfrom 20 December to 2 January every year. The culturalprogrammes include unique sand art, display of local andtraditional handicrafts and food festival.[86] In addition,cultural programmes are held for two hours on every sec-ond Saturday of the month at the district Collector’s Con-ference Hall near Sea Beach Police Station. Odissi dance,Odia music and folk dances are part of this event.[86]

Odissi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This danceform originated in Puri from the dances performed byDevadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannatha Temple

who performed dances in the Nata mandapa of the tem-ple to please the deities. Though the devadasi practice hasbeen discontinued, the dance form has become modernand classical and is widely popular; many of the Odissivirtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.[87]

Some of the famous Odissi dancers are Kelucharan Mo-

hapatra, Mayadhar Raut, Sonal Mansingh, Sanjukta Pan-igrahi and many more.

11 Education

Some of the educational institutions in Puri are:

• Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology andManagement

• Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in1981[88]

• Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute ofHomoeopathy, Puri, under Central Council for Re-search in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi; estab-lished in March 2006 [89]

• Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University, established inJuly 1981[90]

• Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya , a college

and hospital where treatment and training is basedon Ayurveda school of medicine [91]

• The Industrial Training Institute, a premier techni-cal institution to provide education to skilled, com-mitted & talented technicians was established in1966 by the Government of India[92]

12 Puri people

• Gopabandhu Das – Social worker

• Nilakantha Das – Social activist

• Kelucharan Mohapatra – Odissi dancer

• Pankaj Charan Das – Dancer

• Manasi Pradhan – Writer and activist

• Raghunath Mohapatra – Architect and sculptor

• Sudarshan Patnaik – Sand artist

• Rituraj Mohanty – Singer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituraj_Mohantyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarshan_Patnaikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasi_Pradhanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Charan_Dashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakantha_Dashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopabandhu_Dashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Jagannath_Sanskrit_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanashyama_Hemalata_Institute_of_Technology_and_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanashyama_Hemalata_Institute_of_Technology_and_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjukta_Panigrahihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjukta_Panigrahihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonal_Mansinghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayadhar_Rauthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadasishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi_dancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darji


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12 13 REFERENCES

13 References

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[2] Starza 1993, p. 1.

[3] Mahanti 2014, p. xxxiiii.

[4] “Climate: Puri”. Climate data organization. Retrieved 25

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[5] Mahanti 2014, p. xxix.

[6] Mahanti 2014, p. xxx.

[7] Mahanti 2014, p. xxxi.

[8] Glashoff, Klaus. “Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken San-

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[9] Ananda 2015, p. 11.

[10] “Jagannathyatra”. Jagannathyatra. Retrieved 11 October2013.

[11] Mahanti 2014, p. 7.

[12] Kapoor 2002, p. 5890.

[13] Sadasivan 2000, p. 211.

[14] Ring, Salkin & Boda 1994, p. 699.

[15] Dash 2011, p. 82.

[16] Mahanti 2014, p. xliii7.

[17] Dash 2011, p. 82–83.

[18] Dash 2011, p. 83.

[19] Dash 2011, p. 84.

[20] Dash 2011, p. 85.

[21] Dash 2011, pp. 86–87.

[22] Dash 2011, p. 87.

[23] Dash 2011, pp. 87–88.

[24] Dash 2011, p. 88.

[25] Dash 2011, p. 89.

[26] Mahanti 2014, p. xxxii.

[27] Ring, Salkin & Boda 1994, p. 697.

[28] “Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage

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[29] “Hidden treasure' worth Rs. 90 crores found in Puri’s

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[30] Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 248.

[31] Davis 1997, p. 265.

[32] “Raj Bhavan,Puri”. Official website of rajbhavan. Re-

trieved 25 September 2015.

[33] “Heritahe City Development and Augmentation Yojana”.

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[34] Bindloss, Brown & Elliott 2007, p. 253.

[35] “Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, in-

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[36] “Puri Town City Census 2011 data”. Census2011.

[37] Managers 2006, pp. 2–3.

[38] Sen 2004, p. 126.

[39] Mohapatra 2013, p. 61.

