quality management in construction works

7/26/2019 Quality Management in Construction Works

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Quality Management in Construction Works

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January 24, 2016Leave a commentQuality, Uncategorize

Quality i! mo!t commonly u!e "or in all !#here! o$ li$e !o al!o in con!truction

!ector %ut #ro%a%ly i! one o$ the mo!t i$$icult "or! to e$ine #ro#erly. &hen

even e$inition i! i$$icult, it! im#lementation %ecome! much more i$$icult.

'ro%a%ly it i! li(e %eauty "hich i! amire %y every%oy %ut may i$$er $rom

#er!on to #er!on, !o the )uality al!o. *hough )uality ha many e$inition!, +- ha!

e$ine )uality a! *he totality o$ characteri!tic! o$ an entity that %ear! on it!a%ility to !ati!$y !tate an im#lie nee!/. +t a##ear! that ue to !tanarization,

e$inition o$ )uality ha! %een !im#li$ie %ut it i! al!o not !o. *he e$inition i!

actually more com#le than it! !im#licity. *he la!t #art "hich mention! a%out

!ati!$action o$ !tate an im#lie nee! i! really very crucial a! no"here the

im#lie nee! are e!cri%e. +n the e$inition, an entity may %e a #rouct, #roce!!

or even an organization an in the contet o$ civil engineering "or(!, !tate nee!

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may %e availa%le in the $orm o$ !#eci$ication!, conition! or %ill o$ )uantitie! %ut

im#lie nee! are not !#eci$ie in the ocument!. or eam#le, i$ $lat! are %eing

con!tructe %y an agency, !tate nee! may %e ta(en care a! they may %e more or

le!! !ame %ut the im#lie nee! o$ the cu!tomer! may %e i$$erent %ut are al!o to %e

!ati!$ie $or )uali$ying to the )uality. *hu!, %oth cu!tomer an im#lie nee! are to

%e ienti$ie. o"aay!, a cu!tomer i! the receiver o$ a #rouct, thu!, even a

contractor, engineer, )uality manager, u!er or many other! in the #roce!! may

%ecome cu!tomer! at i$$erent #oint! o$ time. 3! #er the e$inition, each one ha! to

%e !ati!$ie. econ #art i! the ienti$ication o$ the im#lie nee!. any time!,

even the cu!tomer i! not a%le to e#re!! the!e nee! a! many o$ them may %e

un!#o(en nee! an one may $in i$$icult to e#re!! them. any time!, it come!

to the notice that cu!tomer !ay! that the )uality i! not goo %ut he i! not a%le to

e#re!! "hat i! not goo a! he i! not a%le to e#re!! it again 5u!t li(e the %eauty.

oe! it mean that )uality i! not achieva%le7

o )uality guru !o $ar ha! given a !tatement that )uality i! not achieva%le. o it ha!to %e rule out. 8ro!%y, one o$ the )uality guru a!!ert! in the Quality i! $ree/, that

)uality i! not luury, una$$ora%le, originate %y "or(er! or !omething that

originate! in the )uality e#artment an thu! a$$ora%le an achieva%le. eming,

another )uality guru !tate! that a%out 9; o$ all )uality #ro%lem! are cau!e %y

harm$ul management #ractice!. +t ha! al!o %een !tate that con!e)uently, 8


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3ccoring to 8ro!%y, !econ era "a! o$ the )uality control in "hich em#ha!i! "a!

given on #rouct uni$ormity "ith reuce in!#ection!. Quality control i! e$ine a!

all tho!e o#erational techni)ue! an activitie! that are u!e to $ul$ill re)uirement!

$or )uality/ >+-?. *here$ore, em#ha!i! in )uality control i! on techni)ue! an

activitie!. +n!#ection!, monitoring an $ee%ac( are carrie out in )uality control.

+t ha! nothing to o irectly "ith the cu!tomer@! !ati!$action. +n!#ection! o not

en!ure con$ormance o$ !#eci$ication! o$ one hunre #ercent "or(. +n!#ection! in

a "or( may al!o re!ult to corrective action rather than #reventive action.

-#erational techni)ue! an monitoring al!o lea to #a#er )uality/ in "hich the

#a#er! a!!ure the )uality "ith or "ithout any con!ieration o$ the "or(.

Quality a!!urance a! #er +- i! e$ine a! all the #lanne an !y!tematic

activitie!, im#lemente "ithin the organization $or )uality management, to #rovie

ae)uate that a #rouct or !ervice "ill !ati!$y given re)uirement! $or )uality./

*here$ore, )uality a!!urance i! e!!entially a #reventive activity an i! there$ore to

%e !y!tematically #lanne in avance. *he activity inclue! ienti$ication an#lanning o$ the chec(!, in!#ection an control o$ #roce!! a! a #art o$ )uality

control. Quality a!!urance al!o mean! e!ta%li!hment o$ a )uality !y!tem "hich can

emon!trate the re)uirement!. Un$ortunately, in many organization!, name! have

change $rom the )uality control unit! to )uality a!!urance unit! "ithout any

change in the "or(ing or !trategy or even in the attitue o$ the )uality #er!onnel.

*otal Quality anagement >*Q? i! e$ine a! the management a##roach o$ an

organization, centere on )uality, %a!e on the #artici#ation o$ all it! mem%er! an

aiming at long term !ucce!! through cu!tomer !ati!$action, an %ene$it! to all

mem%er! o$ the organization an to !ociety./ +n $act, in thi! a##roach, cu!tomer i!

the #er!on "ho acce#t! the #rouct o$ any #roce!!. u##o!e, cement i! receive %y

a #er!on, then #er!on receiving cement i! cu!tomer. &hen cement i! mie an

concrete i! #rouce in a mier, the #er!on receiving concrete to #lace it %ecome!

the cu!tomer an !o on !o $orth. *hu!, #artici#ation o$ all mem%er! i! very

e!!ential in *Q.


