pwr pt science history enriched college levelicb.poprerar.2.3.10
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
1/118
150TH ANNIVERSARY VICTORIA BRIDGE, 1859
mid-December, first train;
1860 August, celebration
H. J. McQueen, Prof Emeritus, Mechanical Eng.,
Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
2/118
THE VICTORIA BRIDGE
1859, TUBULAR - WROUGHT IRON*
1898, TRUSS STEEL* (*HOT RIVETED)
1957, SPUR, LIFT SPANS
DUCTILE WROUGHT IRON WITHSTANDS FATIGUE
TO KEEP THE TRAINS ON TIME & ON TRACK
IMMOVABLE SHARP PIERS SPLIT
THE IRRESISTIBLE ICE, STOPPED CITY FLOODS
*********
111 YEARS-YOUNG STEEL TRUSS, (1898): STILL VITAL SEA-T0-SEA RAIL LINK
*********
51 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE SEAWAY (1958)
SWITCHED BRIDGE INTO DOUBLE LIFT SPANS
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
3/118
Isle Notre Dame to east was much smaller and
used as rail ferry terminal; rest very shallow
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
4/118
HERITAGE: INDUSTRIAL ? CULTURAL ?
- Cultural implies impact on citizens minds
- Engineering appreciated historically in bridges
- Bridges: long life, frequent use, noticeable- Significant bridges need superstructure:suspension, cantilever, arch, truss
- Scenic settings: broad river, cliff banks
- In case of Quebec Bridge fortunately not ofVictoria, legend heightened by collapse inconstruction or of a previous structure.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
5/118
Front page (1m x 0.5m) ofReport on Construction of
bridge .
Lithographs of construction
scenes, technical drawings,
diagrams of machinery,
tools, components.Very fancy 1m x 0.5m
presentation to Prince of
Wales.
Contractors: Peto, Brassey
& Betts.
Thomas Brassey, set upand ran Canada Works in
Birkenhead UK to make
every piece of the bridge
spans
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
6/118
THE VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE (1859) -
WROUGHT IRON
Victoria Tubular Bridge viewed from the northwest,showing the gradual incline towards the center span(Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
7/118
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL
RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#1)
Replace less reliable crossing of St. Lawrence
Steam ferries in summer
Ice road in mid winter (even a railroad)
In spring/fall, hand rowed cutter pulled across ice flows
Connected Eastern Townships with Montreal.
Extensive rail network in absence of roads.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
8/118
Crossing by row boat when ice floes present
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
9/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
10/118
Railroads with no bridge
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
11/118
Ferries operated when ice floes absent
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
12/118
Rail crossing on ice, only for 2 or 3 years.
One locomotive fell through ice near shore
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
13/118
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL
RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#2)
Integrated connection to Upper Canada.
Population grew: 1842 487,000 - 1861 1,396,000
Entry into the modern world with a continuous rail system Britain 1825-1850 60,000 miles of rail road
Future prospects of Progress and Economic Growth
City population 1860, ~70,000; 1898, ~350,000
National unity, strong support from politicians
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
14/118
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL
RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#3)
Connection to Atlantic to overcome winter cut-off of river and of
Lachine Canal
Compete with the US railroads and the Erie Canal
Compete:
for passengers with networking system of steamboats and stage coaches
for freight with boats on rivers, lakes, and canals.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
15/118
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT
ADVANCES IN POWER GENERATION STEAM ENGINE, EFFICIENCYINTENSITY, CONTINUITY, MAGNITUDE, SPECIFIC CAPACITY
PROGRESS IN VOLUME AND QUALITY OFIRON AND STEEL
IMPROVED ACCURACY IN MACHINING COMPONENTS
RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILERS, SHIP HULLS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
16/118
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT
RAILS (initially iron straps on wood),
RAIL NETWORKS, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron
BRIDGES (in Britain: 25, 000 in 70 years)
RAILROADS: LOCOMOTIVES (G + R STEPHENSON),
ROLLING STOCK
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
17/118
CREATIVE DEMANDS
BRIDGE STRUCTURES; LOW RISE unlike arch
RESISTANT TO HEAVY FATIGUE LOADING
MATERIALS: HIGH DUCTILITY; PROPERTIESDEFINED
JOINING:: HOT DRIVEN RIVETS (no welding)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
18/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
19/118
Glens Viaduct in Western Highlands, Scotland
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
20/118
Glens Viaduct in Western Highla
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
21/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
22/118
IRON BRIDGE, FIRST OF CAST IRON
River Severn near Coalbrookdale
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
23/118
Cast iron girder bridges above 30m
Subject to brittle fracture
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
24/118
Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889
Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1888
sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west
of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
25/118
IMAGINED TUBULAR BRIDGE (ABOUT1850) WOOD OR DUCTILE WROUGHT (F0RGED) IRON
24 medium spans plus a longer center span gradual incline towards the center span
prows on the piers for breaking ice floes. Thick protective abutment walls to hold shore ice (Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
26/118
Double Walled caisson towed into position.
