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PY2N20-1 PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD

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Page 1: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

PY2N20-1

PY2N20

Material Properties and

Phase Diagrams

Lecture 1

P. Stamenov, PhD

School of Physics, TCD

Page 2: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Text Books

Materials Science & Engineering

An Introduction

William D Callister, Jr.

S-LEN 620.11 53*5;1 …. 10

Introduction to Materials Science for

Engineers

James F Shackelford

620.11 M56*5

Page 3: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Handouts, Notes, Tutorials, etc.

Handouts will be distributed at each

of the lectures

After the lectures electronic copies

of the corresponding handouts will

be uploaded at: http://physics.tcd.ie/people/Plamen.Stamenov/Courses/

The examination questions are

already fixed

Voluntary tutorials to be organised...

Page 4: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Historical Perspective

Metals, Polymers, Composites, Ceramics, Glasses

Page 5: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Types of Materials

Metals

Ceramics

Semiconductors

Polymers

Composites

Page 6: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Metals

Most elemental compounds are metals – rules of QM!

Page 7: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Ceramics

Based on oxides, sulphides, nitrides, but not only!

Page 8: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Semiconductors

Group IV (elemental), III-V’s, II-VI’s, others...

Page 9: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Polymers

Mainly organics, but not only...

Page 10: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

What determines a material’s

performance?

Properties Performance

Page 11: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Properties of Materials

Mechanical

Physical

Electrical

Thermal

Magnetic

Optical

Deteriorative

Chemical

Others

Properties Performance

Page 12: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

What determines a material’s

performance?

Properties Performance Structure

Page 13: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

What do we mean by structure?

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Mesoscopic

Nanoscopic

Atomic level

Page 14: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Bonding

Metallic

Bonding

Conductivity

Ductility

Heat capacity

Reactivity

Page 15: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Bonding

Covalent

Bonding

Toughness

Brittleness

Insulation

Refractivity

Inactivity

Page 16: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Bonding

Ionic

Bonding

Brittleness

Insulation

Reactivity

Page 17: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Bonding

Van der Waals

Bonding

Weakness

Insulation

Inactivity

Page 18: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Types of bonding in engineering

materials

Si, CdS Covalent or ionic/covalent

Semiconductors

Polyethlyne Covalent and secondary

Polymers

Silica (crystalline and amorphous)

Ionic/covalent Ceramics and Glasses

Iron, Cu Metallic Metal

Example Bonding Character Material Type

Page 19: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Representation of Crystal Structures

Atomic hard sphere model

Packing density

Lattices

Unit cells

Coordination spheres and polyhedra

Point groups (of symmetry)

Space groups

‘Colour’ groups

Page 20: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

PY3090 – 1

7 Crystal Systems

14 Crystal (Bravais) Lattices

Page 21: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Atomic Packing Factor

cellunitofvolumeTotal

cellunitainatomsofVolumeAPF

Homework

Calculate the APF for

(Primitive) cubic

BCC

FCC

Page 22: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Crytallographic Points, Directions

and Planes

Set up right-handed set of axes x, y, and z x, y, and z along the edges of a unit cell

Origin at a lattice point

x, y, and z not always mutually perpendicular!

a, b, and c are the unit length of the three corresponding unit cell edges

Labelling conventions

Points Directions Planes 101 [110] (110)

111 [111] (100)

Families {001} <011>

¯ ¯

Page 23: PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams · PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 1 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD . Text Books Materials Science & Engineering

Basic aim of this short course

Understand how processing affects the Structure

Properties

Performance

of materials

What determines a material’s

performance?

Process Structure Properties Performance

Concentrate (focus and emphasis) on metals, semiconductors, oxides...


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