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!to##e an the an!"er i! very !im#le = no a! it i! natural to ma(e error!. Cut the

error! have to %e eliminate an not at later !tage %ut right at the !tage it i! li(ely to

occur or it ha! occurre %y #reventing it or correcting it a! the ca!e may %e. +t

cannot %e #a!!e on to other #er!on or #roce!!. *hu!, *Q inclue! !el$

in!#ection.

8ro!%y ha! e!cri%e $ourteen !te# #rogramme to achieve )uality a! management

commitment, )uality im#rovement team!, )uality mea!urement, co!t o$ )uality

evaluation, )uality a"arene!!, corrective action, zero e$ect! #lanning, !u#ervi!ory

training, zeroDe$ect! ay, goal !etting, error! cau!e removal, recognition, )uality

council! an @o it all over againB. eming al!o !ugge!te 14 #oint! "hich are

create con!tancy o$ #ur#o!e, ao#t ne" #hilo!o#hy, cea!e e#enence on ma!!

in!#ection!, en the #ractice o$ a"aring %u!ine!! on the #rice tag only, im#rove

con!tantly an $orever the !y!tem o$ #rouction an !ervice, in!titute training,

in!titute leaer!hi#, rive out $ear, %rea( o"n %arrier! %et"een !ta$$ area!,

eliminate !logan!, ehortation!,, an target! $or the "or($orce, eliminate numerical)uota!, remove %arrier! to #rie o$ "or(man!hi#, in!titute a vigorou! #rogram o$

eucation an training an ta(e action to accom#li!h the tran!$ormation.

Thus, from the foregoing discussion, it is clear that the followings are to be

considered for the qualit!

Quality mean! !ati!$action o$ cu!tomerB! !tate an im#lie nee!.

Quality o$ a "or( inclue! ura%ility an it! li$e cycle conce#t.

Quality i! not originate %y the "or(er! or )uality control e#artment! %ut

$rom the to# management an inclue! one an all connecte "ith it.

Quality re)uire! involvement o$ every one.

8o!t o$ )uality i! a lo!! to the !ociety.

8once#t o$ Eero e$ect!

3ny variation that i! cau!e "hile tran!lating cu!tomer nee! into correct!#eci$ication! or "hile #roucing the re)uire entity i! con!iere a! a e$ect. +n

$act, many #eo#le %elieve that it i! uneconomical to eliminate all e$ect! an !ome

%elieve that e$ect! or variation! are normal, #articularly in civil engineering

"or(!. Cut a! #er a )uality guru, 'hili# C. 8ro!%y, @zero e$ect!B are %oth

technically an economically #o!!i%le. 3n eam#le ha! !ho"n that once

management emane #er$ection, it ha##ene an "or(er! #rouce it. -$ the

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!ervicea%ility, ae!thetic! an #erceive )uality. *ime an timeline!! !ervice,

com#letene!!, con!i!tence, courte!y, acce!!i%ility an convenience, an

re!#on!ivene!! are the imen!ion! o$ )uality $or a !ervice %ut are to %e inclue in

con!truction a! the civil engineering i! al!o a #art o$ the !ervice. *hu! $or a

con!truction "or(, the imen!ion! o$ a #rouct a! "ell a! a !ervice are to %e

con!iere $or a )uality "or(. +n $act, #rouct #lay! a ma5or role uring

con!truction an !ervice imen!ion! #lay a ma5or role uring maintenance. +t mu!t

%e uner!too that a cu!tomer "ho i! not e#ert in the architectural an

engineering #ro$e!!ion "ill not %e in #o!ition to !#ell out all the im#lie nee! an

hence, the!e are to %e con!iere %y the architect, engineer! an %uiler!.

+m#lie nee! are mo!t im#ortant. 3n architect or an engineer ha! to #lan an

con!truct the !tructure "hich con$orm! to local %ye la"!, i! !a$e uring normal an

ece#tional conition! li(e i!a!ter!, con$orm! to #revalent coe! an guieline!

an !ati!$y to the cu!tomer $or en u!e. 3 cu!tomer mu!t $eel ha##y an !ati!$ie

"hile u!ing the "or(. +n $act, it i! more o$ the im#lie nee! "hich contri%ute toha##ine!! to the cu!tomer an hence the!e are more im#ortant. 8u!tomer

!ati!$action lea! to im#rove )uality o$ hi! li$e an hence )uality i! largely %a!e

on the !ati!$action o$ nee!.

3 %uiling i! a $ie a!!et an one oe! not change it ea!ily an thu! get! attache

!ometime! emotionally may %e hou!e or o$$ice $or hi!Gher li$e. *here$ore, the

imen!ion! o$ the )uality an #ro%lem!Gcom$ort receive $rom the a!!et uring li$e

o$ the %uiling a$$ect cu!tomer !ati!$action. *hu!, it %ecome! e!!ential that the li$e

cycle conce#t i! con!iere %y the architect!, engineer! an con!truction agencie!.

+n $act, it i! the maintenance !tage $rom "hich cu!tomer $orm! a vie" a%out the

)uality o$ a "or( an hence, *Q in con!truction !ector ha! to inclue li$e cycle

conce#t. Li$e cycle conce#t inclue! all the !tage! right $rom the ince#tion to

i!mantling. +n $act, )uality co!t! in a civil engineering !tructure !houl not only

inclue #revention, a##rai!al co!t! an $ailure co!t! uring con!truction %ut al!o

!uch co!t! incurre uring it! u!e$ul li$e in maintenance !tage. *he nee! o$

maintenance !tage are to %e con!iere "hile #lanning an eecuting a "or(. 3

"or( !houl re)uire minimum maintenance an o#erational co!t! $or a cu!tomerB!

!ati!$action.

*hu!, )uality i! not an a%!olute "or %ut interrelate "ith !tate or im#lie nee!.

