QOTDQOTD

After the Civil War, the Freedmen's After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people?group of people?a) former slaves.a) former slaves.

b) former Confederate soldiers.b) former Confederate soldiers.

c) immigrants.c) immigrants.

d) northern factory workers.d) northern factory workers.

QOTDQOTD

After the Civil War, the Freedmen's After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people?group of people?a) former slaves.a) former slaves.

Today’s StandardToday’s Standard

SSUSH 11SSUSH 11Explain the impact of railroads on other Explain the impact of railroads on other

industries; Thomas Edison’s inventionsindustries; Thomas Edison’s inventions

The Age of InventionThe Age of Invention

1860 - 18901860 - 1890

Industry ExplodesIndustry Explodes

After the Civil War, After the Civil War, industry risesindustry rises

1) 1860 – 1890 – is 1) 1860 – 1890 – is known as the Second known as the Second Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Patents – exclusive rights Patents – exclusive rights to inventors to make and to inventors to make and sell somethingsell something

2) New ideas and 2) New ideas and inventionsinventions began to began to spreadspread

Bessemer Steel ProcessBessemer Steel Process 1) Steel1) Steel Created from coal and Created from coal and ironiron 2) Henry Bessemer2) Henry Bessemer Created the Bessemer Process in Created the Bessemer Process in

18501850 Injecting air in molten iron, Injecting air in molten iron,

removing the carbon, and forming removing the carbon, and forming steelsteel

Steel was lighter, flexible and Steel was lighter, flexible and rust-resistantrust-resistant

3) Steel production skyrockets3) Steel production skyrockets 15,000 tons in the 1860s to 15,000 tons in the 1860s to 28 28

million million by 1910by 1910 4) 4) RailroadRailroad industry was most industry was most

impactedimpacted skyscrapersskyscrapers

Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer

Railroads (RR)Railroads (RR) 1) The growth of the steel 1) The growth of the steel

industry sparked a industry sparked a massive massive networknetwork of RRs of RRs being built across the being built across the United StatesUnited States

2) 1869 – The first 2) 1869 – The first transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad connects the eastern and connects the eastern and western United Stateswestern United States

3) 3) CitiesCities and and townstowns grew grew along RR linesalong RR lines

U.S. U.S. population population multipliedmultiplied

CommunicationsCommunications

1) Telegraph1) Telegraph Samuel MorseSamuel Morse 18371837 2) Used 2) Used Morse CodeMorse Code A series of dots and A series of dots and

dashes representing dashes representing lettersletters

CommunicationsCommunications

18761876 TelephoneTelephone 3) Alexander 3) Alexander

Graham BellGraham Bell Eventually is installed Eventually is installed

in homes and offices in homes and offices across the countryacross the country

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison 1) Thomas Edison1) Thomas Edison America’s greatest inventorAmerica’s greatest inventor Born in Ohio in 1847Born in Ohio in 1847 Established world’s first research Established world’s first research

lab in 1876lab in 1876 Menlo Park, NJMenlo Park, NJ Inventions:Inventions: A) Light bulbA) Light bulb B) Phonograph – recorded B) Phonograph – recorded

soundssounds C) Kinetograph – we call them C) Kinetograph – we call them

video cameras todayvideo cameras today 3) First electrical power plant in3) First electrical power plant in

New York CityNew York City in 1882 in 1882

Edison Light BulbEdison Light Bulb

Edison PhonographEdison Phonograph

Motion PicturesMotion Pictures

The Age of RailroadsThe Age of Railroads

Building the United States Building the United States InfrastructureInfrastructure

1856 - 18931856 - 1893

Railroads ImproveRailroads Improve

1850 – Steam-powered 1850 – Steam-powered ships were the main form ships were the main form of American transportationof American transportation

As the years progressed As the years progressed things began to changethings began to change

