putting science into standards (psis) workshop 2016 · putting science into standards (psis)...

JRC Petten ● 22-23 September 2016

Putting Science into Standards (PSIS)

Workshop 2016 "Driving Towards Decarbonisation of Transport:

Safety, Performance, Second life and Recycling of Automotive

Batteries for e-Vehicles"

Session 2:

Performance assessment of automotive batteries

Standardisation:

Grietus MULDER– VITO/EnergyVille

2

1. Usefulness of standards for research projects

2. Tests for ageing modelling: a different approach for the ageing tests in standards

3

Contents

Publications on standards from European Research projects

Conclusion on usefulness standards for research projects, excluding battery ageing

Existing standards with battery ageing

Approach in scientific projects

Proposition for an ageing test

4


Article: comparison of automotive battery test standards and enhanced characterisation methodology

Enhanced test methods to characterise automotive battery cells,

Grietus Mulder, Noshin Omar, Stijn Pauwels, Filip Leemans, Bavo Verbrugge, Wouter De Nijs, Peter Van den Bossche, Daan Six, Joeri Van Mierlo,

Journal of Power Sources, Volume 196, Issue 23, December 2011, Pages 10079-10087

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.072

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.072

5


Report: Review of standards to derive test protocol in Spicy project

Characterisation tests, ageing tests, abuse&reliability tests, analysis of EV logging data

SPICY Deliverable D6.1: Test protocols definition for WP6 (including critical review of protocols)

July 2015

VITO, CIDETEC, CEA, TUM, PROLLION

zenodo.org/record/46146/files/SPICY_D6.1_M3_vfinal.pdf

zenodo.org/record/46146/files/SPICY_D6.1_M3_vfinal.pdf

6

Report : FP7 Mat4Bat Deliverable D5.1: List of relevant regulations and standards

Regulation and directives

Characterisation tests (including materials), ageing tests, abuse&reliability tests

Labelling

April 2016

VITO, KIT

Public, will appear at Zenodo.org


7

Draft standard document for stationary batteries

A risk assessment of large-scale, stationary, grid-connected Lithium ion storage systems.

10 risks selected

Test protocol

Laboratory tests

April 2015

VITO, VDE, CEA, DNV GL, Liacon, ABB, Umicore

Contents have been send to IEC TC21 & SC21A

Public

http://www.stallion-project.eu/images/documents/D5.5%20Draft%20standard%20document%20for%20stationary%20batteries.pdf


http://www.stallion-project.eu/images/documents/D5.5 Draft standard document for stationary batteries.pdf




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Battery standards website made and maintained in the Stallion & Mat4Bat projects

Batterystandards.energyville.be Batterystandards.vito.be

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Battery standards website made and maintained in the Stallion & Mat4Bat projects

Batterystandards.energyville.be Batterystandards.vito.be

10

Characterisation tests

Emphasis is on system level for specific EV applications

Downsizing to module and cell with freedom to the manufacturer by a dimensioning parameter

Comparison between cells is not possible

Charge behaviour is not studied, however important e.g. for brake energy recuperation

Not enough tests to characterise a battery (cell) for battery management systems

Conclusion on use of standards in European R&D projects

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Material characterisation tests

Tests defined for nano-materials

Tests are equally valid for ‘above nano/ micro scale’ materials

More tests methods are broadly used for material characterisation

Post-mortem analyses

Safety tests

A difference is made in standards between abuse, reliability and even safety and protection tests

The since the criteria seem arbitrary and changing from standard to standard.

So, they can be taken together as safety tests


12

Battery labelling

IEC 62620 (Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications)

Designation example: INR50/150/M/-30NA/75

New materials can not be designated: e.g. silicon is not included in the standard as anode material


13

Safety (reliability & abuse) tests

ARC test lacks in ISO and IEC standards

a discussion is possible if this is about characterisation or abuse, but it is important to know when a battery can undergo thermal runaway

In short circuit tests, the resistance is chosen very differently in the standards, sometimes hardly representing a short circuit

The Stallion project made a precise study on this.