Quality "oul e#en u#on the cu!tomer nee!. or eam#le, granite $looringcannot %e !ai to %e a )uality "or( com#are to cement concrete $looring 5u!t

granite $looring i! o$ richer !#eci$ication!. Coth are to %e a!!e!!e !e#arately $or

)uality. *here$ore, the cu!tomer !houl %e very clear o$ hi! nee! other"i!e

cu!tomer may not a##reciate the i$$erence %et"een )uality an !#eci$ication! a!

many time! !u#erior !#eci$ication! are "rongly mi!uner!too the #arameter! o$

)uality.

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")TI)UUS I*+R-E*E)T

*Q i! not one time conce#t an i! %a!e on continuou! im#rovement. Hence

continuou! im#rovement i! e!!ential in #rouct, #roce!!, an management.


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Ano" ho" to o the 5o% an "hy it i! %eing one.

Have the (no"lege o$ material!, #roce!! an e)ui#ment to o the 5o%.

Ano" "hat to o "hen the thing! go "rong.

or a%ove, it i! e!!ential that orientation an evelo#ment training to the

!u#ervi!or! i! im#arte in )uality "hich inclue! ne" material!, metho!

incluing "or(man!hi#, an tool! an machinery u!e in con!truction in a

!y!tematic manner $or achieving cu!tomer !ati!$action. *here$ore, the

#er!on! involve in con!truction or maintenance activitie! mu!t have the

(no"lege an ca#a%ility o$ oing )uality "or(!. Hence, #er!onnel

management i.e. right #er!on $or right 5o% i! e!!ential to achieve )uality.

In a ci#il wor., it is said that if someone is doing the following, qualit shouldnot be e/%ected from him

3cce#t! the "or( not u# to the !tanar may %e %ecau!e o$ urgency or any

other rea!on.

elay! eci!ion on re5ecting the !u%!tanar "or( or ta(ing action again!t

the contractor $or a !u%!tanar "or(.

'a!!e! the "or(! on to other! !tating you o it !omeho".

'ut! o$$ the 5o% till !ome%oy el!e ta(e! over the charge.

Clame! other! %e$ore $ining out "hat he coul o to !olve the #ro%lem.

e$u!e! to li!ten an !olve the #ro%lem!.

+! technically incom#etent

+t i! al!o !ai that mo!t #eo#le "ant to o a )uality 5o%, contrary to general%elie$.

Therefore management should ensure thatI

'eo#le engage in con!truction or maintenance are technically com#etent

an have the right training, #lacement, an (no"lege.

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Quality con!ciou! contractor! are !electe $or the "or(.

8oDorination an $ee%ac( !y!tem i! availa%le.

'eo#le are traine $or ne" material!, metho!, machinery e)ui#ment antechnologie!.

3 !y!tem i! e!igne to coDorinate among architect!, e!igner!, engineer!

>civil, electrical, HK38, #lum%ing, lan!ca#e etc?, contractor! an "or(er!.

")TRA"T A)( QUALITY

Quality in con!truction i! achieve through 5oint e$$ort! o$ em#loyer, architect!,

engineer!, contractor! an other !ta(eholer!. ince, contractor not only arrange!

the material! an "or(er! %ut im#lement! the )uality, hi! role in achieving )uality

i! very critical. *here$ore, !election o$ a contractor i! etremely e!!ential toachieve )uality. *hu!, contract ocument an conition! #lay an im#ortant role in

!election o$ a contractor an !o contract i! al!o relate to )uality. Quality i! to %e

inclue %y the #lanner!, engineer!, )uantity !urveyor!, an then )uality manager!.

Hence, )uality al!o e#en! u#on:

8ontractor>!?

u##lier!

Quality control manager!

&or(er!

Quality conce#tGmetho %eing $ollo"e

'ayment an #ayment conition!

ince ra"ing!, e!ign!, !election o$ contractor, in!#ection!, time, )uality control

mea!ure!, !#eci$ication!, rate!, "el$are an !a$ety mea!ure!, #ayment conition!etc. are #art o$ contract ocumentI contract ocument al!o ha! a %earing on )uality

hence )uality i! al!o a $unction o$ contract ocument. *hu! contact ocument ha!

to %e #re#are con!iering the )uality re)uirement!.

3! alreay i!cu!!e, men, material! an metho! re)uire in a "or( are arrange

%y the contractor an then money al!o, hence, )uality i! largely e#enent u#on it!

im#lementation %y the contractor. *hu!, it i! e!!ential that a )uality con!ciou!

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contractor i! !electe to achieve the )uality. election criterion o$ a contractor i! to

%e inclue in the tener or contract ocument!. +n mo!t o$ the ca!e!, tener! are

invite $rom regi!tere contractor! o$ engineering organization! an contractor!

creential! are eamine only uring their regi!tration #roce!!, mo!tly %a!e on

ocument! !u%mitte %y them. *hu!, !election o$ contractor! may %e mae through

the $ollo"ing #roce!!e!:

'reD)uali$ication criterion

Quali$ication criterion

on nomination %a!i!?

'reD)uali$ication criterion i! inclue in many contract ocument!. *he contractor!

are re)uire to !u%mit technical an $inancial %i! a$ter they )uali$y the criteria.

*heir technical %i! are evaluate $ir!t an only !uita%le an eligi%le contractor!

are then a!(e to !u%mit $inancial %i! an i$ alreay invite, the $inancial %i! o$

only !electe contractor! are o#ene. *hi! #roce!! ta(e! con!iera%le time,

there$ore, it may a##ear to %e time con!uming an co!tly %ut ultimately #rove! to

%e avantageou! to the em#loyer. *hi! #roce!! i! mo!tly ao#te in ma5or "or(!.

ince, the %ier! are re!ource$ul, )uality con!ciou!, having large e!ta%li!hment

an have limite com#etition, the )uality o$ !uch "or(! i! normally goo. *he

rate! o$ !uch %i! are normally higher than the %i! invite $rom other criteria,

#articularly 2 an mentione a%ove.

