Q: What did the skeleton say while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle?

Q: What do you call a cold skeleton?

A: I'm bone to be wild!

A: A numb-skull!

Functions of Bones

Support

ProtectionMovementStorage Hematopoiesis

-pillars & cradles soft organs

-skull, vertebrae, rib cage

-attachment for muscles

-Ca2+, P3-; fat in bone marrow

-blood cell formation in marrow cavities

Classification of Bones• AXIAL SKELETON

– SKULL– VERTEBRAL

COLUMN– RIB CAGE

• APPENDICULAR SKELETON– UPPER LIMBS– LOWER LIMBS– SHOULDER BONES– HIP BONES

Classification of Bones

• Compact– Dense– Looks smooth – homogeneous

• Spongy– Open spaces– Small needle like

pieces

5

Classification of Bones

Shape

• long bones

• short bones

• flat bones

• irregular bones

Long Bones

• longer than wide• shaft compact bone• ends spongy bone• bones of limbs & digits

Short Bones

• cube-like

• spongy bone with compact shell

• bones of wrist and ankle

Flat Bones

• thin, flattened slightly curved• spongy bone between compact bone• sternum, cranial bones

Irregular Bones

• odd-shaped• spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

• vertebra, hip bones

Structure of Long Bone

• Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis

• Diaphysis– Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long

bones– Composed of compact bone that surrounds

the medullary cavity– Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the

medullary cavity

Structure of Long Bone

• Epiphyses– Ends of long bones– Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is

spongy bone– Joint surface is covered with articular

(hyaline) cartilage– Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from

the epiphyses• Remnant of epiphyseal plate seen in young

growing bones before puberty.

Bone Membranes• Periosteum – double-layered protective

membrane– Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective

tissue– Inner osteogenic layer is composed of

osteoblasts and osteoclasts– Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and

lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina

– Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers

• Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

• Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside

• Have no diaphysis or epiphyses

• Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

Structure of a Flat Bone

Figure 6.4

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)

• In infants– Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of

spongy bone

• In adults– Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the

head of the femur and humerus

Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

• Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of compact bone– Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix

tubes composed mainly of collagen– Haversian, or central canal – central channel

containing blood vessels and nerves– Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right

angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

• Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

• Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic

• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells

• Osteocytes – mature bone cells

• Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

• Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

Bone Remodeling Cycle

Osteoporosis

Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic

• Mineral salts– Sixty-five percent of bone by mass– Mainly calcium phosphates– Responsible for bone hardness and its

resistance to compression

Bone Markings

• Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as: – Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,

and tendons– Joint surfaces– Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

The Axial Skeleton

• Eighty bones segregated into three regions– Skull– Vertebral column– Bony thorax

The Skull• The skull, the body’s most complex bony

structure, is formed by the cranium and facial bones

• Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles

• Facial bones– Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs,

and the teeth– Provide openings for the passage of air and food– Anchor the facial muscles of expression

Anatomy of the Cranium

• Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid

• Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for their weight

Skull: Anterior View

Skull: Posterior View

Figure 7.3a

Skull: Lateral View

Cranial & Facial Bones & Markings• Frontal (1)

– glabella– frontal sinuses

• Parietal (2)• Occipital (1)

– foramen magnum– occipital condyles– external occipital protuberance

• Temporal (2)– zygomatic process– mandibular fossa– external acoustic meatus– styloid process– mastoid process– carotid canal

• Sphenoid (1)– optic canal– sella turcica

• Ethmoid (1)– crista galli– nasal concha

• Maxilla (2)– alveolar margin– infraorbital foramen

• Palantine (2)• Zygomatic (2)• Lacrimal (2)

– lacrimal fossa• Nasal (2)• Inferior nasal concha (2)• Vomer (1)• Mandible (1)

– mandibular notch– ramus– coronoid process– alveolar margin– mental foramen

• Hyoid bone• Paranasal sinuses•Sutures

Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body

Figure 6.1

Skeletal CartilagesAll bones begin as cartilage or fibrous connective tissue membranes

Basic structure• mostly water (resiliency)• avascular, no nerves• surrounded by perichondrium• chondrocytes in matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

• fine collagen fibers• flexibility and resilience• bone ends, costal, nasal, etc

• elastic fibers• ear, epiglottis

• thick collagen fibers--pressure• vertebral discs, menisci

Cartilage Growth

Appositional• new cells under perichondrium• increase thicknessInterstitial• chondrocytes divide, new matrix

• increases length

TUES 19notes: bone tissue

pre-lab: overview

WED 20lab: bone tissue

THUR 21finish lab handout

review

FRI 22quiz: bone tissue

cranial & facial btk

MON 25

Human Anat-Phys Oct. 2010

# Anat-Phys ASSIGNMENTS PTS

1 class syllabus ---

2 all starts quarter 2 ---

3 notes: bone tissue ---

4 bone markings 18 terms 18

5 pre-lab: overview ---

6 lab: bone tissue 20

7 quiz: bone tissue 28

8 coloring: cranial & facial bones ---

Adolescence--growth stops

With aging cartilage calcifies• normal to certain extent• not bone

microscopic anatomy

• compact bone– filled tiny weight

bearing pillars called osteons

• spongy bone

periosteum

endosteum

Anat/Phys Wed. 10-19-11• Start

– this will be on the quiz (write it down):• axial & appendicular skeleton• bone classification based on shape & one example• examples of the function of bones• hematopoesis—location and definition• diaphysis vs epiphysis• define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast• be able to label the diagrams from your study guide

• Today– finish notes: bone– work on study guide chap. 6

Anat/Phys Fri. 10-06-06• Start

– this will be on the quiz:• axial & appendicular skeleton• bone classification based on shape & one example• examples of the function of bones• hematopoesis—location and definition• diaphysis vs epiphysis• define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast• be able to label articular cartilage, diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum,

endosteum, artery, spongy bone, compact bone, yellow marrow

– you must take and complete the quiz in class today– closed notes, closed book– you have 40 minutes of class– begin when you are ready

• Today- work on study guide after the quiz

Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your packet; include theselabels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow, *yellow marrow, arteryperiosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)

endosteum

anat/phys Wed. 10-17-07• Start

– Describe the basic composition of cartilage. – List three types of skeletal cartilage and examples

of where you can find each– What is a chondrocyte?

• Today– notes & discussion: bones & skeletal tissue– quiz Monday on bones & skeletal tissue notes

endosteum

Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your packet; include theselabels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow, *yellow marrow, arteryperiosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)