06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 1/20

Qin Shi Huangdi秦始皇帝

King of Qin

Reign 7 May 247 – 220 BC

Predecessor King Zhuangxiang

Emperor of China

Reign 220 BC – 10 September 210 BC

Successor Qin Er Shi

Issue Crown Prince FusuQin Er ShiPrince Gao

Full nameAncestral name: Ying (嬴)Clan name: Zhao (趙)Given name: Zheng (政)

House Qin dynasty

Father King Zhuangxiang

Mother Lady Zhao

Born 7 February 260 BC

Died 10 August 210 BC (age 50[2])

Shi Huangdi

Qin Shi HuangFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC[3]), personal nameYing Zheng, was the King of the state of Qin (r. 246–221 BC[4]) who conquered all other Warring Statesand united China in 221 BC.[4] Rather than maintainthe title of king borne by the Shang and Zhou rulers,he ruled as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty from220 to 210 BC. The title emperor (huangdi) wouldcontinue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the nexttwo millennia.

During his reign, his generals greatly expanded thesize of the Chinese state: campaigns south of Chupermanently added the Yue lands of Hunan andGuangdong to the Chinese cultural orbit; campaignsin Central Asia conquered the Ordos Loop from thenomad Xiongnu, although eventually causing theirconfederation under Modu Chanyu. Qin Shi Huangalso worked with his minister Li Si to enact majoreconomic and politic reforms aimed at thestandardization of the diverse practices of the earlierChinese states.[4] This process also led to the banningand burning of many books and the execution ofrecalcitrant scholars.[1] His public works projectsincluded the unification of diverse state walls into asingle Great Wall of China and a massive newnational road system, as well as the city­sizedmausoleum guarded by the life­sized TerracottaArmy. He ruled until his death in 210 BC after a futilesearch for an elixir of immortality.[1]

Contents

1 Names and titles2 Life

2.1 Birth2.2 King of Qin2.3 Emperor of Qin2.4 Death2.5 Family2.6 Second Emperor conspiracy

3 Legacy3.1 Mausoleum3.2 Tomb3.3 Historiography

4 Cultural references

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 2/20

Shi Huangdi in small seal script (220 BC)

Chinese 始皇帝

Literal meaning First Emperor

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Shǐ Huángdì

Wade–Giles Shih Huang­ti

Qin Shi Huang

Chinese 秦始皇

Literal meaning First Emperor of the Qin

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Qín Shǐhuáng

Wade–Giles Ch‘in Shih­huang

IPA [tɕʰǐn ʂxwɑŋ]

Min

Hokkien POJ Tsîn Sí­hông

Cantonese

Jyutping Ceon4 Ci2­wong4

Yale Romanization Chèuhn Chí­wòhng

Middle Chinese

Middle Chinese Dzin SiB­Hwang

King Zheng of Qin

Chinese 秦王政

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Qínwáng Zhèng

4 Cultural references4.1 Literature4.2 Films4.3 Television4.4 Music4.5 Video games

5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links

Names and titles

Modern Chinese sources often give the personal nameof Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with Ying (嬴)taken as the surname and Zheng (政) the given name.In ancient China however the naming conventiondiffered, and Zhao (趙) may be used as the surname.Unlike modern Chinese names, the nobles of ancientChina had two distinct surnames: the ancestral name(姓) comprised a larger group descended from aprominent ancestor, usually said to have lived duringthe time of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperorsof Chinese legend, and the clan name (氏) compriseda smaller group that showed a branch's current fief orrecent title. The ancient practice was to list men'snames separately—in Sima Qian's "Basic Annals ofthe First Emperor of Qin" introduces him as "giventhe name Zheng and the surname Zhao"[5][7]—or tocombine the clan surname with the personal name:Sima's account of Chu describes the sixteenth year ofthe reign of King Kaolie as the time whenZhao Zheng was enthroned as King of Qin".[8]However, since modern Chinese surnames (despiteusually descending from clan names) use the samecharacter as the old ancestral names, it is much morecommon in modern Chinese sources to see theemperor's personal name written as Ying Zheng,[9]using the ancestral name of the Ying family.

The rulers of Qin had styled themselves kings fromthe time of King Huiwen in 325 BC. Upon hisascension, Zheng became known as the King ofQin[5][6] or King Zheng of Qin.[10][11] This title madehim the nominal equal of the rulers of Shang and ofZhou, the last of whose kings had been deposed byKing Zhaoxiang of Qin in 256 BC.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 3/20

Wade–Giles Ch‘in Wang Cheng

Zhao Zheng

Traditional Chinese 趙政

Simplified Chinese 赵政

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Zhèng

Wade–Giles Chao Cheng

Cantonese

Jyutping Ziu6 Zing3

Ying Zheng

Chinese 嬴政

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Yíng Zhèng

Following the surrender of Qi in 221 BC, King Zhenghad reunited all of the lands of the former Kingdom ofZhou. Rather than maintain his rank as king,however,[12] he created a new title of huángdì(emperor) for himself. This new title combined twotitles ­ huáng of the mythical Three Sovereigns (三皇,Sān Huáng) and the dì of the legendary FiveEmperors (五帝, Wŭ Dì) of Chinese prehistory.[13]The title was intended to appropriate some of theprestige of the Yellow Emperor,[14] whose cult waspopular in the later Warring States period and whowas considered to be a founder of the Chinese people.King Zheng chose the new regnal name ofFirst Emperor (Shǐ Huángdì, formerly transcribed asShih Huang­ti)[15] on the understanding that hissuccessors would be successively titled the "SecondEmperor", "Third Emperor", and so on through thegenerations. (In fact, the scheme lasted only as long ashis immediate heir, the Second Emperor.)[16] The newtitle carried religious overtones. For that reason,Sinologists—starting with Peter Boodberg[17] orEdward Schafer[18]—sometimes translate it as "thearch" and the First Emperor as the First Thearch.[19]

The First Emperor intended that his realm would remain intact through the ages but, following itsoverthrow and replacement by Han after his death, it became customary to prefix his title with Qin.Thus:

秦, Qín or Ch‘in, "of Qin"始, Shǐ or Shih, "first"[3]

皇帝, Huángdì or Huang­ti, "emperor", a new term[21] coined from皇, Huáng or Huang, literally "shining" or "splendid" and formerly most usually applied "asan epithet of Heaven",[22] the high god of the Zhou[20]

帝, Dì or Ti, the high god of the Shang, possibly composed of their divine ancestors,[23] andused by the Zhou as a title of the legendary Five Emperors, particularly the Yellow Emperor

As early as Sima Qian, it was common to shorten the resulting four­character Qin Shi Huangdi to秦始皇,[24] variously transcribed as Qin Shihuang or Qin Shi Huang.