Better designed trains and Better designed trains and trackstracks

Construction of new rail Construction of new rail lineslines

Railroads were becoming Railroads were becoming more popularmore popular

The Transcontinental RailroadThe Transcontinental Railroad

By 1856, RR had extended By 1856, RR had extended from the East Coast to the from the East Coast to the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

By 1859, RR crossed the By 1859, RR crossed the Missouri RiverMissouri River

May 10, 1869 – The May 10, 1869 – The Central Pacific and the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific RR meetUnion Pacific RR meet

The first transcontinental The first transcontinental railroad is builtrailroad is built

Coast to coast RR in the Coast to coast RR in the United StatesUnited States

The Golden SpikeThe Golden Spike

The Transcontinental RRThe Transcontinental RR

Working on the RailroadWorking on the Railroad Three main groups of Three main groups of

people worked on the RRpeople worked on the RR Chinese immigrants – the Chinese immigrants – the

main groupmain group Irish immigrantsIrish immigrants Civil War veteransCivil War veterans Working conditions were Working conditions were

brutalbrutal AccidentsAccidents PneumoniaPneumonia 1888 – 2,000 employees 1888 – 2,000 employees

killed; 20,000 injuredkilled; 20,000 injured Pay was also poorPay was also poor

Big BusinessBig Business

The Emergence of Entrepreneurs The Emergence of Entrepreneurs in the in the

Age of IndustryAge of Industry1873 - 18901873 - 1890

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Born in ScotlandBorn in Scotland 18351835 Grew up poorGrew up poor Started working at a Started working at a

cotton mill at age 13cotton mill at age 13 12 hour days12 hour days Saw the Bessemer Saw the Bessemer

Process in actionProcess in action Got in the steel businessGot in the steel business Age 28 – Carnegie Age 28 – Carnegie

begins to work his way up begins to work his way up in the steel industryin the steel industry

US SteelUS Steel Carnegie starts his own Carnegie starts his own

businessbusiness Carnegie Steel (US Steel)Carnegie Steel (US Steel) By 1899, US Steel manufactured By 1899, US Steel manufactured

more steel alone than all the more steel alone than all the steel factories of Great Britainsteel factories of Great Britain

Carnegie was a great managerCarnegie was a great manager Always tried to find ways to Always tried to find ways to

make better steel cheaplymake better steel cheaply Tried to find ways to improve Tried to find ways to improve

steelsteel Established a good accounting Established a good accounting

system to monitor spending system to monitor spending and costsand costs

Hired the best assistantsHired the best assistants

Carnegie’s Carnegie’s Business StrategyBusiness Strategy

Vertical integrationVertical integration When a company buys When a company buys

out all its suppliersout all its suppliers Controlling every level of Controlling every level of

manufacturingmanufacturing Carnegie bought coal and Carnegie bought coal and

iron mines, ore freighters, iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad linesand railroad lines

He had total power over He had total power over the quality and cost of his the quality and cost of his productproduct

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Owner of Standard Oil Owner of Standard Oil

CompanyCompany Eliminated his Eliminated his

competitioncompetition Set up a monopolySet up a monopoly Complete control of a Complete control of a

particular industryparticular industry Merged with other Merged with other

companies that companies that manufactured oilmanufactured oil

Horizontal consolidationHorizontal consolidation

Criticism and RegulationCriticism and Regulation The ruthless tactics of these businessmen was often The ruthless tactics of these businessmen was often

criticizedcriticized Critics believed they were limiting free tradeCritics believed they were limiting free trade Guys like Carnegie and Rockefeller defended their Guys like Carnegie and Rockefeller defended their

wealth with philanthropywealth with philanthropy Philanthropy – giving money away to charitiesPhilanthropy – giving money away to charities Carnegie gave 90% of his wealth away during his Carnegie gave 90% of his wealth away during his

lifetimelifetime Congress eventually regulates big businessCongress eventually regulates big business Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act Made trusts illegalMade trusts illegal