+n )uali$ication criterion, )uali$ication criterion i! inclue in many %i ocument!

li(e in ational 8om#etitive Ci ocument #re!cri%e %y &orl Can(. 3$ter

evaluation only the %i! o$ the eligi%le %ier! are con!iere in the com#etition.

*hough, it !ave! !ome time, %ut in ca!e, any o$ the contractor! ao#t! legal action

#articularly the contractor "ho!e %i i! $oun to %e ineligi%le, it may ta(e

con!iera%le time in $inalization o$ the contract. 3l!o, rate! o$ ineligi%le %ier

%ecome voi, a eci!ion i! to %e ta(en %y the com#etent authority to a"ar the

"or( ignoring hi! rate! an that %ecome! a critical eci!ion in ca!e, hi! rate! arelo"e!t. ometime! %ig $irm! may not inclue all the in$ormation #articularly their

on going commitment! an i$ !o, their %i! may %e inter#rete to have

mi!re#re!ente the $act!. e" contractor! may al!o not #rovie all the in$ormation

#articularly o$ ongoing commitment! eli%erately to get )uali$ie in evaluation o$

a!!e!!e availa%le %i ca#acity. *hu!, #ro%a%ility o$ !election o$ goo contractor

%a!e on thi! criterion i! le!! than #reD)uali$ication criterion.

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government contract!, e)uivalent "or i! u!e. or eam#le, tile! manu$acture %y

variou! manu$acturer! may %e having i$$erent !#eci$ication! even i$ minimum

!tanar! #re!cri%e %y Cureau o$ +nian tanar!, might have %een $ollo"e %y

them. *hu!, the rate! o$ variou! %ran! o$ the tile! may vary %ut the contractor may

o#t to #rocure the chea#e!t, "hich i! 5u!t #a!!ing the !#eci$ication! #re!cri%e in

+nian tanar!, a! all the tile! "ill %e con!iere e)uivalent. *he %ran name!

are not inclue in government contract! to i!courage mono#oly. 3l!o mono#oly

item! are con!iere co!tly a! they lea to !u#er normal #ro$it ma(ing material!

though it may not %e com#letely true in ca!e o$ largely availa%le material! "here

large !u%!titute! are availa%le. *hu!, the )uality %ecome! i$$icult to %e achieve

"ithout #ro#er ienti$ication! an incor#orating the !#eci$ication! o$ material! in

the contract ocument!. Hence, the role o$ architect!, )uantity !urveyor!, an

#lanner! %ecome! im#ortant "ho have a vital role in #re#aring !#eci$ication! an

contract ocument!.

ra"ing! an e!ign! are #art o$ !#eci$ication!. 8ontractor! )uote the rate! %a!eon the !#eci$ication! o$ the material!, intricacy an !(ill involve in #roviing an

$iing. 3 !ingle #iece o$ granite !la% $ie on the !tair! "ill have i$$erent rate!

com#are to #iece! $ie, a! "a!tage an cutting "ill %e i$$erent in %oth the ca!e!.

3! !uch even i$ the !ame material i! u!e, !#eci$ication! $or $iing !houl %e

availa%le in contract ocument $or )uality. +$ all !#eci$ication! are not inclue,

contractor may )uote rate! a! #er hi! "i!om an later "ill try to "or( accoring

to rate! )uote an not a! #er actual re)uirement! or im#lie nee!. *hu!

!#eci$ication! in a contract are the #art o$ the )uality.

"ontract conditions and Qualit

8ontract ocument may inclue technical !#eci$ication!, general conition! an

!#ecial conition!. ome conition! may have $inancial im#lication!. +$ e$$ect o$

!uch conition! i! not inclue %y the contractor! or uring evaluation o$ tener!

%y the em#loyer, im#lementation o$ conition! %ecome! very i$$icult "hich may

a$$ect the )uality al!o. or eam#le, !u##o!e a conition i! inclue that the

earth"or( "ill %e inclu!ive o$ rate! o$ #um#ing o$ "ater in ca!e o$ high groun

"ater ta%le e#ecte or uring rain!. +$ the item o$ #um#ing "ater i! not availa%le

in Cill -$ Quantitie! an thu! not #aya%le !e#arately a! #er conition availa%le,

contractor "ill avoi "or( uring rain! or "ill try to #um# out the "ater a! it may%e co!ting more than earth"or( in ecavation it!el$. imilarly i$ !mall #atch i!

re)uire to %e #la!tere in a multiD!toreye %uiling, co!t o$ re#air may %e

negligi%le com#are to !ca$$oling co!t an i$ a conition i! inclue that co!t o$

!ca$$oling i! inclue in the #la!ter "ithout con!iering !ite conition!, contractor

either "ill not o it or "ill ta(e cour!e o$ ar%itration. imilarly !a$ety #rovi!ion!

an "el$are #rovi!ion! o$ con!truction "or(er! are inclue in the conition!

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"ithout con!iering their $inancial im#lication! uring evaluation o$ tener!,

re!ult! mo!tly in nonDim#lementation. &hen the!e mea!ure! are $orce, the )uality

o$ the "or( i! eteriorate a! contractor! recover co!t o$ !uch mea!ure! $rom the

"or( only. *hu! the conition!, "hich have $inancial im#lication!, !houl either %e

inclue in the %ill o$ )uantitie! or their e$$ect %e con!iere uring evaluation o$

the %i!.

Acce%tance "riterion

ince acce#tance criterion o$ a "or( i! !ti#ulate in the contract, )uality o$ "or(

!houl %e !ame "ho!oever i! engineer in charge. Cut even a$ter !#eci$ication! an

contract clau!e! may %e !ame, )uality o$ "or( i! li(ely to %e i$$erent in t"o "or(!

even i$ !ame contractor ha! carrie out the "or( at t"o #lace!. *hi! may %e ue to

acce#tance criterion !et %y engineer!. 3cce#tance criterion o$ an engineer may %e

e#ening u#on hi!Gher )uali$ication, (no"lege, e#o!ure, e#erience, morality

an management. 3n engineer having an international e#o!ure may have i$$erentacce#tance criterion than an engineer having only local e#o!ure $or the !ame

"or(. 3! acce#tance o$ a "or( i! im#ortant, re5ection i! e)ually or more im#ortant.