Following his elevation as emperor, both Zheng's personal name 政 and possibly its homophone 正[26]

became taboo.[27] The First Emperor also arrogated the first­person Chinese pronoun 朕 (OC *lrәm’,[28]

mod. zhèn) for his exclusive use[30] and in 212 BC began calling himself The Immortal (真人, OC *Tin­niŋ,[28] mod. Zhēnrén, lit. "True Man").[12] Others were to address him as "Your Majesty" (陛下,mod. Bìxià, lit. "Beneath the Palace[31] Steps") in person and "Your Highness" (上) in writing.[12]

Life

Birth

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 4/20

Lü Buwei, a rich merchant from the State of Wey, met the Qin prince Yiren, who resided at the court ofZhao as a hostage to guarantee the armistice between the two states.[32] Lü Buwei's manipulation helpedYiren become King Zhuangxiang of Qin.[1]

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the first emperor was born in 259 BC as Yiren's eldestson.[3][33] Prince Yiren had fallen in love at first sight with a concubine belonging to Lü Buwei and Lühad consented to provide her to his protegé. The Lady Zhao bore the child on 18 February, but he wasnamed Zheng (正) from his birth during the first month (正月, Zhengyue) of the Chinese lunarcalendar.[33] His clan name of Zhao came from his father's lineage and was unrelated both to hismother's surname and the location of his birth.

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian during the next dynasty, the firstemperor was not the actual son of Prince Yiren. By the time Lü Buwei introduced the dancing girl ZhaoJi to the prince, she was allegedly Lü Buwei's concubine and had already become pregnant by him.[32]According to translations of the Annals of Lü Buwei, the woman gave birth to the future emperor in thecity of Handan in 259 BC, the first month of the 48th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin.[34]

The idea that the emperor was an illegitimate child was widely believed throughout Chinese history andcontributed to the generally negative view of the First Emperor.[3] However, modern analysis hasconcluded that the sentence in the Records of the Grand Historian describing Qin Shi Huang's unusualbirth is probably a later interpolation added in order to slander him.[35] John Knoblock and JeffreyRiegel, in their translation of Lü Buwei's Spring and Autumn Annals, call the story "patently false, meantboth to libel Lü and to cast aspersions on the First Emperor."[36] Claiming Lü Buwei – a merchant – asthe First Emperor's biological father was meant to be especially disparaging, since later Confuciansociety held merchants to be the lowest of all social classes.[37]

King of Qin

Regency

In 246 BC, when King Zhuangxiang died after a short reign of just three years, he was succeeded on thethrone by his 13­year­old son.[38] At the time, Zhao Zheng was still young, so Lü Buwei acted as theregent prime minister of the State of Qin, which was still waging war against the other six states.[3]

Chengjiao, the Lord Chang'an (长安君),[39] was Zhao Zheng's legitimate half­brother, by the samefather but from a different mother. After Zhao Zheng inherited the throne, Chengjiao rebelled at Tunliuand surrendered to the state of Zhao. Chengjiao's remaining retainers and families were executed byZhao Zheng.[40]

Lao Ai's attempted coup

As King Zheng grew older, Lü Buwei became fearful that the boy king would discover his liaison withhis mother Lady Zhao. He decided to distance himself and look for a replacement for the queendowager. He found a man named Lao Ai.[41] According to the Record of Grand Historian, Lao Ai wasdisguised as a eunuch by plucking his beard. Later Lao Ai and queen Zhao Ji got along so well theysecretly had two sons together.[41] Lao Ai then became ennobled as Marquis Lào Ǎi, and was showeredwith riches. Lao Ai's plot was supposed to replace King Zheng with one of the hidden sons. But during adinner party drunken Lào Ǎi was heard bragging about being the young king's step father.[41] In 238 BC

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 5/20

the king was traveling to the ancient capital of Yōng (雍). Lao Ai seized the queen mother's seal andmobilized an army in an attempt to start a coup and rebel.[41] When King Zheng found out this fact, heordered Lü Buwei to let Lord Changping and Lord Changwen attack Lao Ai and their army killedhundreds of the rebels at the capital, although Lao Ai succeeded in fleeing from this battle.[42]

A price of 1 million copper coins was placed on Lao Ai's head if he was taken alive or half a million ifdead.[41] Lao Ai's supporters were captured and beheaded; then Lao Ai was tied up and torn to fivepieces by horse carriages, while his entire family was executed to the third degree.[41] The two hiddensons were also killed, while mother Zhao Ji was placed under house arrest until her death many yearslater. Lü Buwei drank a cup of poison wine and committed suicide in 235 BC.[3][41] Ying Zheng thenassumed full power as the King of the Qin state. Replacing Lü Buwei, Li Si became the new chancellor.

First attempted assassination

King Zheng and his troops continued to take over different states. The state of Yan was small, weak andfrequently harassed by soldiers. It was no match for the Qin state.[43] So Crown Prince Dan of Yanplotted an assassination attempt to get rid of King Zheng, begging Jing Ke to go on the mission in 227BC.[1][43] Jing Ke was accompanied by Qin Wuyang in the plot. Each was supposed to present a gift toKing Zheng, a map of Dukang and the decapitated head of Fan Wuji.[43]

Qin Wuyang first tried to present the map case gift, but trembled in fear and moved no further towardsthe king. Jing Ke continued to advance toward the king, while explaining that his partner "has never seteyes on the Son of Heaven", which is why he is trembling. Jing Ke had to present both gifts byhimself.[43] While unrolling the map, a dagger was revealed. The king drew back, stood on his feet, butstruggled to draw the sword to defend himself.[43] At the time, other palace officials were not allowed tocarry weapons. Jing Ke pursued the king, attempting to stab him, but missed. King Zheng drew out hissword and cut Jing Ke's thigh. Jing Ke then threw the dagger, but missed again. Suffering eight woundsfrom the king's sword, Jing Ke realized his attempt had failed and knew that both of them would bekilled afterwards.[43] The Yan state was conquered by the Qin state five years later.[43]

Second attempted assassination

Gao Jianli was a close friend of Jing Ke, who wanted to avenge his death.[44] As a famous lute player,one day he was summoned by King Zheng to play the instrument. Someone in the palace who hadknown him in the past exclaimed, "This is Gao Jianli".[45] Unable to bring himself to kill such a skilledmusician, the emperor ordered his eyes put out.[45] But the king allowed Gao Jianli to play in hispresence.[45] He praised the playing and even allowed Gao Jianli to get closer. As part of the plot, thelute was fastened with a heavy piece of lead. He raised the lute and struck at the king. He missed, and hisassassination attempt failed. Gao Jianli was later executed.[45]

Unification of China

In 230 BC, King Zheng unleashed the final campaigns of the Warring States period, setting out toconquer the remaining independent kingdoms, one by one.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 6/20

Imperial tours of Qin Shi Huang

The first state to fall was Hán (韓; sometimes called Hann to distinguish it from the Hàn 漢 of Handynasty), in 230 BC. Then Qin took advantage of natural disasters in 229 BC to invade and conquerZhào, where Qin Shi Huang had been born.[46][47] He now avenged his poor treatment as a child hostagethere, seeking out and killing his enemies.

Qin armies conquered the state of Zhao in 228 BC, thenorthern country of Yan in 226 BC, the small state of Wei in225 BC, and the largest state and greatest challenge, Chu, in223 BC.[48]

In 222 BC, the last remnants of Yan and the royal family werecaptured in Liaodong in the northeast. The only independentcountry left was now state of Qi, in the far east, what is nowthe Shandong peninsula. Terrified, the young king of Qi sent200,000 people to defend his western borders. In 221 BC, theQin armies invaded from the north, captured the king, andannexed Qi.