Sank from rocks between walls.
Sealed with clay.
Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
27/118
Bottom of Caisson
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
28/118
Steam shovel, note chain to stationary engineOne of first in North America.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
29/118
Boulder from bottom to
commemorate 6000 typhus victims
1846-47
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
30/118
Piers under construction, 1856
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
31/118
Pier design: Height 30m x 30m x 8m
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
32/118
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT
EUROPE: MASONRY REPLACED BY METALS
(masonry trestle) Arch - suspension box girder cantilever
NORTH AMERICA: WOOD REPLACED BY IRON THEN STEEL
(Wood trestle), wooden truss, suspension, cantilever.
In USA much greater experimentation than in Europe.
Covered wooden truss bridges: 1000 in Quebec, 400 in N.B., many in USA
1850 START OF BEAM AND TRUSS THEORY
BRIDGES DESIGN LIMITED BY MATERIALS
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
33/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
34/118
Robert Stephenson
William Fairbairn
The principal figures in the building of
the Britannia Bridge.
Stephenson from L.T.C. Rolt, The
Railway Revolution (New York, 1962).
Fairbairn from Life of Sir William
Fairbairn (London, 1877).
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
35/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
36/118
Britannia Bridge, Great Tunnel in the Sky
Twin tubes, 2main spans 140m, at Menai Straights, Wales
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
37/118
Transverse section through
middle of tubeLongitudinal section through middle of tube
Final design of Britannia Bridge. From Fairbairn, An Account of the Construction of the Britannia and
Conway Bridges (London, 1849), plate 4
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
38/118
Hot rolled sections riveted to plates
To create joints, prevent buckling
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
39/118
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS
RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES NEAR
HEADS
HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING PRESSURE
CLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET
CONTRACTION
THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF PLATE
SPLICES
GIVE WATERTIGHT JOINTS: ships,boilers.
RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
40/118
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#1)
WROUGHT IRON DUCTILE FORM
1200BC Reduced from ore as solid blooms
Forge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,
folding, welding and dividing
CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (
compression)
~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C
1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron
1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in hearth
Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet
Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
41/118
Etched microstructures of wrought iron showing slag stringers: a) elongated,
parallel in rolled bars on left and irregular from primary hammering on right, as
prepared by Kirkaldy in 1862, (after C.S. Smith, 1960 [21]); and b,c) elongated slag lying inrecrystallized ferrite grains (X50) and c) exhibiting FeO and Fe2O3 (X500, bar 10 m) [24].
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
42/118
Wrought iron fracture:: macroscopic splitting along
the slag stringers in a Charpy specimen. [23]
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
43/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
44/118
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#2)
WROUGHT IRON DUCTILE FORM
1200BC Reduced from ore as solid bloomsForge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,
folding, welding and dividing
CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (compression)
~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C
1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in hearth
Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet
Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood
CANADA 1857:: 7 ironworks ONNB 5-9 kt pigi ron, ..
