qba report portugal

8/2/2019 Qba Report Portugal

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QBAREPORTCOUNTRY: PORTUGAL

BY

HASAN HANIF SUFI

10038

Submitted to: DRRIZWAN AHMED


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Contents

What is the Human Development Index? ..................................................................................................... 2

Requirements for the Human Development Index.................................................................................... 3

DATA ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

COLLECTION OF DATA ....................................................................................................................... 4

Human Development Index DATA .......................................................................................................... 5

ANALYSIS OF DATA................................................................................................................................. 6

DESCRIPTIVES....................................................................................................................................... 6

HISTOGRAMS......................................................................................................................................... 8

CORRELATION .................................................................................................................................... 12

REGRESSION........................................................................................................................................ 13

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 17

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 18


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What is the Human Development Index?

The HDIhuman development indexis a summary composite index that measures a country's

average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a

decent standard of living. Longevity is measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge is

measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and

tertiary gross enrolment ratio; and standard of living by GDP per capita (PPP US$).It is

calculated every year by the United Nations, so that they keep updated with the latest

information regarding the Human Development Index.

Like all one-dimensional scales that attempt to measure multiple complex variables, it is flawedby inherent inaccuracies. Although it certainly has its advantages which include:-

i) It is a good composite indicator - gives us more of an idea than just GDP or life expectancy

ii) It makes it easy to rank countries, because it gives us very precise results about them.


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Requirements for the Human Development Index

There are 4 values that will be required to calculate the Human development index for Portugal

in this case. The values that will be taken into consideration are

1) Life Expectancy at Birth

2) Two values related to education

i) Literacy rate in the country

ii)Combined values of primary, secondary and post-secondary education enrollment in the form

of a percentage

Last value that will be taken into consideration is

3) Gross Domestic Product ($ US) per capita at a constant price (Refers to the final prices for

goods and services that are being produced in a country, divided by the average population for

the same year. Four values go into calculating the human development index (HDI) for a

particular country.


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DATA

COLLECTION OF DATA4 factors will be taken into consideration when calculating the HDI of a country.

i) GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

ii) HEX (Health Expenditure)

iii) EEX (Education Expenditure)

iv) IMR (Infant mortality rate)

Now we will be putting in the following HEX (Health Expenditure) values that we have

calculated for Portugal. Values from the years 1991-2010 are being used. This is data along with

the GDP, IMR and EEX of Portugal was easily available through two websites.

1) The Official Worldbank Website

2) NationalEconomics.com

A table been constructed covering the values required for the calculation of Human

Development Index:-


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Human Development Index DATA

YEARS GDP IMR HEX EEX

1991 23172116750.75 3.00 784.13 3971132348.00

1992 24182116429.69 3.20 799.20 4800096673.00

1993 87947387355.00 3.30 813.24 4875664592.00

1994 93640282015.00 3.50 851.29 5094848795.00

1995 98251729576.00 3.70 877.01 5600523664.00

1996 106041267143.72 3.80 894.67 5704753537.00

1997 115473299028.02 4.00 929.82 6216453485.00

1998 116419397638.32 4.30 936.71 6355682703.00

1999 117014464713.47 4.70 967.37 6391546083.00

2000 120033199105.15 5.10 982.54 6467425217.00

2001 120986353002.34 5.50 985.66 6564256447.00

2002 122555988423.87 5.90 1104.16 7007763723.00

2003 126113360323.89 6.30 1442.50 8627540835.00

2004 131886034255.60 6.70 1685.70 9714794578.00

2005 161416365688.49 7.10 1793.18 10218611209.00

2006 184794844573.58 7.60 1820.52 10364781749.00

2007 191175943888.97 8.20 2197.00 11519451819.00

2008201060414656.88 8.90 2409.66 11745621604.00

2009 228872317880.80 9.60 2433.86 11886877323.00

2010 234199123975.65 10.50 2560.33 11962985438.00


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ANALYSIS OF DATA

DESCRIPTIVES

Statistics

Gross Domestic

Product

Health

Expenditure

Infant Mortality

Rate

Education Expenditure

NValid 20 20 20 20

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean136055300014.

56411421.9054 6.0143 8001106782.1905

Median120986353002.

3390985.6632 5.5000 6564256447.0000

Mode23172116750.7

5a

784.13a

3.00a

3971132348.00a

Std. Deviation61486298918.4

1342665.77113 2.55074 2872034880.03926

Skewness .174 .735 .691 .385

Std. Error of Skewness .501 .501 .501 .501

Kurtosis -.146 -1.128 -.584 -1.413

Std. Error of Kurtosis .972 .972 .972 .972

Sum 2857161300305 29860.01 126.30 168023242426.00

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

MEAN = 136055300014.5641

MEDIAN- 120986353002.3390

MODE- 23172116750.75a

The table has presented us with the mean median and mode of the GDP of Portugal. The


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skewness in case of the GDP is .174. It can be considered as RIGHTLY SKEWED as the value

is greater than 0.

KURTOSIS is -1.46 which means it is PLATY KURTIC (Less than 3). This would reveal to us

that the curve is towards the steeper side.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

MEAN- 6.0143

MEDIAN-5.500

MODE- 3.00

Now taking into account the IMR of Portugal, the skewness is .691 thus it is rightly skewed. Andthe KURTOSIS is -.584 which means it is PLATY KURTIC. The curve would again be on the

steeper side.