For the first time, all of China was unified under one powerfulruler. In that same year, King Zheng proclaimed himself the"First Emperor" (始皇帝, Shǐ Huángdì), no longer a king inthe old sense and now far surpassing the achievements of theold Zhou Dynasty rulers.[49] The emperor made the He Shi Biinto the Imperial Seal, known as the "Heirloom Seal of the Realm". The words, "Having received theMandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life." (受命於天，既壽永昌)were written by Prime Minister Li Si, and carved onto the seal by Sun Shou. The Seal was later passedfrom emperor to emperor for generations to come.

In the South, military expansion in the form of campaigns against the Yue tribes continued during hisreign, with various regions being annexed to what is now Guangdong province and part of today'sVietnam.[47]

Emperor of Qin

Administrative reforms

In an attempt to avoid a recurrence of the political chaos of early imperial China, the conquered stateswere not allowed to be referred to as independent nations.[50] The empire was then divided into 36commanderies (郡, Jùn), later more than 40 commanderies.[47] The whole of China was now dividedinto administrative units: first commanderies, then districts (縣, Xiàn), counties (鄉, Xiāng) andhundred­family units (里, Li).[51] This system was different from the previous dynasties, which hadloose alliances and federations.[52] People could no longer be identified by their native region or formerfeudal state, as when a person from Chu was called "Chu person" (楚人, Chu rén).[51][53] Appointmentswere now based on merit instead of hereditary rights.[51]

Economic reforms

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 7/20

A 5­catty weight inscribed with adescription of Qin Shi Huang's edictto standardize weights and measures,221 BC

Qin Shi Huang and Li Si unified China economically by standardizing the Chinese units ofmeasurements such as weights and measures, the currency, the length of the axles of carts to facilitatetransport on the road system.[52] The emperor also developed anextensive network of roads and canals connecting the provincesto improve trade between them.[52] The currency of the differentstates were also standardized to the Ban liang coin (半兩, BànLiǎng).[51] Perhaps most importantly, the Chinese script wasunified. Under Li Si, the seal script of the state of Qin wasstandardized through removal of variant forms within the Qinscript itself. This newly standardized script was then madeofficial throughout all the conquered regions, thus doing awaywith all the regional scripts to form one language, onecommunication system for all of China.[51]

Philosophy

Qin Shi Huang also followed the school of the five elements, earth, wood, metal, fire and water.（五德終始說） Zhao Zheng's birth element is water, which is connected with the colour black. It was alsobelieved that the royal house of the previous dynasty Zhou had ruled by the power of fire, which was thecolor red. The new Qin dynasty must be ruled by the next element on the list, which is water,represented by the color black. Black became the color for garments, flags, pennants.[3] Otherassociations include north as the cardinal direction, winter season and the number six.[54] Tallies andofficial hats were six inches long, carriages six feet wide, one pace (步, Bù) was 6 ft (1.8 m).[3]

While the previous Warring States era was one of constant warfare, it was also considered the goldenage of free thought.[55] Qin Shi Huang eliminated the Hundred Schools of Thought which incorporatedConfucianism and other philosophies.[55][56] After the unification of China, with all other schools ofthought banned, legalism became the endorsed ideology of the Qin dynasty,[51] which was basically asystem that required the people to follow the laws or be punished accordingly.

Beginning in 213 BC, at the instigation of Li Si and to avoid scholars' comparisons of his reign with thepast, Qin Shi Huang ordered most existing books to be burned with the exception of those on astrology,agriculture, medicine, divination, and the history of the State of Qin.[57] This would also serve thepurpose of furthering the ongoing reformation of the writing system by removing examples of obsoletescripts.[58] Owning the Book of Songs or the Classic of History was to be punished especially severely.According to the later Records of the Grand Historian, the following year Qin Shi Huang had some 460scholars buried alive for owning the forbidden books.[3][57] The emperor's oldest son Fusu criticised himfor this act.[59] However, according to recent research, the “burying of the Confucian scholars alive” is aConfucian martyrs’ legend. In fact, the emperor had ordered the killing (坑 kēng) of a group ofalchemists, after he found out that they had fooled him. In Han times, the Confucian scholars, who hadserved the Qin loyally, used that incident to distance themselves from the failed dynasty. Kong Anguo(孔安國 ca. 165 ­ ca. 74 BC), a descendant of Confucius, turned the alchemists (方士 fāngshì) intoConfucianists (儒 rú) and entwined the martyrs´ legend with the strange story of the rediscovery of thelost Confucian books behind a demolished wall in the house of his ancestors. [60] The emperor's ownlibrary still had copies of the forbidden books but most of these were destroyed later when Xiang Yuburned the palaces of Xianyang in 206 BC.[61]

Third attempted assassination

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 8/20

Portrait of Epang palace

In 230 BC, the state of Qin had defeated the state of Han. A Hanaristocrat named Zhang Liang swore revenge on the Qin emperor. Hesold all his valuables and in 218 BC, he hired a strongman assassin andbuilt him a heavy metal cone weighing 120 jin (roughly 160 lb or97 kg).[41] The two men hid among the bushes along the emperor's routeover a mountain. At a signal, the muscular assassin hurled the cone at thefirst carriage and shattered it. However, the emperor was actually in thesecond carriage, as he was traveling with two identical carriages for thisvery reason. Thus the attempt failed.[62] Both men were able to escape inspite of a huge manhunt.[41]

Public Works

Great Wall

The Qin fought nomadic tribes to the north and northwest. The Xiongnutribes were not defeated and subdued, thus the campaign was tiring andunsuccessful, and to prevent the Xiongnu from encroaching on thenorthern frontier any longer, the emperor ordered the construction of animmense defensive wall.[47][63] This wall, for whose constructionhundreds of thousands of men were mobilized, and an unknown number died, is a precursor to thecurrent Great Wall of China. It connected numerous state walls which had been built during the previousfour centuries, a network of small walls linking river defenses to impassable cliffs. A great monument ofChina to this day, the Great Wall still stands, open to the public to challenge its million steps.[64][65]

Lingqu Canal

A famous South China quotation was "In the North there is the Great wall, in the South there is theLingqu canal" (北有長城、南有靈渠, Běiyǒu chángchéng, nányǒu língqú).[66] In 214 BC the Emperorbegan the project of a major canal to transport supplies to the army.[67] The canal allows water transportbetween north and south China.[67] The canal, 34 kilometers in length, links the Xiang River whichflows into the Yangtze and the Li Jiang, which flows into the Pearl River.[67] The canal connected twoof China's major waterways and aided Qin's expansion into the southwest.[67] The construction isconsidered one of the three great feats of Ancient Chinese engineering, the others being the Great Walland the Sichuan Dujiangyan Irrigation System.[67]

Elixir of Life

Later in his life, Qin Shi Huang feared death and desperately sought the fabled elixir of life, whichwould supposedly allow him to live forever. He was obsessed with acquiring immortality and fell preyto many who offered him supposed elixirs.[68] He visited Zhifu Island three times in order to achieveimmortality.[69]

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 9/20

Xu Fu's ships set sail in 219 BC in search of the medicine for immortality.

