PY 101PY 101SemesterSemesterReviewReview

Psychological Psychological Perspectives on Human Perspectives on Human

BehaviorBehavior

• Examination of human behavior and experience from a psychological perspective.

• Application of psychological principles to understanding human behavior. (3 hrs)

Grading Scale

100 – 92% A 91 – 80% B 79 - 70% C 69 - 60% D 59% and below F

History & RootsHistory & Roots• Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt• Edward TitchenerEdward Titchener• William JamesWilliam James• John Watson John Watson • B. F. SkinnerB. F. Skinner• Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud• The GestaltistsThe Gestaltists• The HumanistsThe Humanists

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Founded Founded psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis, focused on focused on unconscious unconscious thoughts in thoughts in determining determining behavior.behavior.

Freudian TheoryFreudian Theory

Personality componentsPersonality components

• Id:Id: Concerned with drive satisfaction, Concerned with drive satisfaction, provides the motive power; follows the provides the motive power; follows the pleasure principle (the horse)pleasure principle (the horse)

• Ego:Ego: Rational thought; controls & channels Rational thought; controls & channels id; follows the reality principle (the rider)id; follows the reality principle (the rider)

• Superego:Superego: Oversees balance between ego & Oversees balance between ego & id; internalized parental control; much like aid; internalized parental control; much like a conscience

According to Freud’s theory, People are born into the world

with which of these?

• ID

• EGO

• Superego

• Collective Unconscious

According to Freud’s theory, People are born into the world

with which of these?

•ID• EGO

• Superego

• Collective Unconscious

Carl JungCarl Jung

Personality Theory:• Ego

• Personal Unconscious: Like a combination of Freud's preconscious and unconscious

• Collective Unconscious: Inherited tendencies to respond in a particular way (archetypes) shared by all humans

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler

• Humans motivated by Humans motivated by the need to overcome the need to overcome inferiority and strive inferiority and strive for significancefor significance

• Inferiority Complex:Inferiority Complex: Adler's term for Adler's term for feelings of inferiority feelings of inferiority that interfere with that interfere with developmentdevelopment

Karen HorneyKaren Horney

• Stressed need for safety & satisfaction

• Childhood frustration may lead to development of basic anxiety & neurosis

Tyranny of the Should:Tyranny of the Should: Horney's term for Horney's term for focusing on an unrealistic, perfect self-image focusing on an unrealistic, perfect self-image that leads to dissatisfactionthat leads to dissatisfaction

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to attribute psychological problems to the unconscious?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Skinner

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to attribute psychological problems to the unconscious?

FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Skinner

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to attribute human motivation to striving for superiority?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. BreuerD. Adler

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to attribute human motivation to striving for superiority?

• A. FreudB. PavlovC. Breuer

D. Adler

ResearchResearch•Search for RespectSearch for Respect

•Scientific methodsScientific methods

Science & ProofScience & Proof

• A deductionA deduction is proven if the general premise is true and the logic is valid.

• An inductionAn induction goes beyond the known data, and thus can never be proven.

Science, then does not prove things, Science, then does not prove things, because all information about the because all information about the

outside observable world is inductiveoutside observable world is inductive.

Research methodsResearch methods• Naturalistic ObservationNaturalistic Observation• Laboratory ObservationLaboratory Observation• Case StudiesCase Studies• SurveysSurveys• ExperimentsExperiments• Experiments of NatureExperiments of Nature

CorrelationCorrelation

-1 0 1

HighHigh

HIGHERHIGHER

The The Correlation Correlation Co-efficientCo-efficient

LowLow

Whitney realized that the less time she spent partying, the better her grades were. This would be a(n) ________ correlation.

• A. interestingB. zeroC. positiveD. negative

Whitney realized that the less time she spent partying, the better her grades were. This would be a(n) ________ correlation.

• A. interestingB. zeroC. positive

D. negative

ExperimentsExperiments• Involve random assignment and controlled

manipulation

• Causal claims possible

• Independent variables manipulated by E

• Dependent variables supposedly affected by independent variables

• Experimental groups get the different values of the independent variables. Control groups do not.