[40] Managers 2006, p. 3.

[41] Managers 2006, p. 4.

[42] “Temple Architecture”. Culture Department, Govern-

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[43] “Jagannath Temple, India – 7 wonders”. 7wonders.org.

2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. The temple is divided into

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and Deul

[44] “About Jagannath Temple”. Official Website of Shree ja-

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[45] Managers 2006, pp. 3–4.

[46] “Temple information: Jagannath temple”. Full Orissa.Retrieved 28 November 2012.

[47] Ravi, p. 230.

[48] “Panch Tirtha of Puri”. Shreekhetra. Retrieved 5 Decem-

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[49] Starza 1993, p. 10.

[50] Madan1988, p. 161.

[51] Managers 2006, p. 7.

[52] Bansal 2012, pp. 30–31.

[53] Mahapatra, Bhagaban. “Significance of Gundicha Tem-

ple in Car festival” (pdf). E-Magazine, Government of

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[54] Panda, Namita (22 June 2012). “Ready for the Trinity”.

The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

[55] Mahanti 2014, pp. xl–xli.

[56] Mahanti 2014, p. xiii.

[57] Mahanti 2014, p. xli.

[58] Managers 2006, p. 2.

[59] Das 1982, p. 40.

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[60] Barik, Sarmistha. “Festivals in Shri Jagannath Temple”

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[61] Starza 1993, p. 133.

[62] Starza 1993, p. 129.

[63] Das 1982, p. 48.

[64] Starza 1993, p. 16.

[65] Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. Sarup & Sons. 1999. pp.

1076–77. ISBN 978-81-7625-064-1.

[66] “Juggernaut-Definition and Meaning”. Merriam Webster

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[67] Karan, Jajati (4 July 2008). “Lord Jagannath yatra to be-

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[68] Orissa Review. Home Department, Government of

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[70] “Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath”. nilachakra.org. 2010.

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of elaborate bath and for that they are kept in dietary pro-

visions (No cooked food is served) and are nursed by the

Daitas

[71] “Puri gearing up for 2015 Nabakalebar”. dailypi-

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[72] “Nabakalebara festival comes to end with Niladri Bije”.The Hindu. 31 July 2015.

[73] “During the tight security of the millennium’s first…".Gettyimages.ca. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2016.

[74] The Eastern Anthropologist . Ethnographic and Folk Cul-

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[75] Mahanti 2014, p. 103.

[76] “Suna Bhesha(Ashadha/ June – July)". National Informat-

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[81] Sahu, Monideepa (6 March 2016). “The great fire”. Dec-

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[83] “Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry”. Avail-ability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian

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[84] “Sand Arts”. Government of Orissa. Retrieved 28

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• Ananda, Sri G. (2015). Empires of the Vedas Vol-ume IV: The Kingdom of God . Art of Unity. ISBN978-1-5078-9942-7.

• Bansal, Sunita Pant (1 April 2012). HIndu Pilgrim-age: A journey through the holy places of hindus all

over India. V&S Publishers. ISBN 978-93-5057-251-1.

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Das, Manoranjan (1982). The wooden horse: drama. Bookland International.

• Dash, Abhimanyu (July 2011). “Invasions on theTemple of Lord Jagannath, Puri” (pdf). Govern-ment of Odisha.

• Bindloss, Joe; Brown, Lindsay; Elliott, Mark; Hard-ing, Paul (2007). Northeast India. Lonely Planet.pp. ref=harv. ISBN 978-1-74179-095-5.

• Davis, Roy Eugene (1 January 1997). Life Surren-dered in God: The Philosophy and Practices of Kriya

Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-

1495-0.

• Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006).Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing.ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.

• Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia.Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7.

• Madan, T. N (1 January 1988). Way of Life: King,Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis

Dumont . Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 978-81-208-0527-9.

• Managers, City (2006). “Puri City Development-Plan 2006” (pdf). Puri Municipality:Governmentof Odisha. Retrieved 16 September 2015.

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14 15 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Mahanti, J C (2014). The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (: Story of Lord Jagannatha and

his Temple). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-82652-45-8.