In one case he sent Xu Fu, a Zhifu islander, with ships carrying hundreds of young men and women insearch of the mystical Penglai mountain.[62] They were sent to find Anqi Sheng, a 1,000­year­oldmagician whom Qin Shi Huang had supposedly met in his travels and who had invited him to seek himthere.[70] These people never returned, perhaps because they knew that if they returned without thepromised elixir, they would surely be executed. Legends claim that they reached Japan and colonizedit.[68] It is also possible that the book burning, a purge on what could be seen as wasteful and uselessliterature, was, in part, an attempt to focus the minds of the Emperor's best scholars on the alchemicalquest. Some of the executed scholars were those who had been unable to offer any evidence of theirsupernatural schemes. This may have been the ultimate means of testing their abilities: if any of themhad magic powers, then they would surely come back to life when they were let out again.[71] Since thegreat emperor was afraid of death and "evil spirits", he had workers build a series of tunnels and passageways to each of his palaces (he owned over 200), because traveling unseen would supposedly keep himsafe from the evil spirits.

Death

In 211 BC a large meteor is said to have fallen in Dōngjùn (東郡) in the lower reaches of the YellowRiver. On it, an unknown person inscribed the words "The First Emperor will die and his land will bedivided" (始皇死而地分).[72] When the emperor heard of this, he sent an imperial secretary toinvestigate this prophecy. No one would confess to the deed, so all the people living nearby were put todeath. The stone was then burned and pulverized.[33]

The Emperor died during one of his tours of Eastern China, on September 10, 210 BC (Julian Calendar)at the palace in Shaqiu prefecture (沙丘平台, Shāqiū Píngtái), about two months away by road from thecapital Xianyang.[43][43][73][74] Reportedly, he died due to ingesting mercury pills, made by hisalchemists and court physicians.[75] Ironically, these pills were meant to make Qin Shi Huangimmortal.[75]

After the Emperor's death, Prime Minister Li Si, who accompanied him, became extremely worried thatthe news of his death could trigger a general uprising in the Empire.[43] It would take two months for thegovernment to reach the capital, and it would not be possible to stop the uprising. Li Si decided to hidethe death of the Emperor, and return to Xianyang.[43] Most of the Imperial entourage accompanying theEmperor was left ignorant of the Emperor's death; only a younger son, Ying Huhai, who was travelingwith his father, the eunuch Zhao Gao, Li Si, and five or six favorite eunuchs knew of the death.[43] Li Si

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 10/20

also ordered that two carts containing rotten fish be carried immediately before and after the wagon ofthe Emperor. The idea behind this was to prevent people from noticing the foul smell emanating fromthe wagon of the Emperor, where his body was starting to decompose severely as it was summertime.[43]They also pulled down the shade so no one could see his face, changed his clothes daily, brought foodand when he had to have important conversations, they would act as if he wanted to send them amessage.[43]

Family

The following are some family members of Qin Shi Huang:

ParentsKing Zhuangxiang of QinQueen Dowager Zhao

Half siblings:Chengjiao,[76] Lord of Chang'an[39]Two half­brothers born to Queen Dowager Zhao and Lao Ai

Children:Fusu, Crown Prince (17th son)[77]GaoJianglüHuhai, later Qin Er Shi (18th son)[77]

Qin Shi Huang had about 50 children, sons about 30, daughters about 15, but most of their names areunknown. He had numerous concubines but never seemed to name an empress.[78]

Second Emperor conspiracy

Eventually, after about two months, Li Si and the imperial court reached Xianyang, where the news ofthe death of the emperor was announced.[43] Qin Shi Huang did not like to talk about his own death andhe had never written a will. After his death, the eldest son Fusu would normally become the nextemperor.[79]

Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu because Fusu's favorite general was MengTian, whom they disliked[79] and feared; Meng Tian's brother, a senior minister, had once punished ZhaoGao.[80] They believed that if Fusu was enthroned, they would lose their power.[79] Li Si and Zhao Gaoforged a letter from Qin Shi Huang saying that both Fusu and General Meng must commit suicide.[79]The plan worked, and the younger son Huhai became the Second Emperor, later known as Qin Er Shi or"Second Generation Qin."[43]

Qin Er Shi, however, was not as capable as his father. Revolts quickly erupted. His reign was a time ofextreme civil unrest, and everything built by the First Emperor crumbled away within a short period.[47]One of the immediate revolt attempts was the 209 BC Daze Village Uprising led by Chen Sheng and WuGuang.[72]

Legacy

Mausoleum

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 11/20

A modern statue of Qin ShiHuang, located near the site ofthe Terracotta Army

The Chinese historian Sima Qian, writing a century after the First Emperor's death, wrote that it took700,000 men to construct the emperor's mausoleum. The British historian John Man points out that thisfigure is larger than any city of the world at that time and calculates that the foundations could have beenbuilt by 16,000 men in two years.[81] While Sima Qian never mentioned the terracotta army, the statueswere discovered by a group of farmers digging wells on March 29, 1974.[82] The soldiers were createdwith a series of mix­and­match clay molds and then further individualized by the artists' hand. HanPurple was also used on some of the warriors.[83] There are around 6,000 Terracotta Warriors and theirpurpose was to protect the Emperor in the afterlife from evil spirits. Also among the army are chariotsand 40,000 real bronze weapons.[84]

Tomb

One of the first projects the young king accomplished while he was alive was the construction of hisown tomb. In 215 BC Qin Shi Huang ordered General Meng Tian with 300,000 men to beginconstruction.[3] Other sources suggested he ordered 720,000 unpaid laborers to build his tomb tospecification.[38] Again, given John Man's observation regarding populations of the time (see paragraphabove), these historical estimates are debatable. The main tomb (located at

) containing the emperor has yet to be opened and there is evidencesuggesting that it remains relatively intact.[85] Sima Qian's description of the tomb includes replicas ofpalaces and scenic towers, "rare utensils and wonderful objects", 100 rivers made with mercury,representations of "the heavenly bodies", and crossbows rigged to shoot anyone who tried to break in.[86]The tomb was built at the foot of Li Mountain, and is only 30 kilometers away from Xi'an. Modernarchaeologists have located the tomb, and have inserted probes deep into it. The probes revealedabnormally high quantities of mercury, some 100 times the naturally occurring rate, suggesting thatsome parts of the legend are credible.[75] Secrets were maintained, as most of the workmen who built thetomb were killed.[75][87]

Historiography

In traditional Chinese historiography, the First Emperor of theChinese unified states was almost always portrayed as a brutal tyrantwho had an obsessive fear of assassination. Ideological antipathytowards the Legalist State of Qin was established as early as 266 BC,when Confucian philosopher Xunzi disparaged it. Later Confucianhistorians condemned the emperor who had burned the classics andburied Confucian scholars alive. They eventually compiled a list ofthe Ten Crimes of Qin to highlight his tyrannical actions.

The famous Han poet and statesman Jia Yi concluded his essay TheFaults of Qin (過秦論, Guò Qín Lùn) with what was to become thestandard Confucian judgment of the reasons for Qin's collapse. JiaYi's essay, admired as a masterpiece of rhetoric and reasoning, wascopied into two great Han histories and has had a far­reachinginfluence on Chinese political thought as a classic illustration ofConfucian theory.[88] He attributed Qin's disintegration to its internalfailures.[89] Jia Yi wrote that:

34°22′52.75″N 109°15′13.06″E

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 12/20

A modern statue of the First Emperor and hisattendants

Qin, from a tiny base, had become a great power, ruling the land and receiving homagefrom all quarters for a hundred odd years. Yet after they unified the land and securedthemselves within the pass, a single common rustic could nevertheless challenge thisempire... Why? Because the ruler lacked humaneness and rightness; because preservingpower differs fundamentally from seizing power.[90]

In more modern times, historical assessment of the First Emperor different from traditional Chinesehistoriography began to emerge. The reassessment was spurred on by weakness of China in the latterhalf of 19th century and early 20th century, and Confucian traditions at that time began to be seen bysome as an impediment to China's entry into the modern world, opening the way for changingperspectives.

