quality control and mass production of …teaknet.org/images/14- quality control.pdf · quality...

QUALITY CONTROL AND MASS PRODUCTION OF TEAK CLONES FOR TROPICAL PLANTATIONS

Chaix G, Goh DSK, Baillères H, Boutahar N, Monteuuis O

Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

YSG (Malaysia): Jilimin MSodefor (Ivory Coast) : Fofana J, Kadio A, Kouassi E Forig (Ghana): Ofori D, Derkyi NSA University Lomé (Togo): Kokutse ADCirad (France) : Baptiste C, Poitel M, Verhagen D,

Amusant N, Baudassé C

High variability within teak population

For wood propertiesFor growth traits For form/morphology

height growth in Luasang

0

5

10

15

20

25

13 35 49 61 72 85 96 106

age (months)

heig

ht (m

)

1111PERLIS

2222SEGAMA

4314SALISL

5212SALISL

8367INDKA

8668THALAM

8669THALAM

8822INDSAK

8823INDSAK

8824INDVIN

8831INDKA

8832INDKA

8833INDVIN

8839INDMAU

8844INDMAU

9411CSO

9412CSO

9415SENDJI

9418CSO

9420CSO

9424CSO

9426CSO

9430CSO

9433CSO

9435CSO

9436CSO

9437CSO

9440CSO

9443CSO

9444CSO

9446CSO

9447CSO

9449CSO

There is a evident potential for improving teak raw material andproducing high quality varieties for the different traits


FLOWERING FLUTING BUDS & EPICORMICS

FORKS BUTRESSING BOLE QUALITY


Performance of seed sources of teak established in YSG/BHD experimental trials in Sabah: first steps towards the genetic improvement programme

Objectives of the seed introduction:

- Testing seed sources from different origins in Sabah condition

- Selecting clones for varietal output

- Starting a genetic improvement programme

13 Seed sources from India

2 Seed sources from Thailand

2 Seed sources from Solomon Islands

VietnamLaos

Thaïlande

Inde MyamarBombay

Calcutta

New Delhi

302220301630211516

3044

Bangkok10133038

304030613054

3047304930483050

30593056305512

Indonésie

2

193065

Côted’Ivoire

134

17Tanzanie

56 Seed sources from Ivory Coast collected in seedling seed orchard (different geographic origins)

86 seed sources, 20 true provenances, 15 provenances from natural area

26 seeds sources common for 2 sites (Taliwas, Luasong)Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

1 Seed sources from Papua New Guinea

2 Seed sources from Malaysia

TALIWAS: Distribution of individuals for the different traits measured at 92 months

