qual&quantitative research
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Qualitativevs.
Quantitative
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Universal
Specific
Explanatory
Descriptive Subjective
Objective
Universal ------------------------------ Specific
Objective ------------------------------ Subjective
Explanatory ---------------------------- Descriptive
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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES
Research Methods
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
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Definitions of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research A type of educational
research in which the researcher decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions, collects numeric (numbered) data from participants, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
Qualitative Research A type of educational research
in which the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data consisting largely of words (or text) from participants, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES
Research Methods
Qualitative Research
Hybrid or Mixed
Quantitative Research
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A. Qualitative approach
1. Definitiona. is an inquiry approach useful for exploring and
understanding a central phenomenon.
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2. Purpose:
a. To discover various meanings associated with a phenomenon
i. by studying cases intensively in natural settings and
ii. by subjecting the resulting data to analytic induction.
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A. Quantitative approach
1. Definition:a. is an inquiry approach useful for describing
trends and explaining the relationship among variables found.
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2. Purpose:
a. To describe and explain features of a reality by collecting numerical data. by comparing data from one individual or group to
another individual or group. by subjecting the data to statistical analysis.”
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
Qualitative Methods:
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
Qualitative Methods:
1. Observe events and/or ask questions with open-ended answers.
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
3. Tabulate responses
Qualitative Methods:
1. Observe events and/or ask questions with open-ended answers.
2. Record observations
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
3. Tabulate responses
4. Summarize data
Qualitative Methods:
1. Observe events and/or ask questions with open-ended answers.
2. Record observations
3. Interpret observations
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
3. Tabulate responses
4. Summarize data
Qualitative Methods:
1. Observe events and/or ask questions with open-ended answers.
2. Record observations
3. Interpret observations
4. Return for new and refined observations
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
3. Tabulate responses4. Summarize data5. Analyze and draw
conclusions
Qualitative Methods:1. Observe events and/or ask
questions with open-ended answers.
2. Record observations3. Interpret observations4. Return for new and refined
observations5. Review data and draw
conclusions
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Comparison:Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research:Quantitative Methods:
1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Observe events/present questionnaire with fixed answers.
3. Tabulate responses4. Summarize data5. Analyze and draw
conclusions
Qualitative Methods:1. Observe events and/or ask
questions with open-ended answers.
2. Record observations3. Interpret observations4. Return for new and refined
observations5. Review data and draw
conclusions6. Formulate hypothesis or
theory
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4. Determining the Research Approach
Use quantitative if your research problem requires you to
A. Measure Variables
B. Assess the impact of these variables on an outcome
C. Test existing theories or broad explanations
D. Apply results to a large number of people
Use qualitative if your research problem requires you to
A. Learn about the views of the people you plan to study
B. Assess a process over time
C. Generate theories based on participant perspectives
D. Obtain detailed information about a few people or research sites.
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Quantitative Designs and Uses
ExperimentalResearch
CorrelationalResearch
DescriptiveResearch
Explaining whether anintervention influencesan outcome for onegroup as opposed to another group
Associating orrelating variablesin a predictablepattern for onegroup of individuals
Describing trends or characteristics forthe population ofpeople
InterventionResearch
Non-InterventionResearch
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Qualitative Designs and Uses
EthnographicResearch
Grounded TheoryResearch
NarrativeResearch
Exploring the sharedculture of a peoplegroup
Exploring commonexperiences ofindividuals todevelop a theory
Exploring individualstories to describethe lives of people
Other possible types:• Historical• Discourse Analysis
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Could be either…
Case Study
Action Research
Study of an individual or small group of individualsto focus on what variables and relationships are present in that individual case
Forming a theory in advance and collecting qualitative observations to quickly see if the theory has any validity or application in a small and preselected population.Study of a small group to
get an indication of how the group (or individuals within that group) think about a topic.
Focus Group
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Research Methods
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Hybrid
• Ethnographic
• Grounded theory
• Narrative research
• Historical
• Discourse Analysis
• Experimental
• Correlational
• Descriptive• Current Differences• Differences Over
Time• Basic Descriptions
• Case Study • Action Research
• Triangulation
• Concurrent
• Sequential – Exploratory
• Sequential – Explanatory
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Qualitative & QuantitativeSome differences:
Qualitative:
• Considers the participant’s point of view
• Describes the participant’s view within a particular setting or context
• Searches to understand a more complex Central Phenomenon rather than a specific research question or hypothesis
• Typically uses methods such as interviews, observations and interviews
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Qualitative & QuantitativeSome differences:
With Qualitative:
• The qualitative researcher is not an objective, politically neutral observer
• The qualitative researcher is an observer of the human condition
• The meaning of the research is plural, more political and open
• The project is collaborative and participatory
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Qualitative & QuantitativeSome differences:
Quantitative:• Tries to be objective and look at things without as
much consideration of its context.
• Attempts to find meaning that is equally applicable to all.
• Tends to focus on numerical comparisons
• Tries to isolate any possible intervening or confounding variables and focus on one interaction at a time.
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Quantitative or Qualitative….
What type of research
would you use?
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Quantitative or Qualitative?
A. A study to investigate the reasons why kids fight on the playground
B. A study to see which minorities do best on a certain IQ test.
C. A study to evaluate whether students are self-motivated or motivated more by external rewards or punishment
D. A study to investigate whether there is a relationship between a student’s IQ and his/her artistic creativity.
E. A study to discover why kids are not eating their cafeteria food at lunch.
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F. A study to see how Educational Research classes may be improved to make students take more interest and fall asleep less often.
G. A study of five children to see how they react to being surprised.
H. A study to determine what part of the brain is involved in short term memory.
I. A study to see if a student’s IQ is affected by special class using multi-media resources.
J. A study of how whether students taking a test at time A receive the same or similar results when taking the test at time B.
Quantitative or Qualitative?