At a time when Chinese territory was encroached upon by foreign nations, leading Kuomintang historianXiao Yishan emphasized the role of Qin Shi Huang in repulsing the northern barbarians, particularly inthe construction of the Great Wall.

Another historian, Ma Feibai (馬非百), published in 1941 a full­length revisionist biography of the FirstEmperor entitled Qín Shǐ Huángdì Zhuàn (秦始皇帝傳), calling him "one of the great heroes of Chinesehistory". Ma compared him with the contemporary leader Chiang Kai­shek and saw many parallels inthe careers and policies of the two men, both of whom he admired. Chiang's Northern Expedition of thelate 1920s, which directly preceded the new Nationalist government at Nanjing was compared to theunification brought about by Qin Shi Huang.

With the coming of the Communist Revolution in1949, new interpretations again surfaced. Theestablishment of the new, revolutionary regimeprompted another re­evaluation of the First Emperor,this time in accordance with Maoist thought. Thenew interpretation given of Qin Shi Huang wasgenerally a combination of traditional and modernviews, but essentially critical. This is exemplified inthe Complete History of China, which was compiledin September 1955 as an official survey of Chinesehistory. The work described the First Emperor'smajor steps toward unification and standardisation ascorresponding to the interests of the ruling group andthe merchant class, not the nation or the people, and the subsequent fall of his dynasty as a manifestationof the class struggle. The perennial debate about the fall of the Qin Dynasty was also explained inMarxist terms, the peasant rebellions being a revolt against oppression – a revolt which undermined thedynasty, but which was bound to fail because of a compromise with "landlord class elements".

Since 1972, however, a radically different official view of Qin Shi Huang has been given prominencethroughout China. The re­evaluation was initiated by Hong Shidi's biography Qin Shi Huang. The workwas published by the state press as a mass popular history, and it sold 1.85 million copies within twoyears. In the new era, Qin Shi Huang was seen as a farsighted ruler who destroyed the forces of divisionand established the first unified, centralized state in Chinese history by rejecting the past. Personalattributes, such as his quest for immortality, so emphasized in traditional historiography, were scarcelymentioned. The new evaluations described approvingly how, in his time (an era of great political andsocial change), he had no compunctions against using violent methods to crush counter­revolutionaries,such as the "industrial and commercial slave owner" chancellor Lü Buwei. However, he was criticized

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 13/20

Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Qin Shi Huang

for not being as thorough as he should have been, and as a result, after his death, hidden subversivesunder the leadership of the chief eunuch Zhao Gao were able to seize power and use it to restore the oldfeudal order.

To round out this re­evaluation, a new interpretation of the precipitous collapse of the Qin Dynasty wasput forward in an article entitled "On the Class Struggle During the Period Between Qin and Han" byLuo Siding, in a 1974 issue of Red Flag, to replace the old explanation. The new theory claimed that thecause of the fall of Qin lay in the lack of thoroughness of Qin Shi Huang's "dictatorship over thereactionaries, even to the extent of permitting them to worm their way into organs of political authorityand usurp important posts."

Mao Zedong, chairman of the People's Republic of China, was reviled for his persecution ofintellectuals. On being compared to the First Emperor, Mao responded: "He buried 460 scholars alive;we have buried forty­six thousand scholars alive... You [intellectuals] revile us for being Qin ShiHuangs. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundredfold. When you berate us forimitating his despotism, we are happy to agree! Your mistake was that you did not say so enough."[91]

Cultural references

Literature

Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), the Argentine writer,wrote an acclaimed essay on Qin Shi Huang, "The Wall and the Books" ("La muralla y los libros")in the 1952 collection Other Inquisitions (Otras Inquisiciones).[92]The 1984 book Bridge of Birds (by Barry Hughart) portrays Qin Shi Huang as a power­hungrymegalomaniac who achieved immortality by having his heart removed by an "Old Man of themountain".The Chinese Emperor, by Jean Levi, appeared in 1985.In the 1985 novel Contact (by Carl Sagan), the character Xi Qiaomu—who had been involved inexcavations of the tomb of Emperor Qin during the Cultural Revolution—is visited by apersonified alien in the form of the Emperor Qin.[93]In the Area 51 book series, Qin Shi Huang is revealed to be an alien exile stranded on Earth duringan interstellar civil war.In Terry Pratchett's Interesting Times, the wizard, Rincewind, discovers a suit of armor owned bya previous emperor which gives him control of a terracotta army. As with most of Pratchett'sDiscworld series, this book is a play on a real­world concept. In this case, the model is EmperorQin Shi Huang's cultural impact on modern­day China.In Hydra's Ring, the 39th novel in the Outlanders series, Qin Shi Huang is revealed to be stillalive in the early 23rd century through extraterrestrial nano­technology that has bestowed a formof immortality.

Films

Shin No Shikoutei (1962) ­ The film portrays Qin Shi Huang as a battle­hardened emperor with hisroots in the military.[94]Big Trouble in Little China (1986) ­ Qin Shi Huang is mentioned as having defeated the film'smain villain, Lo Pan, in battle, and subsequently cursing him to live as a ghost. The events of thefilm revolve around Lo Pan's attempts to break the curse.[95]The Emperor's Shadow (1996) ­ The film focuses on Qin Shi Huang's relationship with themusician Gao Jianli, a friend of the assassin Jing Ke.[96]The Emperor and the Assassin (1999) ­ The film centers on the identity of Qin Shi Huang's father,

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 14/20

his supposed heartless treatment of his officials, and a betrayal by his childhood lover, paving theway for Jing Ke's assassination attempt.[97]Hero (2002) ­ The film starred Jet Li, a nameless assassin who plans an assassination attempt onthe King of Qin (Chen Daoming). The film is a fictional re­imagining of the assassination attemptby Jing Ke on Qin Shi Huang.[98]The Myth (2005) ­ The film starred Jackie Chan as Meng Yi, a military general serving under QinShi Huang. Meng is reincarnated into the present­day as an archaeologist. Kim Hee­sun co­starredas a Korean princess who was forced to marry the emperor.[99]The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008) ­ Third installment in the Mummy film series.Jet Li plays Qin Shi Huang, resurrected from the dead along with his Terracotta Army.

Television

Rise of the Great Wall (1986) ­ a 63 episode TV series chronicling the events from the emperor'sbirth until his death.[100]The Not­So­Great Wall Of China (1999) ­ one of the episodes of History Bites. Bob Bainboroughplayed Qin Shi Huang.A Step into the Past (2001) ­ a Hong Kong TVB production based on a science fiction novel byHuang Yi.[101]Qin Shi Huang (2002) ­ a mainland Chinese TV series production. It features a semi­fictionalizedstory of the emperor's life, from his childhood until his death. Zhang Fengyi starred as Qin ShiHuang.[102]First Emperor: The Man Who Made China (2006) ­ a drama­documentary special about Qin ShiHuang. James Pax played the emperor. It was shown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in2006.[103]Secrets of China's First Emperor, Tyrant and Visionary (2006) ­ a documentary by NationalGeographic. It provided an in­depth look at the magnificent and controversial ruler.[104]China's First Emperor (2008) ­ a special three­hour documentary by The History Channel. XuPengkai played Qin Shi Huang.[105]Kingdom (2012) ­ An anime featured during the Warring States Period (475­221BC) portrayingQin Shi Huang before he became emperor Shi Huangdi, and his legacy of uniting China.

