qualitative methods in health research dmr · three keys to successful qualitative research the art...
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Qualitative Methods in Health Research
DMR
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Dr. Thida
Deputy Director/Head
Epidemiology Research Division
Department of Medical Research (POLB) 2
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Interview မလုပ္မီ မိတ္ဆက္တတဲ့အခါ ဘာေတ ေေျပာ မလတလဲ၊ဘယ္အခ်က္ေတ အဓိကထာားေ ေျပာ မလတလဲ။
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မမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးမမေးမမန်ေးရာတွင် မရ ာင်ရန်မ ာေး
• မတွွေ့ဆ ုံမမေးမမန်ေးသူမ ာေးအမနန င်ွေ့ မမြေဆ ခ က်မ ာေးအမပေါ်
မသင်ွေ့ မတာ်မသာ တ န်ွေ့မပန်မမပဆ မှုမမပြုလ ပ်ရပါ။
• မ မ ၏အမတွေးအမခေါ် အယူအဆ မ ာေးက မမပာဆ
မဆွေးမနွေးမခင်ေးမလ ပ်ရပါ။
• မမြေဆ သူမမပာမနစဉ် မရပ်ခ င်ေးရပါ။ မမြေပပ ေးသာေး
က ထပ်မမမေးရ။
• မမြေဆ ခ က်မ ာေးအမပေါ် မ ာေးသည် မ န်သည် ဟ မေြေန်မခင်ေး
မမပြုလ ပ်ရပါ။
• နမ တ်မပမမေးခွန်ေးမမမေးရပါ။ (Leading question)
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မမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးမမေးမမန်ေးရာတွင် မရ ာင်ရန်မ ာေး
• မမြေဆ ခ က်မ ာေးအာေးလ ုံေးက ကကာေးမနသမဘာထာေးမြေ င်ွေ့
နာေးမထာင်ရမည်။ (Non-judgmental approach)
• မရ င်ေးလင်ေးသည်ွေ့မမြေဆ ခ က်မ ာေးက မ မ ဘာသာ
မကာက်ခ က်ဆွွဲမခင်ေးမမပြုလ ပ်ရပါ။ (Do not make any
assumption)
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မမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးမမေးမမန်ေးရာတွင် မဆာင်ရန် မ ာေး
• မမြေဆ သူ၏ စ စစ်မရေး အခ က်အလက်မ ာေးက
မပည်ွေ့မပ ည်ွေ့စ ုံစ ုံ မမေးမမန်ေးရန်။
• Sensitive မြေစ်မသာ၊ မမြေရန်ခက်ခွဲမသာမမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးက
မနာက်ဆ ုံေးမ မမေးရန်။
• မမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးက မမန ေးမမမန်ေး မ န်မ န်မမေးရန်။
• မ မ ၏ Note taker န င်ွေ့ ဟန်ခ က်ည ည ရ ရန်။
• မမြေဆ သူက ခ က်ခ င်ေးမမမြေမသေးဘွဲ ပင မ်မနလျှင်၊ စဉ်ေးစာေး
မနလျှင် အခ န်မပေး မစာင်ွေ့ဆ င်ေးရန်။ (Tolerate silence)
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မမေးခွန်ေးမ ာေးမမေးမမန်ေးရာတွင် မဆာင်ရန် မ ာေး
• ပတ်ေန်ေးက င်အမနအထာေး န င်ွေ့ထူေးမခာေးမသာမမြေဆ ခ က်
မ ာေးက သတ မပြုရန်။
• (FGD) တွင် ပါေင်သူအာေးလ ုံေးမမြေဆ န င်ရန် အခွင်ွေ့အမရေး
မပေးရန်။
• အခ န်က သတ ထာေးထ န်ေးရန်။
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Asking one question at a time
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X
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Verifying unclear responses
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? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?
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Asking open-ended questions
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Avoiding leading questions
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ဒီရ ွာမ ွာ က လေးန ိုို့တ ိုက်တွာန ို့ပတ်သက်ပပေီးသ သ လွာက်
ပပွာပပပါအို ေး။
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? ? ? ?
Service ၅န စ်ရ သ ွာေးပပီ၊ သင်တန်ေးတခါမ မတက်ပါဘ ေး။
Using probing questions
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Probe ဆက် မေးရန်။ မတက်ပြစ်ရင-် ဘွာ ကွာင်ို့လ ။
တက်ပြစရ်င် ဘယ်တို ေးကတက်တွာလ ။ ဘယ် လွာက် ကွာလ ။
ဘွာ တ သင်သလ ။…
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Using probing questions cont.
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❖ No need to be a superhuman
Facilitator
Knowledge•About the subject (for example malaria)•About the community
Attitudes•Friendly and honest
•Committed to helpingpeople to learn for
themselves•Gender sensitive
•Respect of culture•“Equal” to participants
Skills•Active listening and
Questioning•Open communication•Managing group work
•Conflict resolution•Summarizing•Time keeping
QMHR WS 201917
❖ Some basic professional and personal characteristics of facilitator
Interviewer skills
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Facilitator
Knowledge
Attitudes
“Listening Attitude”
Skills
“Active Listening”
Tone of voice -The way the question is asked –
Body language –
အသံဥာဏ္
ဟန္စ်ာန္
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Active Listening
Qualitative interview အေရားအၾကီားဆုံား(two Interviewer Skills)
Good Questioning
Three keys to successful qualitative research
The art of asking “Why?”
The art of “Listening”
Research as a creative process of investigation
စ်ာန္
ဟန္
အသံ
ဥာဏ္
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စ ားစ ားစိုက္စိုက္နာားေထာာ္ေျခာ္ား(Active Listening)
မ်က္လံုားခ်ာ္ားဆံုေျခ ာ္ား (Eye contact/ Look at the
person)
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တုန္႔ေျပန္မမွႈ (ႏွမ တ္ေျ ာ္ဲ့လဲ၊ ကိုယ္အမ အယာေျ ာ္ဲ့)(Provide Feedback: verbal and non-verbal (Body language)
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ဘာေေျပာ လတလဲ၊ ဘယ္လုိေေျပာ လတကို နာားေထာ ာ္ေျခာ္ားListen to both what is said and how it is said
ၾကာားသမမ်ကို အက်ဥ္ားခ် ပ္ေျပန ္ေေျပ ာေျပေျခာာ္းSummarize what you have heard
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Open-ended Question
Good Questioning
Probing Question ≠ Leading Q
Clarifying Question
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Try to listen their voices rather than to talk
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References
• Mack N, Family Health International, United States, Agency for International Development. Qualitative research methods: a data collector’s field guide
• Than Tun Sein. Power point presentations on Focus Group Discussion
• Saw Saw (2019). Power point presentation on Interviewers ‘skill. Lecture for MPH students, University of Public Health
• Krueger, R. & Casey, M. (2000). Focus Group: A practical guide for applied research
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