HEALTH EXPENDITURE

MEAN- 1421.904

MEDIAN- 985.6632

MODE784.13

The HEX shows that its skewness is .735, and again it is rightly skewed. While the Kurtosis is -

1.128 and so is again PLATY KURTIC.


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EDUCATION EXPENDITURE

MEAN- 8001106782.1905

MEDIAN- 6564256447.0000

MODE- 3971132348.00

The Skewness of the Education Expenditure .385 which makes it rightly skewed again. And its

KURTOSIS is -1.413 so that makes it PLATY KURTIC.

HISTOGRAMS


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We can again see the histogram is rightly skewed as calculated before. AS the histogram is steep, it

shows that Kurtosis is Platy Kurtic too. The values fall in between 3-12, and thus bringing the average

number of infant deaths in PORTUGAL to 6.0143


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Unlike the above histograms, in Education Expenditure of Portugal the table shows that the peaks have

moved towards the middle. The mean expenditure is 8001106782.1905, because of a few certain extreme

values.


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CORRELATION

Correlations

Gross Domestic

Product

Infant Mortality

Rate

Health

Expenditure

Education

Expenditu

Gross Domestic Product

Pearson Correlation 1 -.391 .287 .

Sig. (2-tailed) .080 .207

N 21 21 21

Infant Mortality Rate

Pearson Correlation -.391 1 -.835**

-.8

Sig. (2-tailed) .080 .000

N 21 21 21

Health Expenditure

Pearson Correlation .287 -.835**

1 .9

Sig. (2-tailed) .207 .000

N 21 21 21

Education Expenditure

Pearson Correlation .456*

-.894**

.970**

Sig. (2-tailed) .038 .000 .000

N 21 21 21

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

THE table shows us that GDP is negatively related to IMR. While it is positively related to HEX and EEX.

The relationship between GDP and IMR can be described as Inversely Proportional (As one increases the

other decreases)

While the relationship between GDP and Health and Education Expenditure is DIRECTLY Proportional(AS

one increases so does the other)


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REGRESSION

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .920a

.846 .819 1.08635

a. Predictors: (Constant), Education Expenditure, Gross

Domestic Product, Health Expenditure

b) Dependent VariableINFANT MORTALITY RATE

By looking at the table above we can analyze and tell evaluating the table above we can conclude

that R is .920 thus the model is able to capture 92% of the variation in IMR due to the dependent

factors, while 8% is out of the range of this model. Also R Square is .846

The nearer R is to 1 the relationship between the variables can be considered to be much

better. Also R Square is a judge of how well the model fits. 92% is a very good number and can

be considered as very precise.

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1

Regression 110.063 3 36.688 31.087 .000b

Residual 20.063 17 1.180

Total 130.126 20

a. Dependent Variable: Infant Mortality Rate

b. Predictors: (Constant), Education Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product, Health Expenditure


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The Sig. is shown in this table and that is what the most important column in this table is for us. A Sig.

of .000 shows that there is a relation between the variables.

Above we have the coefficient table. This table also has a column of significance. So now if

significance of any dependent variable is greater than 0.05 than it would be different enough to

be included in the evaluation and would be considered as insignificant. As visible to us all of

them are below 0.05.

Coefficientsa

del Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interva

B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper B

(Constant) 13.577 .943 14.390 .000 11.586

Gross Domestic Product 1.145E-011 .000 .276 1.779 .003 .000

Health Expenditure .005 .002 1.295 2.268 .004 .000

Education Expenditure -2.022E-009 .000 -2.276 -3.703 .002 .000

Dependent Variable: Infant Mortality Rate


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The above scattered plot of IMR of Portugal reveals to us that there are no values which are not

following the pattern


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Now in this case these dots are all scattered over the graph. They do not follow a specific

shape or pattern, although there are no dots that are on the far end corners of the chart.


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CONCLUSION

The conclusion that we can draw from our findings which were first of all the descriptive data

was collected, then through them we determined the mean, median, mode, skewness and kurtosis

of HEX, EEX, IMR, And GDP.

These were further shown through various diagrams like histograms and scattered plots.

Portugal can be categorized as a developing country. Although hampered by severe debts, just

like our own country Pakistan, the government of Portugal tries its level best to keep the

economy growing . We saw that 20 years ago the IMR in Portugal was quite low 3.3 but over the

course of 20 years it has increased tremendously and gone upto 12! This shows that there is not

a very rapid growth of population in Portugal. Except this, there has been a tremendous Increase

in GDP which has led to an increase in the expenditure on health and education(proportional).

This is the normal case for any country, as these indicators should be linked in a similar way to

that we have assessed. We saw the correlations are all normal and good.

Finally with the help our teacher Dr. Rizwan Ahmed I was able to use the SPSS software through

which I determined the various requirements that were needed for this report to be complete. E.g

Scatter plots, Histograms, Correlations, ANOVA and so on.


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REFERENCES

http://data.worldbank.org/

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/
http://data.worldbank.org/http://data.worldbank.org/http://data.worldbank.org/

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