Music

Qin Shi Huang is the protagonist in the opera The First Emperor.

Video games

The 1995 video game Qin: Tomb of the Middle Kingdom depicts a fictional archaeologicalmission to explore the First Emperor's burial site. The emperor is featured in several voice­oversin Standard Chinese.

The 2003 video game Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb portrays Indiana Jones entering thetomb of Qin Shi Huang to recover "The Heart of the Dragon".In the 2005 video game Civilization IV, Qin Shi Huang is one of the two playable leaders ofChina.[106]In the computer game Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom, the Qin Dynasty campaign has theplayer as the head architect of Qin Shi Huang, in charge of overseeing the construction of thecapital, the Lingqu canal, the Great Wall, as well as his tomb and the terracotta army.Qin Shi Huang is also revealed to be the final boss of the video game Shin Sangoku Musou: MultiRaid 2.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 15/20

Qin Shi Huang appears in Koei game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI under his birth name,Ying Zheng.World of Warcraft's heavily Chinese culture inspired expansion Mists of Pandaria, the raid boss"Qin­Xi­ Emperor's Closed Fist" in the Mogu­Shan Vaults, is a clear reference to Qin­Shi.

See also

Burning of books and burying of scholarsYíng (Chinese surname)Qin Wuyang of Yan (state)Qin (surname)Jin (Korean name)Hata clanHe Shi BiLady Meng Jiang

References1. Ren Changhong & al. Rise and Fall of the Qin Dynasty. Asiapac Books PTE Ltd., 2000. ISBN 981­229­172­

5.2. Although 49 by the Chinese reckoning.[1]3. Wood, Frances. (2008). China's First Emperor and His Terracotta Warriors, pp. 2–33. Macmillan

Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0­312­38112­3.4. Duiker, William J. & al. World History: Volume I: To 1800, 5th ed., p. 78. Thomson Higher Education

Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0­495­05053­9.5. Sima Qian, translated by William Nienhauser Jr. & al. as The Grand Scribe's Records, Vol. 1 The BasicAnnals of Pre­Han China, p. 127 (http://books.google.ca/books?id=qDo3xBcsX­UC&pg=PA127). IndianaUniv. Press (Bloomington), 1994. ISBN 0253340217. Accessed 25 Dec 2013.

6. 司马迁 [Sima Qian]. 《史记》 [Records of the Grand Historian],秦始皇本纪第六 (http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_006.htm) ["§6: Basic Annals of the FirstEmperor of Qin"]. Hosted at 國學網 [Guoxue.com], 2003. Accessed 25 Dec 2013. (Chinese)

7. In simplified Chinese, 及生，名为政，姓赵氏.[6]8. Sima Qian, translated by William Nienhauser Jr. & al. as The Grand Scribe's Records, Vol. V.1 TheHereditary Houses of Pre­Han China, Part I, p. 439 (http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=xGBYRAIfExsC&pg=PA439). Indiana Univ. Press (Bloomington), 1994. ISBN 025334025X. Accessed25 Dec 2013.

9. See, e.g., Nienhauser's gloss of the name Zhao Zheng (n. 579).[8]10. Sima Qian translated by William Nienhauser Jr. & al. as The Grand Scribe's Records, Vol. 1 The Basic

Annals of Pre­Han China, p. 123 (http://books.google.ca/books?id=qDo3xBcsX­UC&pg=PA123).11. 司马迁 [Sima Qian]. 《史记》 [Records of the Grand Historian],

秦本纪第五 (http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_005.htm) ["§5: Basic Annals of Qin"]. Hosted at國學網 [Guoxue.com], 2003. Accessed 25 Dec 2013. (Chinese)

12. Wilkinson, Endymion. Chinese History: A Manual, pp. 108 ff (http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA108). Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2000. ISBN 0­674­00247­4.Accessed 26 Dec 2013.

13. Luo Zhewen & al. The Great Wall, p. 23. McGraw­Hill, 1981. ISBN 0­07­070745­6.14. Fowler, Jeaneane D. An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality, p.

132. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. ISBN 1­84519­086­6.15. 司马迁 [Sima Qian]. 《史记》 [Records of the Grand Historian], 秦本纪第五

(http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7005&variant=zh­hant) ["§5: Basic Annals of Qin"]. Hosted at 维基文库 [Chinese Wikisource], 2012. Accessed 27 Dec 2013.(Chinese)

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 16/20

16. Hardy, Grant & al. The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China, p. 10. Greenwood PublishingGroup, 2005. ISBN 0­313­32588­X.

17. Emerson, John. Haquelebac: "Edward Schafer, Part I: Mixed Feelings(http://haquelebac.wordpress.com/2010/04/20/edward­schafer­part­i­why­i­hated­him/)". 20 April 2010.Accessed 26 Dec 2013.

18. Major, John. Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi, p.18 (http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=eT_MoGYdSAMC&pg=PA18). SUNY Press (New York), 1993.Accessed 26 Dec 2013.

19. Kern, Martin. "The stele inscriptions of Ch‘in Shih­huang: text and ritual in early Chinese imperialrepresentation". American Oriental Society, 2000.

20. Creel, Herrlee G. The Origins of Statecraft in China, pp. 495 ff. University of Chicago Press (Chicago),1970. Op. cit. Chang, Ruth. "Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties(http://www.sino­platonic.org/complete/spp108_chinese_deity_heaven.pdf)", pp. 13–14. Sino­PlatonicPapers, No. 108. Sept. 2000. Accessed 27 Dec 2013.

21. While the specific title was new, also note the use of 皇天上帝 ("August Heaven Shangdi"), a conflation ofthe Zhou and Shang gods by the Duke of Zhou used in his addresses to the conquered Shang peoples.[20]

22. Lewis, Mark. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, p. 52 (http://books.google.com/books?id=EHKxM31e408C&pg=PA52). Belknap Press (Cambridge), 2009. ISBN 978­0674024779. Accessed 27Dec 2013.

23. Chang, "Understanding Di and Tian", 4–9.24. 司马迁 [Sima Qian]. 《史记》 [Records of the Grand Historian], 秦始皇本纪第六

(http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7006&variant=zh­hant) ["§6: Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin"]. Hosted at 维基文库 [Chinese Wikisource], 2012.Accessed 27 Dec 2013. (Chinese)

25. Beck, B.J. Mansvelt. "The First Emperor's Taboo Character and the Three Day Reign of King Xiaowen: TwoMoot Points Raised by the Qin Chronicle Unearthed in Shuihudi in 1975(http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528373)". T‘oung Pao 2nd Series, Vol. 73, No. 1/3 (1987), p. 69.

26. That both were forbidden has been the general understanding of historians but Beck cites numerous sourcesfrom the era employing the latter character in support of the argument that it was not forbidden until the reignof the Second Emperor.[25]

27. His father's name 子楚 also became taboo, prompting references to Chu to be replaced by its original name"Jing" (荆).[25]

28. Baxter, William & al. Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction (http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207). 2011. Accessed 26 Dec 2013.