*ime $actor ha! more "eightage in ca!e o$ re5ection than the acce#tance. *imely

re5ection o$ a "or( lea! to %etter )uality than eci!ion. +$ concrete in a %a!ement

column i! re5ecte a$ter ca!ting o$ groun $loor, it i! very i$$icult to reca!t or

recti$y the e$ect!, %ut i$ the !ame i! re5ecte %e$ore ca!ting o$ %eam o$ %a!ement

$loor, it "ill %e reca!t. 3l!o there i! a tenency o$ !ome contractor! to 5uge the

acce#tance criterion !et u# %y an engineer. *he contractor a$ter an initial

interaction "ith the engineer an a $e" !ite vi!it! %ecome! $ully a"are o$ the

acce#tance criterion !et u# %y the engineer. *here$ore, it i! the uty o$ an engineer

to !et u# !tanar acce#tance criterion an let it i! (no"n to the contractor, not

only in term! o$ )uality an "or(man!hi# %ut al!o $or $re)uency o$ te!t!, !am#le

#re#aration an material a##roval. *hu! )uality i! a $unction o$ acce#tance

criterion o$ an engineer "hich in turn i! relate to hi! (no"lege.

"ontract "lauses

8ontract clau!e! have a %earing on )uality. or en!uring )uality an timely

com#letion o$ "or(, variou! clau!e! li(e #er$ormance !ecurity clau!e, incentive

clau!e, com#en!ation clau!e, timely #ayment clau!e, intere!t clau!e $or elaye#ayment!, eviation clau!e, #rice e!calation clau!e, intere!t $ree mo%ilization an

*' avance clau!e!, material a##roval an te!ting clau!e, are inclue "hich are

to %e im#lemente %y %oth the #artie!.

*E"'A)I0ATI) A)( QUALITY

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echanization i! e$ine a! the u!e o$ machine! to re#lace manual la%our an can

al!o re$er to the u!e o$ #o"ere machinery to hel# a human o#erator in !ome ta!(.

*he u!e o$ han o#erate tool! i! not the #art o$ the mechanization %ut it i! really a

matter o$ concern that even the!e tool! are not the #art o$ every con!truction

#roce!!. *he %ene$it! o$ mechanization inclue! im#rovement in #rouctivity,

)uality, !#ee, con!truction technology avancement, inu!trial technology

avancement, economy ue to !cale o$ "or(, em#loyment #otential etc.

echanization an ro%otic have great #otential an can %e ao#te almo!t in every

$acet o$ %uiling con!truction no"aay! %ut un$ortunately !#aringly ao#te. +n

$act, in roa con!truction, mechanization ha! %een ao#te in a higher !cale in the

country in e#re!!"ay! "hich may %e %ecau!e o$ $oreign $irm! entering into the

com#etition in roa con!truction. U!e o$ mechanization in roa con!truction ha!

certainly re!ulte in )uality con!truction in "hich ura%ility an !#ee are al!o the

ma5or $actor!. imilarly, elhi etro ail 8or#oration ao#te mechanization in

their "or(!.+n %uiling !ector, mechanization i! %eing ao#te in high ri!e %uiling!.

echanization lea! to )uality ue to eraication o$ manual error!, homogeneity

an con!i!tency o$ "or(. 3nother ma5or avantage i! !aving o$ time. +n +nia, ue

to in$lation, co!t o$ "or( increa!e! an i$ time i! curtaile, contractor or %uiler

can !ave money an thi! !aving lea! to a )uality "or(. *hi! al!o increa!e!

cu!tomer !ati!$action. *here$ore, mechanization ha! to %e ao#te in %uiling

con!truction $or achieving )uality.

SA1ETY A)( QUALITY+t i! !ai that accient! o not ha##en, they are cau!e. 3ccient! lea to high co!t

an thu! lea to eterioration o$ )uality. 3ccient! are cau!e either ue to un!a$e

act or un!a$e conition!. Un!a$e act i! normally attri%ute to iniviual! "hile

un!a$e conition! are either attri%ute to engineering or the management a!

#roviing !a$e conition! i! the re!#on!i%ility o$ the engineer! an management.

*hu! $or !a$ety management, %oth un!a$e act an un!a$e conition! are to %e

tac(le. Un!a$e act can %e #revente through eucation an training, orientation

#rogramme!, i!#lay o$ #o!ter!, !ignage, !a$ety ta!( a!!ignment! etc. "hile

#revention o$ un!a$e conition! re)uire management commitment, #olicy,

re!ource!, #lanning an evelo#ment o$ e$$ective !a$ety #rogramme! an eecutionthrough in!#ection!Gchec(li!t! etc.

a$ety in con!truction i! not limite to "or(er! !a$ety only. +$ the !tructure i! not

!a$e uring it! eecution an therea$ter uring it! e!igne li$e, it can #o!e !a$ety

#ro%lem! not only to the "or(er! %ut al!o to many other! incluing !tructure.