• Mohapatra, J (24 December 2013). Wellness In In-

dian Festivals & Rituals: Since the Supreme Divineis manifested in all the Gods, worship of any God is

quite legitimate. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-1689-1.

• Naik, Shailaja D. (1 January 1996). Traditional Em-broideries of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7024-731-9.

• Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La(1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.

• Sadasivan, S. N. (1 January 2000). A Social His-tory of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0.

• Starza, O. M. (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult . BRILL. ISBN90-04-09673-6.

15 External links

• www.puri.nic.in – Official website of Puri District]

• Puri HRIDAY city

• Odisha Tourism

• OTDC

http://www.panthanivas.com/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/Portalhttp://hridayindia.in/puri/http://www.puri.nic.in/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-170-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-170-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA211http://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA211https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA697http://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA697https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-731-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-731-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=oNAwl-jS3gwC&pg=PA95http://books.google.com/books?id=oNAwl-jS3gwC&pg=PA95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1689-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1689-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=R0aVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61http://books.google.com/books?id=R0aVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61http://books.google.com/books?id=R0aVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61http://books.google.com/books?id=R0aVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82652-45-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82652-45-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311http://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311http://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA311


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15

16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Scriberius, Tabletop, Rjwilmsi, Astronaut, Hack-Man, Bhadani, FlaBot, Bgwhite, The Rambling Man, Pinecar, YurikBot, RussBot,Srini81, NawlinWiki, Zwobot, Priyanath, Tachs, Siyavash, Charlik, Little Savage, KranitskyGuard, Kaippally, Allens, Dhwanit, Sar-danaphalus, SmackBot, Thierry Caro, Thunderboltz, Alsandro, Yamaguchi, Holy Ganga, Chris the speller, DHN-bot~enwiki, Evil-rhino, Vprajkumar, Weregerbil, BinaryTed, Amartyabag, ArglebargleIV, Srikeit, Shyamsunder, Beetstra, Mr Stephen, Coolsnr4u, Ivan-Lanin, Snroy, Jpxt2000, Ganeshbot, CmdrObot, Rijul.puri, Jac16888, Hebrides, Bulu4uu, PamD, Thijs!bot, Rkrish67, NorwegianBlue,Astynax, P.K.Niyogi, Dr. Blofeld, Sidsahu, Husond, Ekabhishek, DuncanHill, Barek, MER-C, Chittasec, SDas, Srinivas14, Mtd2006,Philg88, Enaidmawr, Rickard Vogelberg, Ravichandar84, Rath prashant, Anchitk, AntiSpamBot, TottyBot, VolkovBot, Fundamental met-ric tensor, TXiKiBoT, Mercurywoodrose, Modal Jig, Ajachi, Katimawan2005, ZBrannigan, Ponyo, SieBot, Goyalwc, WereSpielChequers,Winchelsea, Tanmaya cs, Radon210, Mkeranat, Akarkera, Mr. Stradivarius, Pinkadelica, Bmbhuyan, Scribe00, Martarius, The ThingThat Should Not Be, EoGuy, R000t, Razimantv, Niceguyedc, ChandlerMapBot, Tikoo s, Nvvchar, Princessangelheart, SchreiberBike,Stepheng3, Achyutwiki, Lovedimpy, BendersGame, XLinkBot, M swadhin, Abani kanta, WikHead, Ism schism, Oboylej, HarlandQPitt,Basua, GDibyendu, Bgag, Addbot, Thaejas, Goodlie.anjan, Underwaterbuffalo, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Zorrobot, SaddleAdam,Luckas-bot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Librsh, , AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Tucoxn, Minnecologies, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist,RNSitian, Dewan357, Obersachsebot, ChildofMidnight, Udayamisra, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Chandan Guha, Bhaskar.banerjee1982,Hanslune, FrescoBot, Lokasamachar, J1a2y3a4d5e6v7a8, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Skarmee, Akkida, Plvinod, Bishupriyaparam,

