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Put these in order from

smallest to largest� Organism

� Organ

� Cell

� Organ System

� Tissue

Organization of the Body

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Organization of the Body

Organism

Organ system

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organization of the Body� Example 1

NeuronNervous

tissue Brain Nervous system

Human

Organization of the Body� Example 2

CellMuscle tissue

HeartCirculatory

system Human

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Types of Tissue1. Muscle tissue

Most abundant tissue in body

• Controls internal movement of materials

• Ex. Blood through circulatory system

• Ex. Food through digestive system

Controls external movements of the entire body

There are three major types of muscle

tissue:

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

� Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.

� Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control.

� Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

Functions of Muscle tissue� Smooth Muscle Tissue: controls slow, involuntary movements such as the

contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines.

� The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood.

� Skeletal Muscle Tissue: function in pairs to bring about the coordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, jaws, eyeballs, etc.

� ◦Skeletal muscles are directly involved in the breathing process.

� Cardiac (Heart) Muscle Tissue: plays the most important role in the contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart.

� ◦It causes the rhythmical beating of the heart, circulating the blood and its contents throughout the body as a consequence.

4 Types of Tissue2. Epithelial tissue

� Closely packed cells

� Covers the surface of the body

� Lines internal organs

Types of Epithelial Tissue� Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups

depending on the number of layers of which it is composes.

� One cell thick is known as simple

� epithelium.

� Two or more cells thick such as

� the skin, it is known as stratified

� epithelium

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Functions of Epithelial Tissue

� •Protection

� From injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.

� •Sensation

� Tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue.

� •Secretion

� Secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.

� •Absorption

� Absorb nutrients from the digestion of food.

� •Excretion

� Excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body in the sweat glands.

� •Diffusion

� Diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients.

Types of Tissue3. Connective tissue

� Holds organs in place

� Binds different parts of the body together

� Ex. Tendons and ligaments

� Support for the body

� Adipose tissue: storage site for fats (lipids), also pads and protects

certain organs and regions of the body. An insulating layer under the skin which helps regulate body temperature.

� Areolar tissue: the most widespread connective tissue of the body. It is used to attach the skin to the underlying tissue. It also fills the spaces between various organs and thus holds them in place as well as cushions and protects them.

� Reticular tissue: provides support to the organs, tissues, and individual cells.

� Elastic tissue: Made mostly of elastin (a stretchy protein), stretch and easily snap back into shape

� Tendon tissue: tissue that connects muscle tissue to bone. They are composed almost entirely of collagen, a fibrous protein.

� Ligaments: Bone to Bone

� Blood: Transports oxygen

� Bone: Gives shape and form

Types of Tissue4. Nervous tissue

� Receives messages from the body’s external and internal environments

� Analyzes data

� Directs the response

� This tissue is what makes up the body’s nervous system, which is split into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

� Central nervous system: found in the brain and spinal cord.

� Peripheral nervous system: all nerves and related tissue outside of these areas and it gathers signals from all parts of the body and sends them to the central nervous system.

� Nervous tissue is responsible for many of the body’s activities and processes, including memory, reasoning and emotions. Signals from this tissue also cause muscle contractions.

Tissue Lab

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Human Body Systems� Nervous

� Integumentary

� Excretory

� Circulatory

� Respiratory

� Immune

� Reproductive

� Digestive

� Skeletal

� Muscular

� Lymphatic

What is the goal of these

systems?� Goal:

� Maintain Homeostasis

� Carry out functions that allow an organisms (Humans) to carry out the necessary functions for survival.

NERVOUS SYSTEMStructures

� Brain

� Spinal cord

� Peripheral nerves

Neuron

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Function� Coordinates

body’s response to internal and external environments

Comparison to HumanSea Jelly: Nerve Net

Crayfish: Dorsal Nerve Cord

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

� Skin

� Hair

� Nails

� Feathers

� Scales

� Fur

Structures

� Skin

� Hair

� Nails

� Sweat and oil glands

Function� Barrier against infection

and injury

� Helps regulate body temp

� Protects against UV rays from sun

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UV Radiation Damage

Integumentary Structures Integumentary Structures

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMStructures

� Nose

� Pharynx

� Larynx

� Trachea

� Bronchi

� Lungs

� Alveoli

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Function� Provides O2 for cell

respiration

� Removes excess CO2

from body

Respiration Structures

Respiration SturcturesDIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structures� Mouth

� Pharynx

� Esophagus

� Stomach

� Small & large intestines

Function� Breaks food into small

molecules for cells

� Absorbs food

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Feeding� Sponges-Fliter Feeders

� Earth worm-

� Plant-

Digestive Systems

PlantsEXCRETORY SYSTEM

Structures� Skin

� Lungs

� Kidneys

� Ureters

� Urinary bladder

� Urethra

Function� Eliminates cellular waste

� Maintains homeostasis

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Excretory SystemSKELETAL SYSTEM

Structures� Bones

� Cartilage

� Ligaments

� Tendons

Function� Supports body

� Protects organs

� Movement

� Stores minerals

� Site for blood cell formation

Cross Section of a Bone Bone Cells

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Joints

ExoskeletonMUSCULAR SYSTEM

Structures� Skeletal muscle

� Smooth muscle

� Cardiac muscle

Function� With skeletal system,

provides voluntary movement

� Helps circulate blood

� Helps move food through digestion

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEMStructures

� Heart

� Blood vessels

� Blood

Facts about the HeartStructures of the

Circulatory System/Heart� Arteries-

� Take blood to the body

� Veins-

� Bring Blood to the heart

� Atria-

� Receive blood

� Ventricles-

� Pump blood away from the heart

Function� Brings O2, nutrients, and

hormones to cells

� Fights infection

� Regulates body temp

Blood Flow through the HeartBody

Vena Cava

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Arteries

Lungs

Pulmonary Veins

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Body

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Open Circulatory Systems

Open Heart

Vascular Tissue of Plants� Xylem-

� Transports water

� Phloem-

� Transports food and minerals

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMStructures

� Hypothalamus

� Pituitary

� Thyroid

� Adrenals

� Pancreas

� Ovaries (in females)

� Testes (in males)

Function� Controls growth,

development, metabolism, and reproduction

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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• Ensure the survival of the species.• Sexual Reproduction

• Joining of male and female Gametes

• Asexual Reproduction

• One parent produces a identical daughter cell

• Internal Fertilization

• Gametes are joined internally in the female

• External Fertilization

• Female and Male gametes are joined outside both

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Definitions Function

Reproductive StrategiesExternal Fertilization Plants and Pollen

Reproductive StrategiesLYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Structures� White blood cells

� Thymus

� Spleen

� Lymph nodes

� Lymph vessels

Function

� Protect body from disease

� Collects fluid lost from blood vessels & returns it to circulatory system

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Plant Structures� Roots

� Anchor

� Absorb H2O

� Dissolve nutrients from soil

� Stems

� Produce leaves

� Provide support

� Transport substances

� Leaves

� Stoma

� Gas exchange & transpiration

� Absorb light

� Photosynthesis

Plant TissuePlant Tissue Systems � Dermal

� Epidermal

� Cuticle

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� Vascular

� Xylem (high)

� Phloem (low)

Reproduction in Flowers

� Sepals

� Petals

� Stamens

� Male repro� Filament+Anther

� Carpels (a.k.a. pistils)

� Female repro� Ovary (contains ovules) +

style + stimga

Plant Dissection-p.613 Organs and Technology

Frog Dissection