Dr. Tyler provides relaxation training to half of the Pauline tennis team prior to the national Championships. After the matches she compares the points the athletes were assigned for their performances. In this study, the points are the

• A. variable.B. independent variable.C. dependent variable.D. operationalized factor.

Dr. Tyler provides relaxation training to half of the Pauline tennis team prior to the national Championships. After the matches she compares the points the athletes were assigned for their performances. In this study, the points are the

• A. variable.B. independent variable.

C. dependent variable.D. operationalized factor.

BiologyBiology• NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

• Brain FunctioningBrain Functioning

• BalancesBalances

The Neuron

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

• AcetylcholineAcetylcholine: important for learning, memory, : important for learning, memory, muscle movementmuscle movement

• SerotoninSerotonin: influences mood and regulates food : influences mood and regulates food intakeintake

• DopamineDopamine: important to movement and to : important to movement and to frontal lobe activityfrontal lobe activity

• GABAGABA: important in inhibiting neural activity: important in inhibiting neural activity• NorepinephrineNorepinephrine: maintains alertness & : maintains alertness &

wakefulnesswakefulness• EndorphinsEndorphins: regulate firing of pain neurons: regulate firing of pain neurons

SynapseSynapse• Tiny gap between an axon terminal & another neuron (or specialized cell). • Firing neurons release neurotransmitters that cross the synapse.

• Synaptic Vesicles:Synaptic Vesicles:– Hold the neurotransmitter. Hold the neurotransmitter.

– Neural firing drives them to the synapse, Neural firing drives them to the synapse, where they release their chemicals.where they release their chemicals.

Chemical compounds that facilitate sending signals from one neuron to another are called

• A. axons.B. dendrites.C. neurotransmitters.D. synapses.

Chemical compounds that facilitate sending signals from one neuron to another are called

• A. axons.B. dendrites.C. neurotransmitters.D. synapses.

Human Human DevelopmentDevelopment

•ChildChild

•AdolescentAdolescent

•AdultAdult

Piaget’s TheoryPiaget’s Theory

• AssimilationAssimilationFitting new objects, events, etc. into Fitting new objects, events, etc. into an existing schemaan existing schema

• AccommodationAccommodationModifying a schema to fit new events, Modifying a schema to fit new events, objects, etc.objects, etc.

Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s Stages• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

• Preoperations (2-7 years)Preoperations (2-7 years)

• Concrete Operations (7-12 Concrete Operations (7-12 years)years)

• Formal Operations (12 and up)Formal Operations (12 and up)

Adolescent Cognition

• Grasp theoretical mathGrasp theoretical math

• Understand religious & political Understand religious & political philosophyphilosophy

• Decipher metaphors & analogies.Decipher metaphors & analogies.

Imaginary Audience

The strong focus on self leads The strong focus on self leads adolescents to feel that everyone adolescents to feel that everyone else is focused on them as wellelse is focused on them as well

Personal FablePersonal Fable

Adolescents assume Adolescents assume their thoughts and their thoughts and feelings are unique feelings are unique (no one has ever (no one has ever loved so deeply, etc.)loved so deeply, etc.)

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development of Piaget's theory:

• A. the child becomes adept at using words, images, and symbols to represent the world.B. infants and toddlers rely on their sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world.C. the child acquires the principle of conservation.D. the child uses logic to systematically solve problems.

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development of Piaget's theory:

• A. the child becomes adept at using words, images, and symbols to represent the world.B. infants and toddlers rely on their sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world.C. the child acquires the principle of conservation.D. the child uses logic to systematically solve problems.