. 0.5 kt WI finery forges
9 foundries, 2 puddling hearths Montreal
1850 Forges St. Maurice 2k tons/yr, ~0.5 kt/y WI forge, no rolling
1859 Victoria Bridge, 9000 tons (Canada ~5kt pig, ~0.5kt WI)
1900 Charcoal pig iron (18kt) very good for railroad wheels
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
45/118
Map of Eastern Canada showing location of iron works and their dates of operation;
the Forges St. Maurice QC (1729-1883) was the first and the longest lived.
Grantham QC, Radnor QC, Londonderry NS and Ferrona NS continued to the end of
the charcoal era [30].
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
46/118
At the Forges St. Maurice The hydraulic system, as designed by
Chaussegros de Lery, drove the bellows
A for the blast furnace (high carbon iron) and
B, C for the finery furnaces associated with the two forging
hammers to work the low carbon iron [22]
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
47/118
At Forges St. Maurice, water-powered shaft with 4 teeth raisedhelvehammerfor beating the slag out of finery iron muck barsExcept for hammer / anvil, the hurst frame constructed mainly of
wood reinforced with iron straps; the projecting horizontal woodenspring safely limited the upward throw of the hammer
Similar iron-framed, steam-powered hammers used to about 1900.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
48/118
VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859
- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME;Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes
- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)
- Ship platerib structure, riveted- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched
components from England (technologytransfer from Brittania Bridge)
- Canadian iron works insufficient WIcapacity (Forges St.Maurice no puddlingfurnace, 2 in Montreal - sheet for nails)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
49/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
50/118
VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#1)
Robert Stephenson, Chief Designer (Britannia B., 1850 #)
(# 2 x 138m + 2 x 69m, twin tubes 4.9m x 9m high
Alex M. Ross, Chief Engineer (GTR)
James Hodges, Chief Site Engineer
Peto, Brassey and Betts contractor (Britannia B.). .. Thomas Brassey, chief engineer, Canada Works fabrication
.shop, Birkenhead, U.K.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
51/118
VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#3)
Wrought Iron from Britannia Iron Works (Britain)
Fabrication, Canada Works, Birkenhead, UK
Allowed Stress 11 ksi, (76MPa)
Weight 9,050 tons Cost 6.3$M (285$/ft)
Comparison (Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)
(Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 by
cantilever)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
52/118
CANADA WORKS, BIRKENHEAD
sheared, bent every plate, angle, tee
Punched all hole with Ross-Jaquardcomputer steam puncher
Fabricated each span, numbered every piece
Each complete span shipped in separate ship
No parts lost, nor too many
Field construction only 6 months per year
Thomas Brassey
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
53/118
View of construction, Montreal end
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
54/118
Laying the floor beams of the tube, workmen are aligning holes in
preparation for the riveting team standing by the forge at the right.
Rivets joining web and flange angles are clearly seen in the lithograph.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
55/118
Riveting Gang.
Rivet Heater, Back Holder
(12 lb mass)2 Hammer men (91 lb)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
56/118
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS1780
SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK
RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY
Procedure heating cherry red, (980rC, austenite)
..portable forge (rivet boy)
RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12 .POUND -HAMMER (HOLDER)
RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,
-(2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]
1840 IN SHOPS, HYDRAULICCSHAPED RIVETERS
1920 IN FIELD, PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING BAR HOLDER.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
57/118
Tube, scaffolding. Traveling crane.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
58/118
Span on scaffolding (French Canadian wood framers).
Traveling cranes.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
59/118
Center span constructed in winter.
Scaffolding supported on bottom.
Materials transported on ice.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
60/118
Completed Victoria Tubular bridge
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
61/118
The Engineers:
Robert Stephenson chief designer
William Fairbairn test to optimize
Alexander Ross - chief engineer
James Hodges site engineer
Thomas Brassey part manufacturer, site survey
T. C. & S. Keefer - site survey, selection
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
62/118
Interior; Light at End of Tunnel
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
63/118
White pine timber raft from Ottawa Valley
to Quebec City for Europe
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
64/118
After sailing up through Lachine Canal,
Duchess of York shooting the Lachine Rapids to return
under VicB
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
65/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
66/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
67/118
Locomotive Lady Elgin pulling train of Prince of Wales
On Grand Trunk RR to opening ofVictoria Tubular Bridge
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
68/118
CAST IRON FAADE J.W. HOPKINS ST.CATHERINE+UNIVERSITY S.W.
