"push and pull factors regarding migration flows from libya to italy"- written by jacob...
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“Push and Pull Factors regarding Migration flows from Libya to Italy” written by Jacob Kröger.Note: 14 Punkte (1)TRANSCRIPT
School Year: 2009/2010
Presented by: Jacob KrögerSubmitted to: Lars SchülerDistribution date of topic:
03.02.2010Hand-In date of Term Paper:
17.03.2010
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Term Paper: “Push and Pull Factors regarding Migration flows
from Libya to Italy” Term Paper for:
“Travel and Migration” Halepaghen-Schule Buxtehude
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................3
2 Definition of Migration.........................................................................................4
3 Political Context....................................................................................................4
3.1 Libyan Politics and Migration........................................................................4
3.2 Italian Politics and Migration..........................................................................5
4 Push and Pull Factors............................................................................................7
4.1 Push Factors....................................................................................................7
4.1.1 Political Factors........................................................................................7
4.1.2 Economic factors......................................................................................8
4.1.3 Ecological factors......................................................................................9
4.1.4 Demographic factors...............................................................................10
4.2 Pull Factors...................................................................................................10
4.2.1 Political factors.......................................................................................10
4.2.2 Societal factors........................................................................................10
4.2.3 Economic factors.....................................................................................11
4.2.3 Ideal factors.............................................................................................11
4.2.4 Demographic factors...............................................................................12
5 Conclusion..........................................................................................................12
6 Appendix.............................................................................................................14
6.1 Figures...........................................................................................................14
7 Works cited.........................................................................................................16
7.1 Literature.......................................................................................................16
7.2 Internet..........................................................................................................16
7.3 Presentations/ Speeches................................................................................18
7.4 Figures...........................................................................................................18
8 Erklärungen.........................................................................................................19
8.1 Eigenständigkeitserlärung.............................................................................19
8.2 Einverständniserklärung...............................................................................20
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1 Introduction
According to the Italian Ministry of Interior, 36,900 African boat people landed in Italy
in 2008, most of them on the (Italian) Island of Lampedusa.1 This number does not
include unrecorded migrants. Only about half of this number of boat people (20,500) had
arrived the year before, so this represented a major increase.2 Since 1988 at least 14,921
Immigrants died on their way to the European coast.3
For many years, the main emigration route of Africans to the EU had been through
Spain. But when Spain increased its border security, the route shifted and most migrants
entered from Libya into Italy.
Although arriving via Libya, these refugees are mainly from other politically unstable
countries in West Africa and from regions south of the Sahara. Libya and other Maghreb
countries (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) are merely used as transit
countries (see Appendix Figure 1).
As a result of the pattern described above, about 25 percent of Libya's population are
illegal immigrants without any rights, who are awaiting an opportunity to reach
Europe. These refugees risk a very long and dangerous journey.4
In this essay I will explore what role Libya plays in the African-European migration and
how Italy reacts to the incoming migrants. What are the “push and pull” factors that lead
so many Africans to risk such a dangerous move and what factors discourage them from
attempting to do so?
I chose this topic after being confronted with reports in various mass Medias. I thought
the destiny of migrants and the complex mingling of political, economical, social and
individual aspects could be fascinating.
The reference to the course topic is given due to the fact that the mass movements of
People from Africa to Europe always rely on push and pull factors. These factors are
explained in this term paper.
1 See Graf, Stefanie „Transitmigration- Anayse der Migrationsströme von westafrika in den maghreb und die EU (Mainz: GRIN Verlag) p.22 See Junge Welt, “keine Chance auf Asyl“ www.jungewelt.de//2009/01-05/045.php (accessed February 10, 2010)3 See Fortress Europe, “Immigrants dead at the Frontiers of Europe“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.html (accessed March 14, 2010)4 See Deutschland Radio, “Jenseits der Schengen Grenze“ http://www.dradio.de/download/113305/ (accessed March 14, 2010)
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2 Definition of Migration
Migrations are movements of human individuals or groups from one area into another for
more than short-term relocation. Migration can be divided into internal and international
migration (see Appendix Figure 2). Motives for migration are personal, and there are
often both tangible and intangible reasons (see Appendix Figure 3). In most cases, there
are multiple, overlapping reasons for migration.5
3 Political Context
3.1 Libyan Politics and Migration
During the 1990s, Libya's revolutionary leader and unofficial head of state Muammar al
Gaddafi opened the country's borders to all Africans. His publicly stated reason for this
action was to promote the unity of the African continent.