29. 《汉典》 [Chinese Dictionary]. "我 (http://www.zdic.net/z/1a/sw/6211.htm)". Accessed 26 December 2013.(Chinese)

30. This eventually prompted the development of the current pronoun 我 (wǒ, "I") from an earlier word meaning"body",[29] in the sense of referencing oneself as "this [worthless] body" in conversation.

31. 《漢典》. "陛 (http://www.zdic.net/z/27/js/965B.htm)". 2013. Accessed 27 Dec 2013. (Chinese)32. Huang, Ray. China: A Macro History Edition: 2, revised. (1987). M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 1­56324­

730­5, ISBN 978­1­56324­730­9. pg 32.33. Ssu­Ma Ch'ien. Burton Watson (trans.) Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty 3rd ed, pp. 35 & 59.

Columbia University Press (New York), 1996. ISBN 0­231­08169­3.34. Lü, Buwei. Translated by Knoblock, John. Riegel, Jeffrey. The Annals of Lü Buwei: Lü Shi Chun Qiu : a

Complete Translation and Study. (2000). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0­8047­3354­6, ISBN 978­0­8047­3354­0.

35. Bodde (1987:42–43, 95)36. The Annals of Lü Buwei. Knoblock, John and Riegel, Jeffrey Trans. Stanford University Press. 2001.

ISBN 978­0­8047­3354­0. p. 937. Bodde (1987:43)38. Donn, Lin. Donn, Don. Ancient China. (2003). Social Studies School Service. Social Studies. ISBN 1­56004­

163­3, ISBN 978­1­56004­163­4. pg 49.39. 司馬遷《史記·卷043·趙世家》：（赵悼襄王）六年，封长安君以饶。40. Records of the Grand Historian Chapter ­ Qin Shi Huang:八年，王弟长安君成蟜将军击赵，反，死屯

留，军吏皆斩死，迁其 民於临洮。将军壁死，卒屯留、蒲鶮反，戮其尸。河鱼大上，轻车重马东就食。 《史记 秦始皇》

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 17/20

41. Mah, Adeline Yen. (2003). A Thousand Pieces of Gold: Growing Up Through China's Proverbs. Publishedby HarperCollins. ISBN 0­06­000641­2, ISBN 978­0­06­000641­9. p 32­34.

42. The Records of the Grand Historian, Vol. 6: Annals of Qin Shi Huang. [1] (http://ctext.org/shiji/qin­shi­huang­ben­ji) The 9th year of Qin Shi Huang. 王知之，令相國昌平君、昌文君發卒攻毐。戰咸陽，斬首數百，皆拜爵，及宦者皆在戰中，亦拜爵一級。毐等敗走。

43. Sima Qian. Dawson, Raymond Stanley. Brashier, K. E. (2007). The First Emperor: Selections from theHistorical Records. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0­19­922634­2, ISBN 978­0­19­922634­4. pg 15 ­ 20, pg82, pg 99.

44. Elizabeth, Jean. Ward, Laureate. (2008). The Songs and Ballads of Li He Chang. ISBN 1­4357­1867­4, ISBN978­1­4357­1867­8. p 51

45. Wu, Hung. The Wu Liang Shrine: The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art. Stanford University Press,1989. ISBN 0­8047­1529­7, ISBN 978­0­8047­1529­4. p 326.

46. Hk.chiculture.net. "HKChinese culture (http://hk.chiculture.net/php/sframe.php?url=http://hk.chiculture.net/0105/htmlBackup/0105c12.html)." 破趙逼燕. Retrieved on 2009­01­18.

47. Haw, Stephen G. (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge. ISBN 978­0­415­39906­7. p 22 ­23.48. Sima Qian: The First Emperor. Tr. by Raymond Dawson. Oxford University Press. Edition 2007,

Chronology, p. xxxix49. Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0­7509­3959­1. pp. 82,

102­103, 131, 134.50. Imperialism in Early China. CA. 1600BC ­ 8AD'. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0­472­11533­2, ISBN

978­0­472­11533­4. p 43­44'51. Chang, Chun­shu Chang. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early

China, CA. 1600BC ­ 8AD. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0­472­11533­2, ISBN 978­0­472­11533­4. p43­44

52. Veeck, Gregory. Pannell, Clifton W. (2007). China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics ofPolitical, Economic, and Social Change. Rowman & Littlefield publishing. ISBN 0­7425­5402­3, ISBN 978­0­7425­5402­3. p57­58.

53. The source also mention ch'ien­shou was the new name of the Qin people. The may be the Wade­Gilesromanization of (秦受, Qín shòu) "subjects of the Qin empire".

54. Murowchick, Robert E. (1994). China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land. University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.ISBN 0­8061­2683­3, ISBN 978­0­8061­2683­8. p105.

55. Goldman, Merle. (1981). China's Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0­674­11970­3, ISBN 978­0­674­11970­3. pg 85.

56. Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. (2004). History of Modern China. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81­269­0315­5, ISBN 978­81­269­0315­3. pg 317.

57. Li­Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee. Ames, Roger T. (2006). Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation.SUNY Press. ISBN 0­7914­6749­X, 9780791467497. p 25.

58. Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. p. 131.59. Twitchett, Denis. Fairbank, John King. Loewe, Michael. The Cambridge History of China: The Ch‘in and

Han Empires 221 B.C.­A.D. 220. Edition: 3. Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0­521­24327­0, ISBN978­0­521­24327­8. p 71.

60. Neininger, Ulrich, Burying the Scholars Alive: On the Origin of a Confucian Martyrs’ Legend, Nation andMythology (in East Asian Civilizations. New Attempts at Understanding Traditions), vol. 2, 1983, eds.Wolfram Eberhard et al., pp 121­136. ISBN 3­88676­041­3. http://www.ulrichneininger.de/?p=461

61. From Records of the Grand Historian, translated by Raymond Dawson in Sima Qian: The First Emperor.Oxford University Press, ed. 2007, pp. 74­75, 119, 148­9

62. Wintle, Justin Wintle. (2002). China. Rough Guides Publishing. ISBN 1­85828­764­2, ISBN 978­1­85828­764­5. p 61. p 71.

63. Li, Xiaobing. (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky, 2007.ISBN0813124387, ISBN 978­0­8131­2438­4. p.16

64. Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. pp. 102­103.65. Huang, Ray. (1997). China: A Macro History. Edition: 2, revised, illustrated. M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN

1­56324­731­3, ISBN 978­1­56324­731­6. p 4466. Sina.com. "Sina.com (http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005­07­26/15497329339.shtml)." 秦代三大水利工程之

一：灵渠. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.67. Mayhew, Bradley. Miller, Korina. English, Alex. South­West China: lively Yunnan and its exotic neighbours.

Lonely Planet. ISBN 1­86450­370­X, 9781864503708. pg 222.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 18/20

68. Ong, Siew Chey. Marshall Cavendish. (2006). China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture. ISBN981­261­067­7, ISBN 978­981­261­067­6. p 17.