The Crystal Palace, opened by His Royal Highness August 25, 1860
Moved to Park Ave. 1878, Destroyed by fire 1896
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
69/118
ClendinnengsFoundry in Montreal, 1872
The McDougalls have made Grantham into a significant concern. It supplies
pig iron to the main foundries of our country, particularly the McDougall
foundry in Montreal. The iron is reputed to be the best in North America for
railcar wheels and other goods.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
70/118
1888, WI through truss
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
71/118
MODERN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES
Concorde B. (1965) 3 x 160m + 2 x 150m (Montreal, Ile Ste-
Helene)
Neus B. (1953), 203m + 2 x 101m (Dusseldorf/Rhine) Vertical web 7m deep at pier tapered to mid span
(Germany built 320 km of bridging by 1955 replacing 4800
destroyed)
Severn B. (1966), 972m suspension, deck: air foil box 3mdeep x 22m wide
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
72/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
73/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
74/118
VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#4)
Grand Trunk Railway, bridge essential system link
Intense Traffic 100 Trains/Day in 1897
Comparison
(Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)
(Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 bycantilever)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
75/118
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#3)
STEEL (only hardened steel before 1860)Swords: Rome, India, Japan, Arabia, Europe
1850 (60kt) for cutting tools, cutlery
1865 mild steel from pig iron in Bessemer converter and Siemens-Martin open hearth
1900 World 28Mt, Britain 5Mt, USA 11Mt, Canada 0.1Mt
CANADA 1901 Dominion Iron & Steel, Sydney
1903 Algoma Steel, Sault St-Marie
100kt of C steel mainly for rails
No high strength Ni steel, no plate mill
1859 Victoria Tubular B. 9,000 ton WI
1898 Victoria Truss B. 22,000 tons
(Bessemer)
1901-1907 Quebec B.
collapsed
73,000 tons
1910-1917 Quebec B. Final 23,000 tons
50,000 tons Ni steel
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
76/118
Metal pig iron WI Steel
1850 4.7 Mt 3Mt (60%) 60 kt
Canada 5 kt 0.5 kt 0.1 Mt
1900 39 Mt 0.5Mt( 1.3%) 28 Mt
APPLICATIONS TRANSFER FROM WROUGHT IRON TO STEEL
RAILS AXLES WHEELS SHIPS BR IDGES BUILDINGS
STEEL BEGINS 1865* 1890 1900 1860 1870 1888
WROUGHT IRON
ENDS
1890 1910 1910 1890 1890 1900
*RAILS, STEEL 18 X LIFE OFIRON 1889 EIFFEL TOWER 300M
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
77/118
THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL,
HOT RIVETED
A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,
showing Mount Royal and the City in the background(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].
The iers had been widened above the rows and the abutments sim lified.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
78/118
The Eleventh Pier and Section of Twelfth Span
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
79/118
The cross-section of the double-track truss is shown in reference to the single-
track tube cross-section that was replaced. The truss had twice the lineal
weight but could carry close to 4 times the load in increased train weights and
added road traffic. (After Szeliski [5].)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
80/118
Construction of the truss span around the tube supported
by a wider construction frame directly resting on the piersIt could be rolled forward span by span, supported on the tube [
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
81/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
82/118
VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#1)
Double Track (9.5m wide), Old piers widened at top
Constructed around tube (traffic never stopped)
19 spans Detroit B. Co., 6 spans Dominion B. Co.
Pratt Trusses, height mid span: center 18m, side 12m
Stress: allowed 21Ksi (145MPa) Yield Stress 35Ksi
Weight: 22,000 tons Cost: 2M$ for new work
J. Hobson, chief engineer, GTR
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
83/118
Victoria Truss 1898:: Horse/carriage approaching Montreal
Steam locomotives in two directions
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
84/118
THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
85/118
THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) STEEL,
HOT RIVETED
A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,
showing Mount Royal and the City in the background(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].