In reality he was motivated by a UN embargo, which lasted from 1992 till 2004. During
this time, Libya was subjected to sanctions from the UN and was largely cut off from
Europe.6 The sanctions were the results of Libyan attacks on passenger flights, which
crashed over Lockerbie (Scotland) and Niger in 1988 and 1989. Germany also demanded
compensation from Libya for the victims of the attack on the Berlin discotheque "La
Belle" in 1986. When Libya accepted responsibility for these attacks in 2004, and paid
compensation, the embargo was repealed.7
Libya is one of the richest countries in Africa. The flourishing oil industries provide
financial resources to develop and cultivate the southern Libyan outback. When the UN
sanctions took effect in 1992, Libya experienced a tremendous demand for labor in the
oil sector, fishing industries and agricultural sector. With open borders, this demand for
labor was met by migrants from neighboring African countries.8
Because of its proximity to the Italian coast, Libya is geographically well situated as a
“highway” into Europe. Illegal Immigrants from six neighboring African states have
entered Libya in their quest to reach Europe. Today, one third of the Libyan population is
foreign, and half of the foreigners are in the country illegally.
5 See “A Definition of Migration” http://www.ghs-mh.de/migration/projects/define/define.htm (accessed March 14, 2010)6 See BBC “Timeline: Libya Sanctions” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336423.stm (accessed March 14)7 See Handelsblatt “EU-Embargo gegen Libyen beendet“ http://www.handelsblatt.com/archiv/eu-embargo-gegen-libyen-beendet;802413 (accessed March 14, 2010)8 See U.S. Department of State “2009 Investment Climate Statement” http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117843.htm (accessed March 14)
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During the Embargo, it was in Gaddafi`s interest to open his borders to other Africans.
After the embargo, however, his goal shifted. Today he seeks to build lucrative business
connections with the United States and Europe. Gaddafi knows that his country is one of
the most attractive destinations for investment in the Arab and African regions due to its
rich oil and natural gas resources. As a result Gaddafi has closed his country's borders to
other Africans, hoping to please Europe as that continent struggles with the problem of
illegal immigration.
Illegal immigrants convicted in Libya are most likely to be transmitted to detention
centers. Three of these detention centers were funded by Italy. As the main destination
country for migrants, Italy is more committed to assisting Libya with illegal immigrants
than other EU states. Currently, about 60,000 refugees are interned in Libyan prisons
under appalling conditions. Those, who cannot prove they have work, must return to
their home country or (if appropriate) move to Europe. More than 50,000 migrants were
deported from the country in 2006. This deportation is possible because Libya has no
asylum law and does not recognize the Geneva Conventions, which would require Libya
to differentiate between political and economic migrants and to accept some of the
immigrants as asylum seekers.9
Since 2003 Libya's immigration policies have changed to deal with such huge number of
illegal immigrants. With the help of the EU, the number of border guards has increased.
Even with more border guards it is almost impossible to control and prevent all the
immigration to Europe.