*here$ore, a !tructure mu!t %e !a$e $or it! li$e #erio, "hich i! #o!!i%le only i$ it

ha! %een #lanne, e!igne, eecute an maintaine a! #er coe! an )uality

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!tanar!. *hu! !a$ety i! clo!ely relate to the )uality. 3$ter li%eralization an

glo%alization, num%er o$ #ro5ect! !tarte in the country an a lot o$ $inancial

inve!tment !tarte coming to the country, mechanization came !imultaneou!ly an

!a$ety %ecame e!!ential com#onent in the con!truction !ector.

a$ety i! !ai to involve 4


16/24

1ailure of a structure during e/ecution stage is mostl due to some of the

following reasons2

Un!a$e e!ign

ot $ollo"ing the correct e!ign. *he e!ign might have %een revi!e %ut

ol eecution mae %a!e on ol ra"ing. -l ra"ing i! not e!troye,

(e#t at !ite an even an entry i! not mae o$ it! revi!ion in the ol ra"ing

8olla#!e o$ tem#orary !tructure! li(e $ailure o$ !ca$$oling, centering an

!huttering

+ncorrect !e)uence o$ removal o$ #ro#! li(e removal o$ #ro#! $rom $ie

!ie in a cantilever

emoval o$ centering an !huttering %e$ore !#eci$ie an re)uire !tri##ing

#erio

U!e o$ i$$erent grae! an ty#e! o$ material! not con!iere in the e!ign

li(e u!e o$ ''8 in #lace o$ -'8 an removing centering an !huttering

!#eci$ie $or -'8.

'oor )uality o$ "or(

uen change o$ conition! li(e #artly con!tructe unergroun tan( can

$loat i$ "ater get! $ille u# aroun it ue to !uen rain! an there i! huge

u#li$t "hich i! more than the loa o$ the tan(

'oor etailing li(e no overla# o$ the rein$orcement or even !ay no #rovi!ion

o$ "ee# hole! in a retaining "all or in a %ounary "all leaing to "ater

#re!!ure on one !ie o$ "all not e!igne $or.

8olla#!e o$ the !tructure! at #o!t con!truction #erio i! al!o #o!!i%le. *he!e

$ailure! may %e uner normal conition! a! "ell a! uring critical conition!li(e earth)ua(e!, cyclone! an $loo!.

ome o$ the rea!on! areI

emoval o$ loa %earing !tructural mem%er!

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3ition! an alteration!

ue to change conition! %ecau!e o$ con!truction o$ other !tructure! li(e

unergroun metro con!truction may create i!tre!! in a5oining !tructure!

atural i!a!ter! li(e earth)ua(e! etc. $or "hich the !tructure! are not

e!igne

3ging o$ !tructure! an re!iual !trength not ae)uate to ta(e loa!

'oor maintenance conition! leaing to eterioration o$ !trength o$ the

!tructural mem%er!

8hange u!e li(e a %uiling e!igne $or o$$ice %uiling %eing u!e $or

li%rary or a cinema hall

'oor rainage conition! aroun the %uiling or ri!e o$ groun "ater ta%le

leaing to reuction in %earing ca#acity o$ the !oil

a$ety uring maintenance !tage inclue! !a$ety o$ the !tructural a! "ell a!

nonD!tructural mem%er!, their re#air an maintenance an al!o !a$ety ue to

tem#orary !tructure! or arrangement! mae $or carrying out maintenance.

ome o$ the !ervice! are not com#ati%le to the li$e o$ the !tructure li(e#lum%ing !ervice!. Cut #lum%ing an !anitary #i#e! are not change a$ter

their u!e$ul li$e leaing to !ee#age, "hich corroe the rein$orcement an

lea to i!tre!! in the !tructure.

3or.ers safet is to be %lanned and im%lemented during construction as well

during maintenance o%erations& 3or.ers safet is not gi#en due recognition due

to the followings:

''


18/24

o #rovi!ion! $or health an "el$are mea!ure!.

'oor (no"lege o$ machine!, e)ui#ment an the !a$ety #rovi!ion! a$$ecting

)uality al!o.

ue to %a "or(man!hi# a$$ecting )uality

on ao#tion o$ !a$ety mea!ure! %y "or(er!

&or(er! not a%iing to !a$ety rule!

hortDterm economic con!ieration i! main rea!on o$ nonDao#tion o$ !a$ety

mea!ure! %y the contractor! %ecau!e they a##ear to %e economical ho"ever

ultimately in long run they may #rove to %e co!tly. ome contractor! may not ma(e

availa%le even %a!ic !a$ety ''

!#eci$ic re)uirement!. &or(er! "ith !a$e environment have high #rouctivity ue

to higher e$$iciency.

Cut it i! not al"ay! nece!!ary that contractor! o not ma(e availa%le !a$ety

e)ui#ment or o not ma(e !a$ety #rovi!ion!. any time! "or(er! o not $ollo"

!a$ety rule! an even may not u!e them.


19/24

ee# ecavation! in clo!e vicinity o$ ei!ting !tructure! "ithout ta(ing

!u$$icient #recaution! to a$$ect other #ro#erty.

C-Q? an it !oun! )uite

"ell that i$ the item! "ere #ai $or, certainly they "oul %e im#lemente. u##o!e

%arricaing i! mae #art o$ the C-Q, it "ill %e one %eing #art o$ item!. La%our

"el$are mea!ure! li(e #rovi!ion! o$ toilet!, canteen $acilitie!, accommoation,crMche etc. can al!o %e mae #art o$ C-Q. Cut ma5or #ro%lem in the citie!

#articularly in metro#olitan citie! i! the availa%ility o$ lan an the o%5ection o$

re!ient! in the vicinity o$ the !ite $or con!truction o$ !uch $acilitie!.


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%e a nee o$ con!truction o$ multiD!toreye "elling unit! $or la%ourer!, "hich can

%e ta(en on rent %y the contractor! "here all other $acilitie! "ill %e %uilt in. +n

tho!e circum!tance!, the #rovi!ion! o$ the co!t com#onent "ill %e re)uire to %e

ta(en in the e!timate!.

'lanning $or !a$ety i! really a tough 5o% $or nonDengineere !tructure! "here even

!tructural !a$ety mea!ure! are not ao#te. *hi! may %e ue to #oor conition! o$

#eo#le, una"arene!! o$ !a$ety norm!, nonDavaila%ility o$ e!igner! an !tanar

e!ign! an gree. or a chec( on nonD engineere un!a$e, !u% !tanar !tructure!,

the role o$ local %oie!, #u%lic, government, an engineer! i! im#ortant. *he

engineer! !houl #lay a ma5or role in i!!emination o$ (no"lege o$ !tructural

!a$ety norm! to !to# nonD engineere un!a$e con!truction. 'ro%a%ly !u%!iy in

earth)ua(e #rone region! can %e etene to ma(e their "elling unit! earth)ua(e

re!i!tant !o that lo!! o$ live! an #ro#erty uring earth)ua(e! coul %e minimize.