dbh

Frequency

ht

Frequency

Fork

Frequency

pd

Frequency

Bend

Frequency

Fl ow

Frequency

Fl ut i ng

Frequency

Bran

Frequency

St ra

Frequency

high proportion of trees with forks

high proportion of trees with no fluting

high proportion of trees important branching


marked variability between individuals for the growth traits measured

high proportion of trees with good form

LUASONG: evolution of trait expression and trait variability

-0.75 8.25 17.25 26.25

h13

0

200

400

600

Frequency

0.4 4.4 8.4 12.4

h35

0

200

400Frequency

3 6 9 12 15 18 21

h49

0

100

200Frequency

2 5 8 11 14 17 20

h61

0

100

200

Frequency

2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5

h72

0

100

200Frequency

3.6 9.6 15.6 21.6

h85

0

100

200Frequency

3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0

h96

0

100

200

300

Frequency

0.0 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0

h106

0

100

200

Frequency

0.0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0

dbh13

0

200

400Frequency

0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5

dbh35

0

100

200Frequency

1.8 7.8 13.8 19.8

dbh49

0

100

200Frequency

3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0

dbh61

0

100

200Frequency

3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0

dbh72

0

100

200

Frequency

3.0 10.5 18.0 25.5

dbh85

0

100

200Frequency

3.75 12.75 21.75 30.75

dbh96

0

100

200

Frequency

1 7 13 19 25 31

dbh106

0

100

200Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r49

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r61

0

200

400

600Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r72

0

200

400

600

800

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r85

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r96

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

st r106

0

200

400

600

800

Frequency

Stem straightness from 49 to 106 months

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

f 49

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

f 61

0

200

400

600

800

Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

f 72

0

200

400

600

Frequency

-0.075 0.975 2.025 3.075

f 85

0

200

400

600

800Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

f 96

0

200

400

600Frequency

0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92

f 106

0

200

400

600Frequency

Fork from 49 to 106 months

High level of variability maintained with age for growth traits

Percentage of trees with fork increases with age

Percentage of trees with a good stem straightness increases with age

High variability within provenance in growth


Height from 13 to 106 months

DBH from 13 to 106 months

Analysing the correlation between growth and form based on the seed sources data

dbh ht Stra Fork Bend pd Flow Fluting Branht 0.91

0.00

Stra -0.34 -0.340.03 0.03

Fork 0.05 -0.04 0.140.76 0.82 0.39

Bend -0.47 -0.55 0.77 0.030.00 0.00 0.00 0.87

pd -0.53 -0.55 0.49 0.27 0.550.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00

Flow 0.25 0.21 0.00 0.29 -0.11 -0.190.12 0.19 0.99 0.07 0.50 0.25

Fluting 0.12 0.09 0.31 0.38 0.29 0.02 0.500.46 0.59 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.90 0.00

Bran -0.13 -0.23 0.33 0.73 0.27 0.33 0.04 0.350.40 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.83 0.03

Low correlation between growth and morphological traits based on mean seedlot performance

High correlation between growth traits based mean seedlot performance

High correlation between fork and branching


Analysing the distribution of seed source on a multi-trait approach

Biplot (axes F1 et F2 : 63.32 %)

PNG CSOCSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSOCSO

CSO

CSO CSOCSO

CSO

CSOCSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSO

CSOCSO

INDM AU

INDKA

INDKAINDM AU

INDKA

INDKAINDKA

INDVIN

INDKA

INDKA

INDVIN

INDSAK

THALAM

INDKA

D B H

H TST R A

F OR K

B EN DP D

F LOWF LU

B R A N D

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

- - axe F 1 (38.54 %) - ->

Seed source with a high potential for selection: good growth and good morphology

Seed from seed orchard of Ivory Coast

Seed source with a low potential for selection: bag growth and bad morphology

Seed from India


Genotype * Environment interactions

Interaction not significant for growth

interaction for height

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Luasong Taliwas

site

heig

ht (m

)

8367INDKA

8668THALAM

8823INDSAK

8824INDVIN

8831INDKA

8832INDKA

8833INDVIN

8839INDMAU

8844INDMAU

9411CSO

9412CSO

9418CSO

9426CSO

9430CSO

9435CSO

9437CSO

9440CSO

9443CSO

9446CSO

9450CSO

9452CSO

9454CSO

9457CSO

9459CSO

9463CSO

interaction for fork

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Luasong Taliwas

site

fork

8367INDKA

8668THALAM

8823INDSAK

8824INDVIN

8831INDKA

8832INDKA

8833INDVIN

8839INDMAU

8844INDMAU

9411CSO

9412CSO

9418CSO

9426CSO

9430CSO

9435CSO

9437CSO

9440CSO

9443CSO

9446CSO

9450CSO

9452CSO

9454CSO

9457CSO

9459CSO

9463CSO

interaction for stem straightness

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Luasong Taliwas

site

stem

str

aigh

tnes

s (0

to 2

)

8367INDKA8668THALAM8823INDSAK8824INDVIN8831INDKA8832INDKA8833INDVIN8839INDMAU8844INDMAU9411CSO9412CSO9418CSO9426CSO9430CSO9435CSO9437CSO9440CSO9443CSO9446CSO9450CSO9452CSO9454CSO9457CSO9459CSO9463CSO

Interaction significant for stem straightness

Interaction significant for fork


Conclusion on first results from field trials A high variability is observed in the teak population introduced in YSG trials of Taliwas and Luasong

Material introduced from Ivory Coast shows a better potential compared to provenances from the natural range

After the clonal strategy improvement (1989-1997), a significant genetic gain can be achieved through - Recurrent programme and two types of varieties: improved seeds or clones,- Integrated approach using tools and facilities (field trials, nursery, wood lab, molecular lab,….)