3.2 Italian Politics and Migration
In contrast to Germany, France and Great Britain, Italy has little experience with
immigration. Until the 1970s Italy had more emigrants than immigrants. It was not until
the late 1980s, when immigration became a social phenomenon, that an immigration law
was needed. Since the Immigration Act of 1990, Italy offers a right to asylum. However,
Italy is the only country in the European Union without an asylum law of its own. The
center-right government of Silvio Berlusconi ended the years of demand for a reform of
the asylum law with the “Bossi-Finni law”. The goal of this law was to limit legal
immigration and fight illegal immigration more effectively. Some People are of the
9 See Fortress Europe “October 2007“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/01/october-2007.html (accessed March 14)
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opinion, that this law is partly illegal, because it violates article 3 of the Italian
Constitution. They say, that it “discriminates migrants citizens.”10
In 2008, the year of peak illegal immigration described at the start of this paper, Italy and
Libya signed a treaty of friendship, containing a special agreement on the deportation of
illegal refugees. Even before a foot is placed on Italian territory and a legal application
can be made, refugees are deported back to Libya and are placed in camps there or are
moved into dangerous areas such as Sudan or Nigeria.11
This treaty with Libya was signed in spite of the fact, that Italy has signed the Geneva
Convention on Refugees, which states explicitly that refugees should not be arbitrarily
expelled to their countries of origin, and certainly not if they then face persecution,
torture or death.
The small island of Lampedusa, located about 200km south of Sicily, is a key entry point
for boat people from Africa. In the past, 85 percent of African refugees arrived there and
lived under deplorable conditions. Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi compared the
situation in the reception camps with those in the Nazi concentration camps, trying to
justify his deportation.
"I think it is much easier (...) to examine individual situations in the country of origin, otherwise
they come here and go to a camp which, I should not be saying this, is very similar to a
concentration camp,"12
In 2009, fewer than 500 refugees have officially requested asylum in Italy or the EU.13
10 See Melting pot “Explosions and the new Bossi-Finni law“ http://www.meltingpot.org/articolo162.html (accessed March 14)11 See State watch “Special and privileged- bilateral relationship treaty” http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/nov/01italy-libya-treaty.htm (accessed March 14)12
Reuters “Italy PM: migrant centers like concentration camps” http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-39736920090519 (accessed March 14, 2010)13 See Presentation from Karl Kopp organized by the “Nord-Süd Forum” on September 7, 2009, in Bremerhaven
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4 Push and Pull Factors
What motivates a person to leave his or her homeland and start a dangerous trip into the
unknown, only to reach a destination where he or she is not wanted and where he or she
is likely to work for very low wages and will be forced to living in hiding? The reasons
for migration are manifold. To illustrate these issues more clearly, we distinguish
between push and pull factors.
4.1 Push Factors
The major push factors for migrants leaving West Africa are political, economic-,
ecological, and demographic. 14
4.1.1 Political Factors
Political factors play a particularly important role in West African immigration. This type
of migration is usually involuntary, because no reasonable alternative exists but to flee.
Political Situations that can lead to such involuntary migration include:
• The systematic persecution of individuals and groups due to political, religious,
• ethnic or economic factors,
• systematic suppression of the population,
• human rights violations,
• lack of rule of law, and
• military conflicts, including civil war.
The areas currently most affected by these types of crises are Sudan, Somalia, Niger,
Eritrea, Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia and Liberia.
Political factors do not play as a large role in Libya. The political conditions in Libya are
clearly defined and stable. Most residents are doing well economically. The problem is
however, that Libya is a transit country for migrants from many of those politically
unstable countries.
Until stable political and economic environments are created in the countries of origin,
involuntary political migration will continue to occur throughout the region.
14 See National Geographic „What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)
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4.1.2 Economic factors
Economically motivated migration in Africa can be divided into three forms:
• the internal migration from countryside to city.
• the international migration within the African continent.
• the transcontinental migration.
Factors such as hunger, unemployment, low income and bad income expectations for the
future trigger economic immigration.
These factors do not exist in Libya. The country's real economic growth of 5 percent
clearly signals economic stability. Likewise, Italy, the most important foreign trade
partner of Libya (40 percent of Libya`s trade with Italy) has a secure economic base and
jobs.
The problem again is one of other African countries.