Erickson’s StagesErickson’s Stages

StageStage AgeAgeTrust vs. MistrustTrust vs. Mistrust 0-10-1Autonomy vs. Shame & DoubtAutonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1-31-3Initiative vs. GuiltInitiative vs. Guilt 3-63-6Industry vs. InferiorityIndustry vs. Inferiority 6-Puberty6-PubertyIdentity vs. Role ConfusionIdentity vs. Role Confusion AdolescenceAdolescenceIntimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation Young AdultYoung AdultGenerativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. Stagnation Middle-AgeMiddle-AgeIntegrity vs. DespairIntegrity vs. Despair Old AgeOld Age

Life Course in WomenLife Course in Women

1) 1) No children phaseNo children phase

2) 2) Starting a family-preschool phaseStarting a family-preschool phase

3) 3) School-age phaseSchool-age phase

4) 4) Adolescent phaseAdolescent phase

5) 5) Launching phaseLaunching phase

6) 6) Postparental phasePostparental phase

(Reinke, Ellicott, & Harris, 1985)

Later Adulthood

• Some physical and sensory decline is Some physical and sensory decline is commoncommon

• Exercise slows physical decline Exercise slows physical decline dramaticallydramatically

• Continued sexual activity common Continued sexual activity common among those over 80among those over 80

Intelligence & AgingIntelligence & Aging

• Intellectual abilities peak in the Intellectual abilities peak in the mid-40'smid-40's

• Intellectual decline generally Intellectual decline generally doesn't set in until the mid-60's, doesn't set in until the mid-60's, and is modest until the 80'sand is modest until the 80's

Later AdulthoodLater Adulthood• Only 13% of those over 65 are below the Only 13% of those over 65 are below the

poverty linepoverty line

• The majority of people view retirement The majority of people view retirement positivelypositively

• Losing a spouse increases both mortality Losing a spouse increases both mortality and suicide ratesand suicide rates

The KThe Küübler-Ross Stages bler-Ross Stages of Dyingof Dying

1) Denial and Isolation1) Denial and Isolation

2) Anger2) Anger

3) Bargaining3) Bargaining

4) Depression4) Depression

5) Acceptance5) Acceptance

In Kohlberg's theory, each level of moral reasoning is based on the:

• A. degree to which a person obeys the law.B. degree to which a person avoids morally ambivalent situations.C. person's level of egocentrism.D. degree to which a person conforms to conventional standards in society.

In Kohlberg's theory, each level of moral reasoning is based on the:

• A. degree to which a person obeys the law.B. degree to which a person avoids morally ambivalent situations.C. person's level of egocentrism.D. degree to which a person conforms to conventional standards in society.

PersonalityPersonality• Who am I?Who am I?

• Knowing others and how to Knowing others and how to interactinteract

• AssessmentAssessment

Trait TheoriesTrait Theories

• Explain differences between people Explain differences between people in terms of stable personality traitsin terms of stable personality traits

• Modern day psychologists have Modern day psychologists have found 5 personality dimensions that found 5 personality dimensions that span culturesspan cultures

Behaviorist Theory

Behavior determined by:

• RewardReward

• PunishmentPunishment

• Classical conditioning Classical conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

• Bandura's Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism Reciprocal Determinism andand Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy

• Rotter's Rotter's Locus of ControlLocus of Control

Personality & Heredity

Heritability can be calculated Heritability can be calculated by comparing traits of twins by comparing traits of twins reared together and twins reared together and twins reared apartreared apart

AssessmentAssessment• ObservationObservation

• InterviewsInterviews

• Rating ScalesRating Scales

• InventoriesInventories

• Projective TestsProjective Tests

Problems

• Observations, interviews, & rating Observations, interviews, & rating scales suffer from reliability problems scales suffer from reliability problems & the halo effect& the halo effect

• Halo Effect:Halo Effect:

Assuming that someone with one Assuming that someone with one favorable trait has many others as wellfavorable trait has many others as well

The MMPI-2

• The most widely-used inventoryThe most widely-used inventory

• Consists of 567 true-false questionsConsists of 567 true-false questions

The CPI

• An MMPI-like test designed for An MMPI-like test designed for normal individualsnormal individuals

• The MMPI is more useful for The MMPI is more useful for clinical purposes, the CPI for clinical purposes, the CPI for normal populationsnormal populations

Projective Tests

• The Rorschach Inkblot TestThe Rorschach Inkblot Test

• The Thematic Apperception The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Test (TAT)

The Rorschach

Subject tells what each blot looks Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot like and what aspect of the blot triggered that responsetriggered that response