+$ !a$ety i! to %e e!igne, it !houl con!ier all the #rovi!ion! "hether $or the

!tructure, "or(er! or the #u%lic. +$ the !tructural !a$ety i! con!iere, e!ign coe!an ational Cuiling 8oe are availa%le along "ith many guieline!, re$erence

manual!, an com#uter #rogramme!. *here$ore there !houl not %e a !a$ety

#ro%lem i$ the !tructure i! e!igne accoring to coal re)uirement!. e!ign i! to

%e carrie out %y a !tructural e!igner "ho ha! an e#erti!e in it. 3t #re!ent there i!

no government or autonomou! !ocietyGin!titute "ho certi$ie! the e!igner!.

*here$ore, it i! the high time that !ome engineering %oy !tart! regi!tration o$

e!igner! $or the %ene$it o$ the #u%lic an the !ociety. +t i! e!!ential that not only

!tructure i! e!igne %ut al!o the entire tem#orary an !a$ety !tructure! are

e!igne. +$ a roa i! uner "iening or a culvert or a %rige i! uner con!truction,

there !houl %e no rea!on that iver!ion i! not e!igne an commuter! are le$t to

high inconvenience!. imilarly i$ a !la% i! %eing ca!t, it! centering i! not e!igne.

+$ $or $ire !a$ety, a corrior or !tairca!e i! to %e e!igne, it !houl %e one

accoring to the coal re)uirement!. *here$ore it i! im#ortant that !a$ety #roce!! i!

inclue in the e!ign #roce!! "hether it i! earth)ua(e !a$ety, $ire !a$ety or

"or(er! !a$ety re)uirement!. Local %oie! li(e $ire authoritie! have mae

manatory to get the ra"ing! cleare %y them %e$ore eecution. ome %an(! that

are $inancing the con!truction activitie! have al!o mae manatory re)uirement!

$or #roviing loan! only i$ the re#ute in!titution! certi$y the !tructural e!ign!.

*hi! i! a goo %eginning in the $iel o$ !tructural !a$ety. Local %oie! can al!oenli!t re#ute an )uali$ie !tructural e!igner! an clear the ra"ing! $or

con!truction only i$ they certi$y the!e. +t mu!t %e uner!too that !a$ety i!

com#lementary to the )uality. Un$ortunately, !a$ety i! not !till %eing con!iere

!eriou!ly ta(en in our country, %e in the #lanning, an eecution o$ "or(! or uring

their maintenance. e!ult %eing, !tructure! o not la!t $or their u!e$ul li$e.

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QUALITY, QUA)TITY A)( S+EE(

+n the management conce#t, management !et! the goal! %a!e on )uantitie! $or

iniviual! an #er$ormance a##rai!al i! mae on the achievement!. o the

)uantity #lay! a very im#ortant role in the a!!e!!ment o$ the a##rai!al o$ an

em#loyee. -n the other han "hen "e tal( a%out the )uality, it i! the cu!tomer or

the client "ho ma(e! the a!!e!!ment. 3n i$ the cu!tomer i! not !ati!$ie "ith the

)uality, it al!o goe! again!t the em#loyee an the em#loyeeB! a##rai!al get!

a$$ecte !o much that the em#loyee may %e !ho"n the oor. *here$ore, the

)ue!tion ari!e! "hich one to choo!e = )uality or )uantity7

3n then there i! !#ee "hich i! clo!ely relate to )uality an )uantity %oth. any

e#ert! !ay choo!e t"o out o$ three a! one canBt have all three unle!! heG!he i!

rG!


22/24

*hen there i! a )ue!tion "hether !#ee al!o come! at a co!t7 e" organization!

have a #rovi!ion o$ incentive! in ca!e a "or( i! com#lete %e$ore !cheule ate o$

com#letion. +t mean!, in ca!e a #ro5ect i! com#lete at a $a!ter !#ee, it i! co!tly a!

organization ha! to #ay incentive. +t i! al!o (no"n that i$ a #ro5ect i! elaye, it

re!ult! into co!t overrun a! time overrun i! !ai to %e irectly relate to co!t

overrun. Hence, in %oth conition!, !#ee ha! a co!t. Cut i!cu!!ion i! not limite

to thi! co!t. or !#eey con!truction, one ha! to inve!t more on material!, la%our or

on technologie! an thi! can %e con!iere a! co!t o$ !#ee. *hi! co!t goe! on

increa!ing in ca!e there i! a large ga# in the !u##ly an eman. ecently

conclue common"ealth game! !ho"e that there i! a co!t ue to ga# in !u##ly

an eman. uring the #erio "hen $acilitie! %eing eecute $or game!, "or(er!

"ere not availa%le even at a high co!t an material! "ere more e#en!ive than

uring normal time a! uring that #erio a num%er o$ #ro5ect! "ere in #rogre!!. +t

!ho"! that ga# o$ !u##ly an eman ha! a co!t %earing. La" o$ eman !ay! that

"ith increa!e in #rice, eman ecrea!e!. La" o$ !u##ly !ay! = !u##ly increa!e!"ith higher #rice!. Cut there are in!tance! "hen even at higher #rice!, neither

eman can %e reuce nor !u##ly can increa!e ue to time con!traint!.