Anyway, almost no hazardous effects occur anyway


14

Safety (reliability & abuse) tests

Internal short circuit tests, two methods prescribed

From the Stallion study on this topic:

More methods have been given

Provoking an internal short circuit by a nail peneration appears difficult.

The nail type has a large influence

Experience on safety devices

From the experiments in the Stallion study

Safety devices, esp. overpressure device, appears sometimes not to work and therefore to worsten the hazardous situation


15

1. Usefulness of standards for research projects

2. Tests for ageing modelling: a different approach for the ageing tests in standards

16

Ageing tests in the standards

The standards related to the use of lithium ion batteries in automotive application and describing the ageing tests are:

IEC 62660-1 (performance testing for lithium-ion cells);

ISO 12405-1 (lithium batteries for vehicles, high power applications);

ISO 12405-2 (lithium batteries for vehicles, high energy application);

DOE Battery test manual for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (INL/EXT-07-12536).

SAE J2288: Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules

Outside automotive

IEC 61960 (Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications);

IEC 62620 (Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications)

17


Cyclelife tests for HEV and BEV

Repetition of 1 or 2 discharge profiles: “dynamic discharge capacity test”

Certain SOC window (e.g. 100-20%), maybe at elevated temperature (45 °C)

Typical profile voltage response

18


Calendar life tests

Charge retention test, storage life test, SOC loss at storage

Different SOC levels and temperatures, depending on standard

Outside automotive:

Cyclelife tests with constant current discharge (typically C/5)

19

Ageing tests in the scientific projects: how

Also cycle life and calendar life tests, but differently

Cycle life

No dynamic profile

Constant (dis)charge, several C-rates

Several SOC-windows

Calendar life

Several SOC levels, several temperatures

20


From: Validated Battery Models

http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-

External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery%20models.pdf

Graphical presentation from a scientific project:

http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-External/SessionIII_Validated battery models.pdf



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Deriving empirical ageing laws

Cycle life tests:

Q = (𝒂 𝑻𝟐 + 𝒃 𝑻 + 𝒄)𝒆𝒙𝒑[ 𝒅𝑻+𝒆 ∗(𝑪−𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆)]

Calendar life tests:

𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒕 − 𝒃

With 𝒃 𝑻 = 𝑲𝒃 ⋅ 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝑬𝒃

𝑹⋅

𝟏

𝑻−

𝟏

𝑻𝟎

and a T, SoC = Ka SoC ⋅ exp −Ea SoC

R⋅

1

T−

1

T0

Ka SoC = ka,1 ⋅ 𝑆𝑂𝐶 +ka,2

Ea SoC = ea,1 ⋅ 𝑆𝑂𝐶 +ea,2

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Input for physics-chemical ageing modelling

Modelling of growth of SEI layer and connected loss in Li-ions

23

Ageing tests in the scientific projects: sources

Projects that use this approach

FP7 Mat4Bat

CEA, VITO, Solvay, ZSW, Macro, KIT, Imerys, Renault, Cegasa, CIC Energigune, EIGSI, INSA, Cidetec, Solvionic, Directaplus, Newcastle university, Kurt Salomon

Spicy

CEA, TEKNA, KIT, Kurt Salomon, TUM, belife, EMPA, CIDETEC, Prollion, PEP, Hahn Schikard, VITO, Recupyl

NAIADES

CEA, CSIC, CNRS, VITO/EnergyVille, Chalmers, VDE, Solvay, SAFT, Estabanell, MAST,

Batteries2020

IKERLAN, Umicore, Leclanché, Fiat, Abengoa, Aalborg University, IME, RWTH ISEA, VUB, Eurobat

http://mat4bat.eu/

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Ageing tests in the scientific projects: sources

Scientific papers on this approach

Experimental law M. Ecker, N. Nieto, S. Käbitz, J. Schmalstieg, H. Blanke, A. Warnecke, et al., Calendar and cycle life study of Li(NiMnCo)O2-based 18650 lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources. 248 (2014) 839–851. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.143.