The Rorschach

• Responses scored on use of parts vs. Responses scored on use of parts vs. wholes, movement, content, use of colorwholes, movement, content, use of color

• Criticized for lack of reliability, low Criticized for lack of reliability, low validity (inability to predict behavior)validity (inability to predict behavior)

The TAT

• Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawingsdrawings

• Person describes what is Person describes what is happening in eachhappening in each

Sentence Completion

• A projective test requiring A projective test requiring completion of open-ended sentencescompletion of open-ended sentences

• May be more reliable than the TATMay be more reliable than the TAT

The Rorschach Ink Blot test is

• A subjective personality test

• A projective personality test

• A pencil and paper opinion questionnaire

• An example of invalid tests can be

The Rorschach Ink Blot test is

• A subjective personality test

• A projective personality test• A pencil and paper opinion questionnaire

• An example of invalid tests can be

Stress/HealthStress/Health

• Theories of StressTheories of Stress

• Impact on HealthImpact on Health

StressStress

The physiological & psychological The physiological & psychological response to conditions that threaten response to conditions that threaten or challengeor challenge

General Adaptation Syndrome

• Discovered by Hans Selye

• Involves the body's nonspecific response to stress

General Adaptation Syndrome

• Alarm: a threat mobilizes body resistance Alarm: a threat mobilizes body resistance to stressto stress

• Resistance: stress resistance reaches its Resistance: stress resistance reaches its maximummaximum

• Exhaustion: The organism's resources Exhaustion: The organism's resources for dealing with stress are exhausted -- for dealing with stress are exhausted -- stress resistance drops offstress resistance drops off

General AdaptationGeneral Adaptation

(Selye, 1956)

Sources of StressSources of Stress

• ConflictConflict

• Lack of Control & Lack of Control & UnpredictabilityUnpredictability

• Catastrophe & Post-Traumatic Catastrophe & Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderStress Disorder

CopingCoping• Problem-focusedProblem-focused coping: attempts to coping: attempts to

modify, reduce, or eliminate the source of modify, reduce, or eliminate the source of stressstress

• Emotion-focusedEmotion-focused coping: attempts to alter coping: attempts to alter the emotional response to the stressorthe emotional response to the stressor

• Religious belief appears to aid in coping Religious belief appears to aid in coping with stressful events such as death of a childwith stressful events such as death of a child

Type A Behavior

Anger

Impatience

Competitiveness

Time Urgency

HostilityHostility

An approach-avoidance conflict is caused by _____.

A) increasing life demands, hassles, and chronic stressors

B) an inaccurate or exaggerated response to a real or perceived threat to a valued relationship

C) having to choose between two or more alternatives, which both have desirable and undesirable results

D) a blocked goal

An approach-avoidance conflict is caused by _____.

A) increasing life demands, hassles, and chronic stressors

B) an inaccurate or exaggerated response to a real or perceived threat to a valued relationship

C) having to choose between two or more alternatives, which both have desirable and undesirable results

D) a blocked goal

DisordersDisorders

•AnxietyAnxiety

•MoodMood

•PsychosisPsychosis

Obsession is to ______ as compulsion is to _______.

• A. behaviors; behaviorsB. thoughts; thoughtsC. behavior; thoughtD. thought; behavior

Obsession is to ______ as compulsion is to _______.

• A. behaviors; behaviorsB. thoughts; thoughtsC. behavior; thought

D. thought; behavior

Anxiety Disorders

Fears & Phobias

Obsessive Compulsive

Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Panic DisorderDisorder

Panic Disorder

• Intense, short-lived, recurring Intense, short-lived, recurring attacks of overwhelming anxiety or attacks of overwhelming anxiety or terrorterror

• May involve the limbic systemMay involve the limbic system

Obsessive Compulsives

Obsessions

Anxiety

Compulsions

Reduce

Which of these is considered a “positive” symptom of

schizophrenia?

• Dull affect

• Withdrawn and talking very little

• Delusion

Which of these is considered a “positive” symptom of

schizophrenia?