A large proportion of immigrants from Africa, according to one study15, are well
educated, but have no job prospects. A survey of 2000 migrants from sub-Sahara
conducted in 2005 shows that “over 20 percent were university graduates and another 46
percent had reasonable educational level.”16 Often the whole family had saved money to
allow the most ambitious among them to travel abroad. This phenomenon is referred to
as “brain drain”. It describes, in a figurative sense, a numerically large “flow of
intelligence and mind”. The highly-skilled migrants benefit from their relocation. Their
home country, however, looses the potential for its economy and its international
competitiveness. The arising vicious circle of “brain drain” becomes another push factor.
In recent years the international development community has been trying to turn “brain
drain” into “brain gain“. They try to create a pattern that will bring benefits to all
stakeholders.17
A good example is a recent repatriation agreement between the United States of America
and India. In this agreement, IT professionals return to India after years of working in the
United States. Financial support is given from the United States of America. In India,
these returning professional build start-up companies that often flourish.
The widespread poverty in most West African countries is to a large extent caused by
unfair trade policies. European Union (EU) agricultural subsidies for resident farmers
15 See Baldawin-Edwards, Martin (2006). “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: North Africa as a region of emigration, immigration and transit migration”. Retrieved from: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 33 Issue 108 (June 2006) p.5 Available online: http://aei.pitt.edu/6365/01/Between_a_rock_FINAL.pdf (accessed March 14)16 Ibid. p. 10 17 See Österreichischer Integrationsfond “Migration aus Nordafrika, sowie dem nahen und mittleren Osten“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/publikationen/oeif_dossiers/oeif_dossier_n6/ (accessed March 14)
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give them a huge advantage in both European and African markets. This is especially
true for farmers from the former colonial powers of France and Britain who currently
have the highest market shares in Africa. The African countries cannot compete with the
low European prices. Since the economies of most West African countries are based on
agriculture, the impact of the EU subsidies is enormous. At the same time, the EU prides
itself with the Cotonou Agreement. This agreement envisages the establishment of free
trade areas between regions of Africa and the EU.
Fishing plays an enormous economic role for the West African coastal countries. The EU
buys fishing rights from these countries. Due to overfishing, however, West African
states have suffered losses and can no longer rely on fishing as a stable area of income.
While fishing rights contracts and agricultural subsidies may benefit Europeans in the
short run, the impact of these policies on long-term African economic stability must be a
factor going forward.18
4.1.3 Ecological factors
Going forward, the ecological factors may well be a growing push factor in immigration
due to global warming. Although climate change is caused mainly by industrialized
nations, African nations will feel its affects quite severely in the forms of increasing
water scarcity, drought, and the weakening of the agricultural potential.
Perhaps with such immigration factors in mind, Europe should commit to countering the
affects of global warming by building sewage and water filtration systems in Africa.
Such global thinking is extremely important.
However, the climate conference in Copenhagen in late 2009 has shown how difficult
this is: No concrete targets have been adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4.1.4 Demographic factors
Population growth has a large Influence on migration as well. African countries have the
highest growth in birth rates in the entire world (3 percent), while their death rate falls
only slowly (1.7 percent).19
18 See Kohnert, Dirk (2006). “Afrikanische Migranten vor der Festung Europas”. (Hamburg: GIGA Focus, Number 12/2006) Available online: http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_afrika_0612.pdf (accessed March 14)19 See Lahlou, Mehdi (2006). “The current State and Recent Trends in Migration between Maghreb States and the European Union(Retrieved from: Nyberg Sørensen; Nina (Hrg.): Mediterranean Transit Migration, (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 111)
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A forecast by the UN predicts an increase in world population from 6 to 9.4 billion
people by 2050.20 Ninety-five percent of this growth will occur in developing countries.
This rapid growth will accelerate internal and external migration, especially in Africa.
Many African countries with a “youth bulge” will strive to send a portion of these young
workers to industrialized countries for jobs and income, but also to prevent internal
conflicts, that arise from a larger number of disaffected youth. In many industrial
countries, however, the populations will be aging and shrinking and the need of labor
will increase. In this context, the need to manage and control immigration will increase
(See Appendix Figure 4).