J. Schmalstieg, S.Käbitz, M.Ecker, D.Uwe Sauer, A holistic aging model for Li(NiMnCo)O2 based 18650 lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources 257 (2014) 325e334

A. Barré, F. Suard, M. Gérard, M. Montaru, D. Riu, Statistical analysis for understanding and predicting battery degradations in real-life electric vehicle use, J. Power Sources. 245 (2014) 846–856. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.052.

M. Broussely, S. Herreyre, P. Biensan, P. Kasztejna, K. Nechev, R.. Staniewicz, Aging mechanism in Li ion cells and calendar life predictions, J. Power Sources. 97-98 (2001) 13–21. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00722-4.

P. Gyan, Experimental study and modelling of calendar ageing of lithium-ion batteries for EV and HEV applications : SIMCAL Project, (2014) 78280.

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Ageing tests in the scientific projects

Scientific papers on this approach

Physics based modelling G. Ning, R.E. White, B.N. Popov, A generalized cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries, Electrochimica Acta, 2005, pp. 2012-2022

L. Liu, J. Park, X. Lin, A.M. Sastry, W. Lu, A thermal-electrochemical model that gives spatial-dependent growth of solid electrolyte interphase in a Li-ion battery, Journal of Power Sources, 2014, pp. 482-490

T. Waldmann, M. Wilka, M. Kasper, M. Fleischhammer, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries – A Post-Mortem study, J. Power Sources. 262 (2014) 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.112.

B.Y. Liaw, R.G. Jungst, G. Nagasubramanian, H.L. Case, D.H. Doughty, Modeling capacity fade in lithium-ion cells, J. Power Sources. 140 (2005) 157–161. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.017.

27


Some test result of cyclelife test

Source: Internal workshop deliverable 9.7

http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201

605-Internal/BATT2020-

INTERNAL%20WORKSHOP_2405_EM_V2.

pptx

Source: Schmalstieg, Journal of

Power Sources, 257, 325-334, 2014

http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-Internal/BATT2020-INTERNAL WORKSHOP_2405_EM_V2.pptx







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A test result for calendar life tests

Including data fitting to derive according to a phenomenological law

0 100 200 300 400-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

R2=0.62

t / days

R2=0.64

Qlo

ss,C

V,1

C / A

h

T=5°C

SoC=50%

SoC=100%

0 100 200 300 400-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

R2=0.96

t / days

R2=0.95

R2=0.96

Qlo

ss,C

V,1

C / A

h

T=25°C

SoC=50%

SoC=90%

SoC=100%

0 200 400 600-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

R2=1.00

t / days

R2=0.99

R2=0.95

Qlo

ss,C

V,1

C / A

h

T=45°C

SoC=50%

SoC=90%

SoC=100%

0 100 200 300 400-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

R2=0.89

t / days

R2=0.96

R2=0.84

Qlo

ss,C

V,1

C / A

h

T=60°C

SoC=50%

SoC=90%

SoC=100%


http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/

201605-

External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery

%20models.pdf

Source: Poster Mat4Bat: Calendar life

and life-cycling ageing modelling of a

commercial lithium ion battery @ ABAA8







29

A more generic ageing approach that enables a model for ageing behaviour has an advantage over specific drive cycles and power trains.

Out of the model the ageing can be derived for specific drivelines and car usage.



http://www.batteries2020.eu/publications/201605-

External/SessionIII_Validated%20battery%20models.pdf




30

Proposition for ageing tests in standards

Classic approach by specific drive cycles

Ageing tests by IEC, ISO, etc. cover many tests and are still not representative for the electric drivelines and car usage.

Depending on the driveline the power of the battery or the energy becomes more important.

Car owners that drive a lot on motorways using fast charging age the battery differently from those who drive within their city.

Added value of the scientific approach

Predictive value for many possible cycles, not just for 1 condition

A more generic ageing approach that enables a model for ageing behaviour would be better.

Out of the model the ageing can be derived for specific drivelines and car usage.