69. Aikman, David. (2006). Qi. Publishing Group. ISBN 0­8054­3293­0, ISBN 978­0­8054­3293­0. p 91.70. Fabrizio Pregadio. The Encyclopedia of Taoism. London: Routledge, 2008: 19971. Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. pp. 131, 134.72. Liang, Yuansheng. (2007). The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History. Chinese

University Press. ISBN 962­996­239­X, 9789629962395. pg 5.73. O'Hagan Muqian Luo, Paul. (2006). 讀名人小傳學英文: famous people. 寂天文化. publishing. ISBN 986­

184­045­1, ISBN 978­986­184­045­1. p16.74. Xinhuanet.com. "Xinhuanet.com

(http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005­03/20/content_2719803.htm)."中國考古簡訊：秦始皇去世地沙丘平臺遺跡尚存. Retrieved on 2009­01­28.

75. Wright, David Curtis (2001). The History of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 0­313­30940­X.

76. Wikisource Records of the Grand Historian Chapter 6 (http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7006&variant=zh­hant)

77. 《史记·高祖本纪》司马贞《索隐》写道：“《善文》称隐士云赵高为二世杀十七兄而立今王，则二世是第十八子也。”

78. 张文立：《秦始皇帝评传》，陕西人民教育出版社，1996，第325～326页。79. Tung, Douglas S. Tung, Kenneth. (2003). More Than 36 Stratagems: A Systematic Classification Based On

Basic Behaviours. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1­4120­0674­0, ISBN 978­1­4120­0674­3.80. Sima Qian: The First Emperor. Tr. Raymond Dawson. Oxford University Press. Edition 2007. p. 5481. Man, John. The Terracotta Army, Bantam Press 2007 p125. ISBN 978­0­593­05929­6.82. Huang, Ray. (1997). China: A Macro History. Edition: 2, revised, illustrated. M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN

1­56324­731­3, ISBN 978­1­56324­731­6. p 3783. Thieme, C. 2001. (translated by M. Will) Paint Layers and Pigments on the Terracotta Army: A Comparison

with Other Cultures of Antiquity. In: W. Yongqi, Z. Tinghao, M. Petzet, E. Emmerling and C. Blänsdorf(eds.) The Polychromy of Antique Sculptures and the Terracotta Army of the First Chinese Emperor: Studieson Materials, Painting Techniques and Conservation. Monuments and Sites III. Paris: ICOMOS, 52­57.

84. Portal, Jane. "The First Emperor: China's Terra Cotta Army. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress, 2007.

85. Jane Portal and Qingbo Duan, The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Arm, British Museum Press, 2007, p.207.

86. Man, John. The Terracotta Army, Bantam Press 2007 p170. ISBN 978­0­593­05929­6.87. Leffman, David. Lewis, Simon. Atiyah, Jeremy. Meyer, Mike. Lunt, Susie. (2003). China. Edition: 3,

illustrated. Rough Guides publishing. ISBN 1­84353­019­8, ISBN 978­1­84353­019­0. pg 290.88. Loewe, Michael. Twitchett, Denis. (1986). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch‘in and Han

Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0­521­24327­0.89. Lovell, Julia. (2006). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC­AD 2000. Grove Press. ISBN 0­

8021­1814­3, ISBN 978­0­8021­1814­1. pg 65.90. Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume 1, From Earliest Times to 1600. Compiled by Wing­tsit Chan and

Joseph Adler. Columbia University Press. 2000. p. 230. ISBN 978­0­231­51798­0.91. Mao Zedong sixiang wan sui! (1969), p. 195. Referenced in Governing China (2nd ed.) by Kenneth

Lieberthal (2004).92. Southerncrossreview.org. "Southerncrossreview.org (http://www.southerncrossreview.org/54/borges­

muralla.htm)." "The Wall and the Books". Retrieved on 2009­02­02.93. Sagan, Carl. (1985). Contact. Pocket Books. ISBN 0­671­70180­0. Pages 302­304, 368­370, 404­405.94. Samuraidvd. "Samuraidvd (http://www.samuraimoviedvd.com/product_info.php?products_id=75)." Shin No

Shikoutei. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.95. "About the film ­ frequently asked questions" (http://www.wingkong.net/about/faq.html#2.3).96. NYTimes.com. "NYtimes.com (http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?

res=9A0DE1DF113DF93BA25751C1A96E958260)." Film review. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.97. IMDb.com. "IMDb­162866 (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162866/)." Emperor and the Assassin. Retrieved

on 2009­02­02.98. " "Hero" ­ Zhang Yimou (2002)" (http://www.filmsufi.com/2009/10/hero­zhang­yimou­2002.html). The Film

Sufi.99. IMDb.com. "IMDb­365847 (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0365847/)." San wa. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 19/20

Further reading

Bodde, Derk (1987). "The State and Empire of Ch‘in". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael. TheCambridge history of China 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 20–103. ISBN 0­521­21447­5.Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978­0­7509­3960­7.Cotterell, Arthur (1981). The first emperor of China: the greatest archeological find of our time.New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0­03­059889­3.Guisso, R.W.L.; Pagani, Catherine; Miller, David (1989). The first emperor of China. New York:Birch Lane Press. ISBN 1­55972­016­6.Yu­ning, Li, ed. (1975). The First Emperor of China. White Plains, N.Y.: International Arts andSciences Press. ISBN 0­87332­067­0.Portal, Jane (2007). The First Emperor, China's Terracotta Army. British Museum Press.ISBN 978­1­932543­26­1.Qian, Sima (1961). Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty. Burton Watson, trans. NewYork: Columbia Univ. Press.Yap, Joseph P (2009). Wars With the Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse.ISBN 978­1­4490­0604­4.

External links

History of China (http://www.chinawikipedia.com/chinahistory.html)"What's Inside Qin Shi Huang's Tomb?" (http://heritage­key.com/china/whats­inside­qin­shi­huangs­tomb)

First Emperor of QinHouse of Ying

Born: 260 BC Died: 210 BC

Regnal titles

Preceded byKing Zhuangxiang

King of Qin246–221 BC

with Lü Buwei (246–235 BC)

RecreatedTitle next held byQin San Shi

New titleEmperor of China

Qin221–210 BC

Succeeded byQin Er Shi

100. Sina.com. "Sina.com.cn (http://ent.sina.com.cn/r/m/2003­11­10/0821230366.html)." 历史剧:正史侠说.Retrieved on 2009­02­02.

101. TVB. "TVB (http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/steppast/story/index.html)." A Step to the Past TVB. Retrieved on2009­02­02.

102. CCTV. "CCTV (http://big5.cctv.com/news/ttxw/20011225/100002.html)." List the 30 episode series.Retrieved on 2009­02­02.

103. DocumentaryStorm (http://documentarystorm.com/history­archaeology/the­first­emperor­the­man­who­made­china/)

104. Blockbuster. "Blockbuster (http://www.blockbuster.com/browse/catalog/movieDetails/395943)." Secrets ofChina's First emperor. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.

105. Historychannel.com. "Historychannel.com (http://www.historychannelasia.com/china/)." China's Firstemperor. Retrieved on 2009­02­02.

106. Gamefaqs.com. "Gamefaqs­165 (http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/file/932340/50165)."Civilization IV. Retrieved on 2009­02­03.

06/05/2015 Qin Shi Huang ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang 20/20

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qin_Shi_Huang&oldid=660895286"

Categories: Qin dynasty emperors Child rulers from Asia 260 BC births 210 BC deaths3rd­century BC rulers People from Handan

This page was last modified on 5 May 2015, at 05:07.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike License; additional termsmay apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non­profit organization.