4.2 Pull Factors
In addition to push factors, there are many pull factors that attract refugees to the EU.
Like push factors, pull factors can be political, social, economical and demographic in
nature.21
4.2.1 Political factors
The major pull factor for political immigrants is the hope of finding protection and safety
from persecution in another country. In addition political immigrants turn to Europe to
find the rule of law and tolerance of race and religion.
4.2.2 Societal factors
Societal factors also influence migration from Libya. In many cases, young people from
rural regions of a country flee to urban areas. They do so, not only due to prevailing
poverty and unemployment in rural areas, but also because of social structures and
lifestyles that are perceived as restrictive and outdated. In cities young people hope to
find work but also better living conditions. If they do not find work in their new urban
home, they are likely to emigrate.
4.2.3 Economic factors
Economic factors are also important pull factors. There are differences in wages between
developing and developed countries. With the income a refugee earns in Europe, he or
she supports his family in Africa. More economic Pull factors include job availability,
20 United Nations “World Population prospects” http://esa.un.org/unpp/ (accessed March 14)21 See National Geographic “What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)
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better working conditions and career opportunities in the destination country and the
desire for better education and training.
The Action Plan of Rabat in 2006 facilitates legal immigration for highly qualified
Africans in the EU. As a counterpart to the American “green card”, the “blue card” was
introduced in Europe. This, however, has much higher requirements than its American
counterpart. A candidate for the blue card has to show a recognized university degree and
three years of professional experience within the EU. Furthermore he or she has to
present a contract, in which he or she earns one and a half times as much as the average
person living in the corresponding target country. Since these requirements are hardly
feasible for many Africans, the promise of a European “blue card” will most likely not
provide a strong “pull” factor for most African emigrants. A better solution will need to
be found if the EU wishes to meet its demand for labor.22
Just like the EU, Libya has a demand for low-income laborers. In particular companies in
the construction and agriculture business often seek for people without legal status whom
they can pay lower wages and ignore any legal claims.
4.2.3 Ideal factors
Media images of an idealized Europe also provide a pull factor for African migrants.
Success stories of former migrants make their way back to the towns and cities of origin
furthering the lure of Europe. Likewise, West Africans living successfully in Europe form
networks for future migrants, which then becomes another pull factor.
4.2.4 Demographic factors
Population declines in Italy, Spain and Germany are higher than the EU average. Italy
already benefits from immigrant births and is slightly better off than Germany.23 Still,
since Italy records a long-term population decline, the demographic trends can be seen as
a pull factor. The decline would invariably lead to a shortage of laborers. Even with
advances in technology, manual labor will still be in demand and immigrants will be
needed to fill these positions in order for Italy`s economic system to persist.
22“Differences between EU Blue Card and U.S. Green Card” http://www.europeanunionbluecard.com/?p=14 (accessed March 14)23 Bundesamt für politische Bildung “zur aktuellen Lage der Bevölkerung“ http://www1.bpb.de/publikationen/7OZ856,3,0,Zur_aktuellen_Lage_der_Weltbev%F6lkerung.html#art3(accessed March 14)
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5 Conclusion
Although the EU is working to create a common migration policy, these attempts are
somewhat undermined by Italy and Spain, the two countries most affected by
immigration. The increased surveillance in border regions of Spain and Morocco has led
to a shift in immigration patterns from Africa and an increase in arrivals through Libya to
Italy. Italy`s readmission agreement with Libya shifts the problem from Europe to Libya
where there is no right of asylum protection. By placing illegal immigrants in Libya,
Europe retains its “clean slate”.
European policies contribute to the problem of illegal immigration in more than one way.
For Africans, it has become virtually impossible to legally enter the EU. According to the
Schengen Agreement, the main criterion for obtaining a visa to the EU is to have a low
risk of emigration. Thus illegal immigration is the only possibility, unless one belongs to
an elite group of highly skilled workers. Despite the need for low-wage workers in the
EU, there is no way for immigrants to enter legally to obtain these jobs.