Cirad imputsPart I - DNA molecular genetics: quality control, property right, improve the

genetic improvement strategy Part II - Wood trait assessments: introduce wood traits in selection schemePart III - Mass clonal propagation: mass production, improve plantation production, clone commercialisationTeak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

Part I - DNA molecular genetics

Genetic origin assessmentGenetic relatedness

Clonal identificationProperty rights

Genetic laboratory of Cirad in FrancePlantations in tropical area (Malaysia)


DNA molecular markers application: Fingerprinting and Origin

0 0.2

i076 i081

i082

i085

i088

i092i147

i165i166

i167

i168

i169

i170

i171i172

i173

i174

i175

i176

i177

i178i179

i077

i078i080

i086

i089

i090

i180

i181i182

i183

i184

i185

i186

i187

i189

i190i191

i192

i094

i098

i099i100

i101i103i196

i197

i198

g005

g026

g033

g042

g109

g110

g112g113

i079

i084

i087

i091

i193

i194i195

g007

g023

g027

g048

g095

g097g098

i117

i121

i125

i128

i129i204

i118 i120i124

i126

i131

i203

i105 i106

i109

i112i113

i114

i207i208

i209

i210

i211i212

i213

i214i215

i216

i107

i108i110 i111

i115i116

i217

i218

i219

i220

i221i119

i122

i123i127 i130i205 i206i136 i137 i138i140 i141

i142i223i224i225i226

i227i228

i229

i133i134

i135 i139 i222

g012

g016

g061 g063

g064

g013 g025g047g105 g106

g107

g108g009

g024

g029

g046

g100g101g102

g103

g104

i093

i095i096

i097

i102

i104

i199

i200i201

i202

166 individuals from natural area, 15 SSR markers

(Fofana et al, in prep; Ofori et al in prep)

17 natural populations


DNA molecular markers application: Fingerprinting and Clones

Identifying commercial clones

- 12 SSR markers sufficient for clonal characterisation - Leaves from first ortets in the field (Luasong Foreste Center)

2 3 4 51- Repeatability: leaves from two ortets in two locations

Good repeatability of the technic (microsatellite markers)

The clones can be easily differentiated with the markers such as microsatellites


Part II - Wood trait assessments

Sapwood percentageDimensional stability (shrinkages)Figure (colour, grain, structure)Natural durability

Relevant properties

End-uses Wood technological characteristicsJoinery - Natural durability- Dimensional stability- Sapwood percentage

Flooring and parquets

- Figure- Dimensional stability - Natural durability- Specific gravity- Sapwood percentage

Furniture - Figure- Dimensional stability- Sapwood percentage

Sliced veneer - Figure


Clone 9Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1

Commercial clone

70,0

60,0

50,0

40,0

30,0

Hea

rtw

ood

Prop

ortio

n (%

)

Age_year: 10.00, Locate: Luasong

Heartwood / Sapwood ratio

Tangential shrinkage

Wood density

Clonal caracterisation and selection based wood traits

Despite they look similar, these clones are significantly different quality wise

clone clone

???

???

!!!

Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1Bulk

Commercial clone

20000,00

15000,00

10000,00

MO

E_M

pa

Age_year_gross2: 10.00

Color


Heartwood / sapwood ratio variability

Age effect Provenance variability

Location effect

Site 1 Site 2Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

A non destructive sampling for rapid wood trait assessments

Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS): calibration/prediction principle


NIRS for prediction of wood quality

- Lignin, cellulose, basic density, extractive contents, …

- Teak wood natural durability (= weight loss after fungi attack during 16 weeks /reference)

Relative masse loss x<0.15 = class 1: highly durable0.15<x<0.3 = class 2: very durable0.3<x<0.6 = class 3: Durable0.6<x<0.9 = class 4: Moderately durablex>0.9 = class 5: Non durable


Results of prediction teak wood properties by NIRS on core samples

External heartwood

Internal heartwood

- Radial variability of heartwood:


Variability of natural durability

22-35 years

10 years

30-40 years

Very durable clones at 10 years


Conclusions wood technology parts

Clone 9Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1

Commercial clone

70,0

60,0

50,0

40,0

30,0

Hear

twoo

d Pr

opor

tion

(%)

Age_year: 10.00, Locate: Luasong

Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1Bulk

Commercial clone

12,00

10,00

8,00

6,00

4,00

2,00

0,00

Shrin

kage

(%)

451

408

Direction: T, Age_gross_year2: 10.0, Source_Origin: Solomon Island

Large type of technology using by CIRAD and new tools development

To explore the huge diversity for shape and wood properties for teak

To select clones and variety based on commercial values (wood properties) and yield

To define new selection traits based on wood properties

To develop genomics for wood properties


Part III - Mass clonal propagation of Teak


Seed vs vegetatively produced planting stock


Biological constraints of seeds

i) Insufficient availability of seeds, genetic improvement quality in open pollinated seed orchards

ii) The longer the clear bole produced and thus the higher the commercial value, the later the onset of fruiting

iii) Seed germination rates highly variable, low overall (20 à 30%) and unpredictableiv) High variability among individuals, even when genetically related, affecting traits of major economical importance

v) Lack of information regarding the genetic control of most of the economically important traits and of the genetic gain that can be expected from sexual reproduction (seeds)


By grafting

1st Step: Getting the first generation of vegetative copies: the « mobilization phase » - by grafting


Mass clonal propagation using nursery techniques

1st Step: Getting the first generation of vegetative copies: the « mobilization phase » - by cuttings

- Directly from the mature tree « in situ »

- From sticks set under mist system conditions


In Malaysia - average rainfall of 2000-2500mm/yr - in absence of distinct dry season450 to 500 rooted cuttings are produced annually per m2 of stock plants from mature selected teak genotypes


Requisitesi) Reliable and good quality « mist system » automatically controlled

ii) Container-grown stock plants intensively managed - adapted pruning

iii) Stockplant and rooting areas sheltered by shade cloth and windbreaks

iv) Committed and experienced staff


Teak is one of the rare forest species that can be easily micropropagated in vitro at an industrial

scale


Mobilisation and mass production of clones by in vitro

technique

Microcuttings


Meristem culture and microcuttingsExponential multiplication rate: 3n

n: number of subcultures every 6-8 weeks

Rooting in nursery conditions under mist-system > 95%Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

Meristem culture-issued teak tree

18 months after planting 7 yr after planting (Girth: 55cm, Height: 25m)Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India

Requisitesthe

for ensuring a good utilization

* Earlier mass production from mature selected genotypes

* Reduced nursery operations: stockplant management,...

* To use the in vitro-derived plants locally - mist-system neededacclimatization -, or for oversea markets - plantlets are germ-free

and hence are not subject to any phytosanitation measure

1. Tissue culture laboratory adapted to the local context and toobjectives (which can be used also for other species…)

2. Suitable human resources and budget

But the most suitable solution combining the advantages of two options

for


Possible back-up from Cirad as regardsThe most advisable selection and propagation strategies adapted to the context and the objectivesThe most suitable facilities and equipment depending on the context, the propagation strategy (nursery, in vitro, combined…), and the production targets

Staff proper training


- Productivity can be increased

- Rotations can be shortened, (part of the crop can be harvested earlier)- Losses can be reduced

- Wood quality improved

- It can be combined to other crops (agroforestry systems)

Suitably selected Teak clones can be attractive to land owners providing

Intercropping systemsSilviculture adapted to

- The clones (new genetic materials) - The rotation - The type of culture


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