*hen there i! a )ue!tion "hether !#ee, )uality an )uantity are achieva%le "ith

normal !et u#7 Ca!ic i$$erence %et"een evelo#ing countrie! an evelo#e

countrie! i! the availa%ility o$ in$ra!tructure an technologie! "hich #lay an

im#ortant role in the )uantity an !#ee incluing in the )uality an non

availa%ility o$ the in$ra!tructure an technologie! $urther ma(e! i$$icult to achieve

the!e three in evelo#ing countrie!. Cut then the in$ra!tructure come! at a co!t an

a evelo#ing country cannot co#e u# "ith the evelo#e countrie!. *hu! co!t may

%e an im#ortant $actor in the )uality, )uantity an !#ee o$ e!ire entity. e"

year! %ac(, roa "or( "a! %eing one manually at a very !lo" !#ee. o"

mechanization ha! come an the !#ee ha! gone u# !o al!o the )uality an

)uantity. +$ the co!t o$ manual con!truction i! com#are "ith late!t mechanize

con!truction, it ha! come at a co!t. elhi etro ha! %een con!tructe at a !#ee an

elhi etro ail 8or#oration trie to achieve )uality an )uantity an "a!

!ucce!!$ul to a large etent %ut at an aitional co!t. *here are !ome #eo#le "ho

are goo in athematic! an a##ly it in the "or(! "ithout con!iering it!

im#lication!. +$ a "or( o$ @3B )uantitie! an @CB !#eci$ication! >)uality? i! to %e

com#lete in t"o year! an it! co!t i! @NB, a! #er their calculation, it can %ecom#lete in one year al!o at the !ame co!t a! there i! no increa!e in the )uantity

or eviation in the )uality. *hu! accoring to their calculation, there i! no co!t to

!#ee rather they !ho" !aving ue to e!ta%li!hment co!t re)uire $or a le!!er time.

u##o!e a client !ay! to con!truct a !taium an normally it ta(e! one year %ut i$

the time i! !ai to %e com#re!!e "ith high !#ee, oe! it not a to co!t7 #ee

mean! earlier than the normal li(e an emergency !ituation. 3n "e (no" that even

Page 22of 24


23/24

a octor an ho!#ital charge more in ca!e o$ emergency. +t a##ear! that !#ee ha! a

co!t even i$ other t"o i.e. )uality an )uantity are con!tant. Let u! analy!e it. #ee

come! in con!truction normally through mechanization, !(ille "or(er!, ne"

technologie!, #roce!!e! an highly technical an #ro$e!!ional !u#ervi!or!. or

eam#le, in a %uiling "or(, it may %e u!e o$ mechanization an u!e o$ highly

!o#hi!ticate tool! an e)ui#ment, !(ille "or(er! ca#a%le o$ u!ing ne"

technologie! an #roce!!e!, ne" technologie! a! u!e %y elhi etro $or

tunneling, li(e u!e o$ trenchle!! technologie!, u!e o$ #re engineere %uiling! an

e#ert! #ro$e!!ional!. &ill it not co!t etra $or all the!e $actor!7 +n a #rivate

organization, it can %e con!iere %ut )ue!tion i! "hether government

organization! !houl con!ier co!t o$ !#ee in their 5u!ti$ication! an then "hether

vigilance an auit authoritie! "oul acce#t it7 3n more than that, )ue!tion "ill

%e a!(e ho" to im#lement an mea!ure it7 *hu! though co!t may %e higher in

em#loying !(ille la%our, mechanization an money %ut it i! the time "hich !ave!

co!t ue to !aving in #rice e!calation.3! alreay !tate, )uality i! a relative term an not a%!olute one. +t i! al!o (no"n

that #oor )uality "or( involve! "a!tageI "a!tage o$ material, la%our, $inance an

re!ource! an lea! to time overrun. *hi! i! the rea!on that a contractor avoi!

recti$ication or reoing the "or(. Cut i$ he ha! to o it, the "or( %ecome! co!tlier

than even a goo )uality "or(. Hence, )uality "or( can only %e achieve i$ it ha!

%een one right $or the $ir!t time. *hi! i! again the #rinci#le o$ *Q or zero

"a!tage. o to achieve a )uality "or(, everyone involve in the #roce!! ha! to go

$or a )uality "or( right at the $ir!t in!tance, %e the contractor, engineer or "or(er.

3n i$ "or( ha! %een one a! #er )uality !tanar! right at the $ir!t in!tance, it

"oul eliminate multi#le level! an $re)uency o$ in!#ection!. +t i! (no"n that

!ome com#anie! even o not re)uire !am#le chec(ing an #rouce %e!t )uality

#rouct!. +n $act, a contractor "ho ao#t! )uality a! hi! motto !elom re)uire!

reoing the "or( "hile thi! i! not true in ca!e o$ a contractor ao#ting #oor )uality.

Quality oe! not mean only )uality o$ con!truction %ut al!o )uality o$

#ro$e!!ionali!m ao#te in the "or(, %e it architectural, !tructural, managerial or

$inancial. *hu! contri%ution $rom con!ultant!, architect! an e!igner! i! e)ually

im#ortant. Cut #ro$e!!ionali!m may re)uire time, eication an coDorination.

*hu! to achieve )uality an )uantity in a com#re!!e time than the re)uire,

%ecome! a #ro%lem. or eam#le, i$ a e!igner ha! to o e!ign 5o% an he i! al!oinvolve in variou! routine "or(! "here he ha! to evote con!iera%le time, he

cannot #rouce )uantity an i$ he #rouce! )uantity, he cannot #rouce )uality.

*here$ore, #ro$e!!ional! li(e con!ultant! are al!o to %e !electe care$ully.

o remem%er, )uality i! an outcome o$ team"or( an not o$ an iniviual. *hu!,

every team mem%er ha! to give im#ortance to )uality. 3n then i$ team i! not

motivate, e!ire re!ult! cannot %e achieve. 3l!o motivation $actor! are i$$erent

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$or i$$erent #eo#le !o management ha! to !ee ho" they can motivate the

!ta(eholer! engage in achieving the )uality.

This article has been written by Dr. K M Soni, Chief Engineer, West Zone I,

CPWD, Mubai

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quality management in construction works

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