•Delusion

Schizophrenia

• Positive Symptoms:Positive Symptoms:

Symptoms found in schizophrenicsSymptoms found in schizophrenics

• Negative Symptoms:Negative Symptoms:

Normal behaviors that are absent in Normal behaviors that are absent in schizophrenicsschizophrenics

Positive Symptoms

• HallucinationsHallucinations (mostly auditory) (mostly auditory)

• DelusionsDelusions (delusions of grandeur and (delusions of grandeur and persecution are most common)persecution are most common)

• Speech disturbancesSpeech disturbances (including word salad) (including word salad)

• Disorganized behaviorDisorganized behavior (including silliness, (including silliness, weird motor behaviors)weird motor behaviors)

• Inappropriate affectInappropriate affect (emotional responses (emotional responses that are inappropriate for the circumstances, that are inappropriate for the circumstances, such as crying at comedy shows)such as crying at comedy shows)

Negative Symptoms

• Social withdrawal, limited speech Social withdrawal, limited speech and action, poor hygiene, apathyand action, poor hygiene, apathy

• Flat affect (no emotional response Flat affect (no emotional response at all)at all)

Excess Dopamine

• 2/3 of schizophrenics improve when given 2/3 of schizophrenics improve when given dopamine reducersdopamine reducers

• PET scans show excess dopamine activity in PET scans show excess dopamine activity in suffererssufferers

• Drugs that increase dopamine cause Drugs that increase dopamine cause schizophrenic symptomsschizophrenic symptoms

• People taking excessive L-dopa have People taking excessive L-dopa have schizophrenic symptomsschizophrenic symptoms

Someone who sees, hears, or feels things that are not real would be regarded as having:

• A. delusionsB. hallucinationsC. depression with psychotic featuresD. depression with atypical features

Someone who sees, hears, or feels things that are not real would be regarded as having:

• A. delusionsB. hallucinationsC. depression with psychotic featuresD. depression with atypical features

Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder

• Seasonal Affective DisorderSeasonal Affective Disorder

• Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder

• A greater than normal mood fluctuation with the seasons

• Related to amount & intensity of light

Bipolar Disorder

• Manic episodes & extreme depression mixed with normal affect

• Mania involves delusional levels of optimism, euphoria, & energy

• Equally common in both sexes

• Sufferers make poor decisions while manic, withdraw when depressed

Causes & Treatments

• Depression:Depression:

low norepinephrine & serotonin levelslow norepinephrine & serotonin levels

• Mania:Mania:

high norepinephrine levelshigh norepinephrine levels

• Major Depressive Disorder:Major Depressive Disorder:

serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (e.g. Prozac)(e.g. Prozac)

Distorted Thinking

• Includes negative views of the Includes negative views of the world, the future, the selfworld, the future, the self

• Tied to poor reality testing, learned Tied to poor reality testing, learned helplessnesshelplessness

Schizophrenia is classified as

•Mood disorder•Anxiety Disorder•Psychotic Disorder•Personality Disorder

Schizophrenia is classified as

• Mood disorder

• Anxiety Disorder

•Psychotic Disorder• Personality Disorder

TherapyTherapy• Putting Theory into ActionPutting Theory into Action

• Match Client NeedsMatch Client Needs

• Specific GoalsSpecific Goals

Therapy Types

• Insight TherapiesInsight Therapies

• Behavioral TherapiesBehavioral Therapies

• Cognitive TherapiesCognitive Therapies

• Biological TherapiesBiological Therapies

Insight Therapies

• PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics

• Person-centered Therapy Person-centered Therapy

• Gestalt Therapy Gestalt Therapy

• Existential TherapyExistential Therapy

Psychodynamics

• Free associationFree association

• Analysis of ResistanceAnalysis of Resistance

• Dream analysisDream analysis

• Analysis of TransferenceAnalysis of Transference

Person-Centered Therapy

• A Humanistic therapyA Humanistic therapy

• Founded by RogersFounded by Rogers

• Uses mirroring & unconditional positive Uses mirroring & unconditional positive regard to promote self actualizationregard to promote self actualization

• Therapist must genuinely like the clientTherapist must genuinely like the client

• Therapist must have empathy for the clientTherapist must have empathy for the client

Humanism

• Only the client can judge if he or Only the client can judge if he or she is bettershe is better

• No way to independently verify No way to independently verify successsuccess

• Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching. Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior. Estella’s mother is using_________.