This is important for the industry

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Proposition for ageing tests in standards

This is important for the industry

Thus, it should be standardised

Needed: derivation of a minimum viable test scheme to obtain

empirical law

Physics-based ageing prediction

The methodological approach is established by several projects and papers

Possible committees

CLC/TC21X Secondary cells and batteries

IEC SC21A Batteries with alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes

32

Grietus Mulder Researcher Smart Grids & Electricity storage EnergyVille / VITO Thor park André Dumontlaan 67 B-3600 Genk [email protected] +32 14 33 58 59

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Annex Description of ageing tests in standards

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Annex Topics of main standardisation groups

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Topics of main standardisation groups

IEC TC21 Secondary cells and batteries

IEC 61427 series Batteries for renewable energy storage

IEC 62485 series Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations (with parts for Li-ion, lead-acid,…)

IEC/EN 60952 series Aircraft batteries

IEC/EN 60896 series Stationary lead-acid batteries

IEC/EN 60254-1 Lead-acid traction batteries

IEC/EN 61056 series General purpose lead-acid batteries (valve-regulated types)

IEC 62660 series Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles

Under development Flow battery systems for stationary applications

Under development Secondary high temperature cells and batteries

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IEC SC21A Batteries with alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes

IEC/EN 61233 series Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications

IEC 62620 Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications

IEC 62619 Safety requirements for large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for stationary and motive applications

IEC 61960 series Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications

IEC/EN 61951 series Portable sealed rechargeable single cells (NiCd, NiMH)

IEC/EN 60622 Sealed nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells

IEC/EN 60623 Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells

Under development Secondary lithium batteries for use in road vehicles not for the propulsion

Under development Safety requirements for secondary lithium batteries for use in road vehicles not for the propulsion

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IEC TC120 Electric energy storage (EES) systems

All under development :

IEC 62933-1 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Terminology

IEC 62933-2 Electric Energy Storage (EES) systems - Unit parameters and testing methods of electrical energy storage (EES) system - Part 1: General specification

IEC 62933-3 Planning and installation of electrical energy storage systems

IEC/TS 62933-4 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems - Guidance on environmental issues

IEC/TS 62933-5 Safety considerations related to the integrated electrical energy storage (EES) systems

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IEC TC69 Electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks IEC 61851 series Electric vehicle conductive charging system

IEC 61980 series Electric vehicle wireless power transfer (WPT) systems

IEC TS 62763 Pilot function through a control pilot circuit using PWM (pulse width modulation) and a control pilot wire

IEC 62576 Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles - Test methods for electrical characteristics

Under development IEC 62840 series Electric vehicle battery swap system

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IEC TC113 Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems

IEC TS 62607 series Nanomanufacturing - Key control characteristics

IEC 62565 series Nanomanufacturing - Material specifications

IEC/TS 62876 series Nanotechnology - Reliability

ISO/TS 80004 series Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary

For battery materials: Nano-enabled energy storage, under development

IEC TS 62607-4 series Nanomanufacturing - Key control characteristics

Part 4-1: Cathode nanomaterials for nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Electrochemical characterisation, 2-electrode cell method

Part 4-2: Physical characterization of nanomaterials, density measurement

Part 4-3: Nano-enabled electrical energy storage - Contact and coating resistivity measurements for nanomaterials

Part 4-4 Thermal Characterization of Nanomaterials, Nail Penetration Method

Part 4-5 Cathode nanomaterials - Electrochemical characterisation, 3-electrode cell method

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ISO TC22 Road vehicles

ISO 12405-1 series Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Test specification for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems

Part 1: High-power applications

Part 2: High-energy applications

Part 3: Safety performance requirements

ISO/NP 6469 series Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Safety specifications

ISO/IEC PAS 16898 Electrically propelled road vehicles - Dimensions and designation of secondary lithium-ion cells

Under development

ISO/DIS 18300.2 Electrically propelled road vehicles -- Specifications for lithium-ion battery systems combined with lead acid battery or capacitor

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CENELEC

CLC/TC21X Secondary cells and batteries

EN 50272 series Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations.

CLC/TC301 Road vehicles

EN 1987 series Electrically propelled road vehicles - Specific requirements for safety.

For batteries is of interest:

Part 1: on board energy storage

putting science into standards (psis) workshop 2016 · putting science into standards (psis)...

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