Seven Tools of Quality Control

Quality Management ProcessesPlan Quality ManagementPerform Quality AssuranceControl QualityPlan Quality Management

Identifying all relevant organizational or industry practices, quality requirements and/or standards for the project, the product of the project and its deliverablesDemonstrate how the product will demonstrate compliance with the qualityIt provides guidance and direction on how quality will be managed and validated throughout the product life cycleQuality planning should be performed in parallel with other planning activitiesStandardization can come from within the organization or government or from professional organizationThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG)ISO 9000Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Project Manager must plan the project so it meets the customers quality standards (outlines in agreement or discovered in collect requirements process) which help in controlling project, request changes, corrective and preventive actionAcceptable number of software bugs per moduleStrength of concreteAverage installation time Quality must be balanced with other project constraintsThe project scope statement, WBS, WBS Dictionary help the project manager maintain the proper perspective and plan quality to the appropriate level.

Plan Quality Management - InputsOrganizational Process AssetsEnterprise Environmental FactorsStakeholders RegisterRequirements DocumentationRisk RegisterProject Management PlanSchedule BaselineCost BaselineScope BaselineProject Scope StatementWBSWBS Dictionary Plan Quality Management - OutputsAddition or changes to the Project Management PlanProject Documents updatePlan Quality Management-Tools and TechniquesCost-Benefit AnalysisCost of QualitySeven Basic Quality ToolsBench MarkingDesign of ExperimentStatistical SamplingAdditional Quality Planning ToolsBrainstormingForce Field AnalysisNominal Group TechniqueQuality Management and Control ToolsSeven Tools of Quality ControlCost-Benefit AnalysisCost of Quality

Cost of Conformance should be lower than cost of non-conformance

Cost of ConformanceCost of Non-ConformanceQuality TrainingReworkStudies ScrapSurveys Inventory CostWarranty CostLost BusinessSeven Tools of Quality ControlCause-and-Effect DiagramsFlowchartsChecklistsControl ChartsScatter DiagramsPareto DiagramsHistogramsNayyer Kazmi88Cause-and-Effect DiagramsCalled Fishbone DiagramFocused on solving identified quality problemIdentify potential causes of particular quality problemsCauses of problems can be explored through brainstormingUsed by quality control teams

Nayyer Kazmi99Cause-Effect Diagrams

Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

FlowchartsSchematic diagram of the sequence of steps involved in an operation or processDevelops a clear picture of how the operation works and where problems could ariseUsed to document the detailed steps in a processOften the first step in Process Re-Engineering

Nayyer Kazmi1212ChecklistSimple data check-off sheet designed to identify type of quality problems at each work station; per shift, per machine, per operator

Nayyer Kazmi1313Checklist / Checksheets

Control ChartsImportant tool used in Statistical Process Control The UCL and LCL are calculated limits used to show when process is in or out of controlEvaluate whether a process is operating within expectations relative to some measured valueRegularly measure the variable of interest and plot it on a control chart

Nayyer Kazmi1515Scatter DiagramsA graph that shows how two variables are related to one anotherDetect the amount of correlation or the degree of linear relationship between two variablesData can be used in a regression analysis to establish equation for the relationshipPositive correlation: increased production speed and no. of defectsNegative correlation: workers training and number of defects

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Scatter DiagramsScatter Plot Correlation

Scatter Plot

Pareto AnalysisTechnique that displays the degree of importance of quality problemsNamed after the 19th century Italian economist; often called the 80-20 RulePrinciple is that quality problems are the result of only a few problems e.g. 80% of the problems caused by 20% of causes (80-20 rule)Chart ranks the causes of poor quality in decreasing order based on the percentage of defect each has caused

Nayyer Kazmi2020Pareto Analysis

HistogramsA chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable like service time at a bank drive-up window

Displays whether the distribution is symmetrical (normal) or skewed

Nayyer Kazmi2222Histograms for Variables

Product Design - Quality Function Deployment Critical to ensure product design meets customer expectationsUseful tool for translating customer specifications into technical requirements is Quality Function Deployment (QFD)QFD encompassesCustomer requirementsCompetitive evaluationProduct characteristicsRelationship matrixTrade-off matrixSetting TargetsNayyer Kazmi2424Quality Function Deployment(QFD) DetailsProcess used to ensure that the product meets customer specifications

Nayyer Kazmi25Voice of theengineerVoice of the customerCustomer-basedbenchmarks25QFD - House of QualityAdding trade-offs, targets & developing product specifications

Nayyer Kazmi26Trade-offsTargetsTechnicalBenchmarksSource: Operations Management An Integrated Approach Fourth Edition by Reid and Sanders26