• a) reinforcement

• b) token economy

• c) modeling

• d) extinction

• Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching. Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior. Estella’s mother is using_________.

• a) reinforcement

• b) token economy

•c) modeling• d) extinction

Behavioral Therapy

• Problems arise from failure to learn Problems arise from failure to learn adaptive behavior or learning of adaptive behavior or learning of maladaptive behaviormaladaptive behavior

• Change through operant and Change through operant and classical conditioning techniquesclassical conditioning techniques

Cognitive Theory is best explained by:

• People learn by reinforced behavior

• People think illogically causing their own distress

• People continue to be influenced by their childhood conflicts

• People are frustrated because they cannot achieve self actualization

Cognitive Theory is best explained by:

• People learn by reinforced behavior

• People think illogically causing their own distress

• People continue to be influenced by their childhood conflicts

• People are frustrated because they cannot achieve self actualization

Cognitive Therapies

• Rational Emotive Therapy Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis) (Ellis)

• Beck's cognitive therapyBeck's cognitive therapy

Rational Emotive Therapy

• Attempts to modify the Attempts to modify the irrational beliefs that cause irrational beliefs that cause distressdistress

• Confrontational and directiveConfrontational and directive

Common Irrational Beliefs

• I must be perfect I must be perfect

• Everyone must love me Everyone must love me

• The past determines the future The past determines the future

• It is catastrophic when things don't go as It is catastrophic when things don't go as plannedplanned

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

• Automatic Thoughts: Thoughts people have Automatic Thoughts: Thoughts people have about life and the self that may be about life and the self that may be unreasonable but are accepted as accurate unreasonable but are accepted as accurate

• Automatic thoughts create depression and Automatic thoughts create depression and anxietyanxiety

• Goal: teach patients to stop the thoughts Goal: teach patients to stop the thoughts

Biological TherapiesPsychoactive drugs highly successful in reducing in-patient population

Mental Hospital

Population

Antipsychotic DrugsAntipsychotic Drugs

• Neuroleptics -- phenothiazine, butyrophenones

Neuroleptics may cause Tardive dyskinesia

• Clozapine and risperidone

Clozapine has a risk of producing blood clots

Antidepressants

• TricyclicsTricyclics

• Serotonin Selective Reuptake InhibitorsSerotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors

SSRIs (Prozac, Anafranil) have fewer side effects SSRIs (Prozac, Anafranil) have fewer side effects

• MAO inhibitorsMAO inhibitors

MAO inhibitors can't be taken with certain foodsMAO inhibitors can't be taken with certain foods

Tranquilizers

• Benzodiazapines (Librium, Valium, Benzodiazapines (Librium, Valium, Xanax)Xanax)

• Xanax more effective but somewhat Xanax more effective but somewhat addictiveaddictive

Maggie's therapist is using a token economy technique during therapy. What is the most likely theoretical perspective of Maggie's therapist?

• A. humanisticB. behavioralC. cognitiveD. psychodynamic

Maggie's therapist is using a token economy technique during therapy. What is the most likely theoretical perspective of Maggie's therapist?

• A. humanistic

B. behavioralC. cognitiveD. psychodynamic

Cognitive theories address the importance of

• A. thoughts and beliefs.B. observable behaviors.C. testable behaviors.D. stimuli and responses.

Cognitive theories address the importance of

• A. thoughts and beliefs.B. observable behaviors.C. testable behaviors.D. stimuli and responses.

Psychodynamic is the ________________ as humanistic is to _______________.

• a. unconscious conflict; free will

• b. free will; unconscious conflict

• c. repression; rewards/punishment

• d. rewards/punishment; reprimand

Psychodynamic is the ________________ as humanistic is to _______________.

• a. unconscious conflict; free will• b. free will; unconscious conflict

• c. repression; rewards/punishment

• d. rewards/punishment; reprimand