The EU also contributes to the problem of illegal immigration through their unfair trade
and subsidy policies. Scaling up aid to Africa is of little use, if on the other hand, the
market opportunities for African products are undermined through subsidies to European
farmers and companies.
Considering the small number of immigrants, I am also wary of the anger which
Europeans direct toward illegal immigrants. Why are objections to immigration so high
when there is clearly a need for low-wage workers due to the aging populations in
Germany and other EU states?
As long as there is an economic gap between the EU and Africa, people will try to find a
better life in Europe through both legal and illegal means.
The problems associated with migration can only be resolved through a combination of
development policies and migration policies both in the EU and in the Maghreb
countries. Many of the existing solutions, designed primarily for an EU perspective, have
led to an increase in internal problems in the African countries. Both push and pull
factors in immigration must be addressed. The dismantling of agricultural subsidies to
European farmers is just as important as the establishment of legal entry and work
opportunities within the EU, not only for the highly skilled.
In a study of the potential migration from Africa the German Interior Minister Thomas de
Maizière expressed the following words:
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“Die europäischen Staaten müssen gegenüber afrikanischen Herkunfts- und
Transitstaaten noch mehr Verantwortung übernehmen. Wir sollten die betroffenen
Staaten noch stärker bei der Beseitigung von Migrationsursachen unterstützen.
Dies betrifft insbesondere deren Fähigkeit, die durch den Klimawandel bedingten
Herausforderungen zu bewältigen und die innerafrikanische Migration zu
steuern. Unser Ziel muss dabei eine wirksame Verknüpfung von Migrations- und
Entwicklungspolitik wie auch eine Verbesserung der operativen Zusammenarbeit
in den Bereichen Immigration, Asyl und Grenzschutz sein. Nur durch eine
umfassende Kooperation und Partnerschaften zwischen Herkunftsstaaten und
Zielstaaten ist heutzutage eine erfolgreiche Steuerung von Migration möglich.”24
If the EU could build on this, the prospect for both continents would be recognizable.
24 BMI Pressemitteilung “Vor den Toren Europas“ http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2010/mitMarginalspalte/01/afrika_studie_%20bamf.html (accessed March 14, 2010)
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6 Appendix
6.1 Figures
1) Key Migrant Routes from Africa to Europe.25
2) Differentiation of Migration
25 „Key Migrant Routes“ http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42481000/gif/_42481600_africa_migration416x355.gif (accessed March 14)
Migration
Internal Migration
Intraregional Migration
Interregional Migration
International Migration
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3) Reasons for Migration
4) Population- and migrational development.26
26 “Chart of the Population development“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/fileadmin/Integrationsfond/5_wissen/dossier2/Dossier6/20090909_Dossier6_Walter_Seite_41.jpg (accessed March 14)
Reason for Migration
personal Motive:
Work, Marriage
tangible Motive:
political conditions, language or religious
reasons intangible Motive:
Better training-, working- and living
conditions
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7 Works cited
7.1 Literature
Baldawin-Edwards, Martin. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: North Africa as a region of emigration, immigration and transit migration. Available online: http://aei.pitt.edu/6365/01/Between_a_rock_FINAL.pdf, 2006.
Costanzo, Simona. Migration aus dem Maghreb nach Italien- soziale und räumlich Aspekte der Handlunsstrategien maghrebischer Migranten und Migrantinnen in Kampanien, Süditalien. Passau: L.I.S. Verlag, 1999.
Finotelli, Claudia. Illegale Einwanderung, Flüchtlingsmigration und das Ende des Nord-Süd-Mythos- zur funktionalen Äquivalenz des deutschen und italienischen Auswanderungsgesetzes. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2007.
Del Grande, Gabrielle. Mamadous Fahrt in den tod- die Tragödie der irregulären Migranten im Mittelmeer. Karlsruhe: Loeper Verlag, 2008
Graf, Stefanie. Transitmigration: Analyse der Migrationsströme von Westafrika in den Maghreb und die EU. Mainz: GRIN Verlag, 2009.