The iers had been widened above the rows and the abutments sim lified.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
86/118
VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#2)
Carriage ways (5m) outside the trusses; FIRST ACROSS ST. LAWRENCE
1908 trolley track on east side, 1955 2 lane road
1935 west side widened to 2 lanes
1958 2 lift spans, Seaway, ends ofSt-Lambertlock
alternate auto roads on canal banks
Spur rail bridge 5 spans, fly over for autos
Girders placed under spur switch spans, replacing trusses (traffic neverstopped)
Seaway 1958
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
87/118
Seaway 1958
2 lift spans,, ends ofSt-Lambertlock
Spur rail bridge 5 spans, rolled sections,
welded into similar trussGirders placed under spur-switch spans,
replacing trusses (traffic never stopped)
fly over for autos alternate auto roads oncanal banks
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
88/118
Photograph (~1980) of the Victoria Bridge from the north-west shows the trusses rising to
the higher center span and the new spur going to the west lift-span (outlined against sky)
over the seaway.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
89/118
Diagram of the track diversion required by the introduction of twin lift-spans at the Seaway. The
turnout (lower right) required replacement of two original spans by below-track girders and
construction of a spur with 6 new spans on piers in line (of water flow) with the old ones. (After
Szeliski [5].)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
90/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
91/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
92/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
93/118
Girder above track holding up right side,
Left side truss and transverse beams are cut away
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
94/118
Girders below track at switch,
two truss spans removed (view from spur)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
95/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
96/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
97/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
98/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
99/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
100/118
VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859
- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME toChicago; Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes
- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)
- Ship platerib structure, riveted- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched
components from England (technologytransfer from Brittania Bridge)
- Canadian iron works insufficient WI capacity(Forges St.Maurice no puddling furnace, 2 inMontreal - sheet for nails)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
101/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
102/118
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS1780 SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK
RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORYheating cherry red, 980rC, austenite, portable forge (rivet boy)
RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12 POUND - HAMMER
(HOLDER)
RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,
- (2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]IN SHOPS, HYDRAULICCSHAPED RIVETERS; IN FIELD,PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING BAR HOLDER.
RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES NEAR HEADS
HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING PRESSURECLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET CONTRACTION
THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF PLATE SPLICES - GIVE
WATERTIGHT JOINT.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
103/118
WORLD PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL
1850 1870 1880 1890 1900 1918
PIG IRON
(BLAST
FURNACE,
COKE)
4.7MT
B>1/2
G~1/2
(70%) * PUDDLE*
BRITAIN
GERMAN
USA
(5%)* 39MT
1/4
1/4
~1/3
CHARCOAL,
COKE,CANADA
5KT 10KT
0KT
(1885)
(1885)
(4. KT)
(20 KT)
18 KT
80 KT
0KT
3MT
PUDDLED
IRON
3 MT
2KT
BRITAIN
CANADA
0.5 MT
STEEL
T tons
60KT
0.2KT
0.5 MT
12KT
22KT
(1873)
(0.65MT)
(0.2MT)
BRITAIN
GERMAN
USACANADA
28 MT
4.9 MT
8.0 MT
11 MT0.1 MT #
2.5 MT
# CANADA: 1910~0.5 MT, 1939 ~1 MT, 1960 5T, 1970 11 MT
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
104/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
105/118
St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge during construction.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
106/118
St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
107/118
Cast iron arch bridge on river Spey by Telford
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
108/118
National energy policy 1973,
Piere Trudeau, Macdonald
Alberta energy planning to
make much money
(after being subsidized on oil
price by Ontario for 20 years)
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
109/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
110/118
Map
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
111/118
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
112/118
Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889
Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1888
sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west
of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
113/118
Double Walled caisson towed into position.
Sank from rocks between walls.
Sealed with clay.
Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
114/118
Bottom of Caisson
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
115/118
Steam shovel
One of first in North America.
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
116/118
Boulder from bottom tocommemorate 6000 typhus victims
1846-47
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
117/118
Piers under construction, 1856
-
8/7/2019 Pwr Pt Science History Enriched College LevelicB.poprerar.2.3.10
118/118