Jethwarp, Gituli, Onel5969, Mandarchougule, Auromis, Bikashfunny, EmausBot, John of Reading, V das, Wikipelli, Chiumohapatra,ZéroBot, SporkBot, Sainsf, Ghagerer, Animohapatra, Hazard-Bot, Nayansatya,Petrb, Freknsay, Karan1974, ClueBot NG, Odisha1, Punee-trathsharma, Muon, Gautham Pillai, Caravaka2011, Rezabot, Adityamadhav83, Dcmpuri, Abhewday, Titodutta, Plantdrew, Akshayapatra,BG19bot, MKar, PhnomPencil, Suchetaav, Malaypradhan, BattyBot, Sujitsen, Subhasis kunu, ChrisGualtieri, Bdbehura, Cpt.a.haddock,BrightStarSky, Mogism, Arjuncm3, Anindya.adhikari666, Sauravdan, Crispulop, Nancyinthehouse, Ugog Nizdast, Shakti Prasad Prusty,Satyabrata19, Lakun.patra, Sambit 1982, SaUp2014, SWASTIK 25, Demoniccathandler, GinAndChronically, Sravanimohanty, Prad-han.rashmiranjan, Partha Sarathi Samantaray, Sid 427, Aryamanarora, Satyam Sengar, Imperial HRH2, Suman6746, Abha Pradhan, Anub-hav2010, Mishralokanath, S hriday pmu, Dongar Kathorekar, Rjs2646, Abha S Pradhan, AshokWikiAc and Anonymous: 147

16.2 Images

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• File:Jagannatha_Puri_temple_chakra.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Jagannatha_Puri_temple_chakra.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wikidas at en.wikipedia

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16 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Locator_Dot.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Locator_Dot.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: Locator Dot.gif: Original artist: Petr Dlouhý

• File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected byZoid

• File:Malatipatpur_Bus_Stand.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Malatipatpur_Bus_Stand.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Instagram: @mukulpatra Original artist: Mukul Patra

• File:Markandeshwar_Tank.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Markandeshwar_Tank.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sidsahu

• File:Nandini_Ghosal.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Nandini_Ghosal.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0Contributors: [1] Original artist: Bala from Seattle, USA

• File:Narendra_Pokhari.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Narendra_Pokhari.jpg License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aditya Mahar

• File:Puri-gundica-mandir.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Puri-gundica-mandir.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tantrik71

• File:Puri_2005.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Puri_2005.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Puri_Montage1.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Puri_Montage1.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: 4. Author:DreamodishaOriginal artist: Adityamadhav83

• File:Puri_Sea_Beach_viewed_from_the_light_house.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Puri_Sea_Beach_viewed_from_the_light_house.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sambit 1982

• File:Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: quilt block - flower Original artist: jude from new york, usa

• File:Rath_Yatra_Puri_07-11027.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Rath_Yatra_Puri_07-11027.jpgLicense: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: G.-U. Tolkiehn

• File:Sahi_Yatra_of_Puri,_Odisha.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Sahi_Yatra_of_Puri%2C_Odisha.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Vishal Bhowmick Original artist: Vishal Bhowmick

• File:Samudra_arati.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Samudra_arati.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sidsahu

• File:Shankaracharya_of_Puri.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Shankaracharya_of_Puri.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sidsahu

• File:Sri_Jagannath_Temple_Puri,_Orissa.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Sri_Jagannath_Temple_Puri%2C_Orissa.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Djrusty

• File:Sri_Jagannath_Temple_Puri,_Orissa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Sri_Jagannath_Temple_Puri%2C_Orissa.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Djrusty

• File:Suna_Vesha_or_Golden_Attire_of_Lord_Shri_Jagannath_of_Puri.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Suna_Vesha_or_Golden_Attire_of_Lord_Shri_Jagannath_of_Puri.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own workOriginal artist: Dreamodisha

• File:Swargadwar,_Puri_2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Swargadwar%2C_Puri_2.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aditya Mahar

• File:Watercolour_painting_on_paper_of_Indradyumna_seated_in_a_carriage.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Watercolour_painting_on_paper_of_Indradyumna_seated_in_a_carriage.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=182810&partid=1&searchText=company+school&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&images=on&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=53 Original artist: Company School

16.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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