Kohnert, Dirk. Afrikanische Migranten vor der Festung Europas. Hamburg: GIGA Focus, 2006.
Lahlou, Mehdi. The current State and Recent Trends in Migration between Maghreb States and the European Union. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for international studies, 2006.
Klepp, Silja. Ankunft und Aufnahme von Flüchtlingen in italien- eine ethnographische Reise an die Grenzen Europas. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag, 2007.
7.2 Internet
“A Definition of Migration” http://www.ghs-mh.de/migration/projects/define/define.htm (accessed March 14, 2010)
BBC “Timeline: Libya Sanctions” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336423.stm (accessed March 14)
BMI Pressemitteilung “Vor den Toren Europas“ http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2010/mitMarginalspalte/01/afrika_studie_%20bamf.html (accessed March 14, 2010)
Bundesamt für politische Bildung “zur aktuellen Lage der Bevölkerung“ http://www1.bpb.de/publikationen/7OZ856,3,0,Zur_aktuellen_Lage_der_Weltbev%F6lkerung.html#art3 (accessed March 14)
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Deutschland Radio, “Jenseits der Schengen Grenze“ http://www.dradio.de/download/113305/ (accessed March 14, 2010)
“Differences between EU Blue Card and U.S. Green Card” http://www.europeanunionbluecard.com/?p=14 (accessed March 14)
Fortress Europe, “Immigrants dead at the Frontiers of Europe“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.html (accessed March 14, 2010)
Fortress Europe “October 2007“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/01/october-2007.html (accessed March 14)
Handelsblatt “EU-Embargo gegen Libyen beendet“ http://www.handelsblatt.com/archiv/eu-embargo-gegen-libyen-beendet;802413 (accessed March 14, 2010)
Junge Welt, “keine Chance auf Asyl“ www.jungewelt.de//2009/01-05/045.php (accessed February 10, 2010)
Melting pot “Explosions and the new Bossi-Finni law“ http://www.meltingpot.org/articolo162.html (accessed March 14)
National Geographic „What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)
Österreichischer Integrationsfond “Migration aus Nordafrika, sowie dem nahen und mittleren Osten“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/publikationen/oeif_dossiers/oeif_dossier_n6/ (accessed March 14)
Reuters “Italy PM: migrant centers like concentration camps” http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-39736920090519 (accessed March 14, 2010)
State watch “Special and privileged- bilateral relationship treaty” http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/nov/01italy-libya-treaty.htm (accessed March 14)
United Nations “World Population prospects” http://esa.un.org/unpp/ (accessed March 14)
U.S. Department of State “2009 Investment Climate Statement” http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117843.htm (accessed March 14)
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7.3 Presentations/ Speeches
Presentation organized from the Nord-Süd Forum on September 7, 2009, in Bremerhaven Speakers: Stefan Schmidt
Karl KoppGiesela WiegelGünter Hilliges
7.4 Figures
“Chart of the Population development“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/fileadmin/Integrationsfond/5_wissen/dossier2/Dossier6/20090909_Dossier6_Walter_Seite_41.jpg^
“Key Migrant Routes“ http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42481000/gif/_42481600_africa_migration416x355.gif
Picture from the front Page:http://resources.vol.at/FastResource.aspx?ResourceID=news-20090312-11081831-1218801509
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Page 19 of 20
8 Erklärungen
8.1 Eigenständigkeitserlärung
Erklärung
Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Facharbeit selbstständig angefertigt, keine
anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt und die Stellen der Facharbeit, die im
Wortlaut oder im wesentlichen Inhalt aus anderen Werken entnommen wurden, mit
genauer Quellenangabe kenntlich gemacht habe.
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Page 20 of 20
8.2 Einverständniserklärung
Einverständniserklärung
Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich damit einverstanden bin, wenn die von mir verfasste
Facharbeit der schulinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht wird.
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