quantec logging services inc. geophysical survey ... - draft bh geophysics report...quantec logging...

Quantec Logging Services Inc.116 Spadina Avenue, Suite 400

Toronto, ONPhone (416) 306-1941

Fax (416) 306-1949L SQuantec Logging Services Inc.

Geophysical Survey Interpretation Report BOREHOLE PHYSICAL PROPERTY SURVEYS

For Region of York, Peel, and Durham

DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT

DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT

February 2003 V. Gerrie K. Blasco S. Collins

Quantec Logging Services Draft YPD Report Borehole Physical Properties Survey

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION A borehole geophysical logging program was initiated from April to December 2002 as part of the York Peel Durham (YPD) Groundwater Management Strategy Study in southern Ontario, Canada. Objectives of the logging program were: improving the understanding of the complex geology of the Oak Ridges Moraine; regional scale stratigraphic correlation; estimating hydrogeologic parameters; providing a greater confidence in the geologic input to numerical models; and making recommendations of merits of a more extensive long-term geophysical data acquisition program.

Key hydrostratigraphic units of the Oak Ridges Moraine and surrounding area such as the Newmarket Till, Lower Sediments, Upper Sediments, and channel-fill deposits were characterized with in-situ physical property measurements, namely: natural gamma, spectral gamma, neutron, density, full wave-form sonic (acoustic velocity), magnetic susceptibility, inductive conductivity, temperature, and fluid conductivity. Statistical characterizations, and cross-plotting of parameters, were used to identify common lithologies in the YPD area. Coarsening upward sequences in the lower sediment package were traced across the survey region, indicating that correlation of sediments over several kilometres is possible using geophysical logging.

RESULTS Results indicate that specific combinations of parameters are best suited to identifying key units. General results are summarised below for each key hydrostratigraphic unit, in addition to hydrogeologic properties, and spectral gamma ray testing:

Newmarket Till

The Newmarket Till is best characterized by acoustic velocity, neutron, and density parameters likely responding to the unique dense, low porosity, compact nature of the till.

Lower Sediments

The Lower Sediments are best mapped with natural gamma, conductivity, neutron and temperature gradient, which highlight unique, regional, repetitive coarsening upward sequences in various holes across the survey area.

Channel Fill Deposits

Acoustic velocity, density, and neutron logs best identify gravels that typically mark the base of channel fill deposits, where as the fill sediments typically exhibit a “noisy” conductivity response and in general have lower density values.

Upper Sediments

The geophysical information was useful in helping to map and identify various sediment types within the upper sediment package, however the upper sediments in general did not exhibit the more obvious and unique characteristics of the Newmarket Till or lower sediments. Of note, the sands from the upper sediments typically had lower densities than sands from the lower sediments. The best parameters for defining the upper sediments are density, neutron, natural gamma, and conductivity.

Hydrogeologic Properties

Neutron logs correlate well with moisture content samples taken from core in the Grasshopper and CVC-ORM-01b holes, indicating the potential of estimating porosity or moisture content from Neutron data. The neuron data has also indicated zones of perched water above the regional water table.

Temperature gradient logs can highlight areas of significant water flow through zones of high hydraulic conductivity such as coarse sand and gravel.

Spectral Gamma Ray

The results from the preliminary testing of the spectral gamma probe suggest that the method has some potential for lithologic discrimination of the Newmarket and Halton tills and other clay-rich sediments within the regional stratigraphy. Further work is required however, to confirm that the U/K ratios of the two tills are distinctive across regional scales.

Quantec Logging Services YPD Borehole Physical Properties Survey

RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations from this report are briefly summarized below:

1. Run a complete suite of geophysical logs in all future “golden spike” holes with high quality geologic control (cored or frequently sampled) that intersect key hydrostratgraphic units.

2. Devise a routine borehole geophysical logging program aimed at cost effectively improving our understanding of the complex geology of the Oak Ridges moraine. The goal will be to acquire data efficiently by focussing on the parameters most likely to add value. Based on the results of this report, the “optimum” suite of parameters will vary depending the application.

3. Standardize well construction for all future “golden spike” boreholes or other holes where geophysical surveys are proposed or could add value. Casing type and size, back fill material/grout type and thickness, drill hole diameter etc. can all have a significant effect on geophysical measurements. Standardized well construction will allow for quantitative hole-to-hole comparisons of lithologies over great distances, where as wells constructed differently are limited to less desirable qualitative interpretations.

4. Determine correction factors between geophysical parameters logged through standard steel cased water wells vs. standard PVC cased wells. Some geophysical parameters such as neutron, density, and gamma can measure through PVC and steel cased holes although the steel has an attenuating effect. Quantifying the attenuation effect would allow for normalization of data recorded through both casing types.

5. The applicability of Spectral Gamma logging should be further investigated as it could provide quantitative information about clay mineralogy and in turn the provenance of the sediments.

6. Study the neutron-porosity relationship in more detail. Results have indicated an inverse relationship between neutron count rate and lab determined moisture content from core samples. This relationship however, is only based on two holes and appears to be somewhat complex warranting further study.

CONCLUSIONS The project was successful in achieving the initial goals, and a more extensive, routine, long-term geophysical acquisition program will clearly improve the overall understanding of the complex geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Building a library of borehole geophysical results from across the YPD area will greatly improve regional scale stratigraphic correlation and ultimately provide greater confidence in the geologic input to numerical groundwater models.

QLS Project L-128 February 2003

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................5 2 SURVEY DETAILS .............................................................................................................6

2.1 Survey Overview........................................................................................................6 2.2 Survey Specifications ...............................................................................................9 2.3 Personnel .................................................................................................................10 2.4 Data Presentation ....................................................................................................11

2.4.1 Physical Property Data and Profiles.............................................................11 3 SURVEY RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION ................................................................12

3.1 Overview...................................................................................................................12 3.2 General Data Processing and Interpretation ........................................................12

3.2.1 Data Processing and Presentation...............................................................12 3.2.2 Geophysical Lithology Classification............................................................12 3.2.3 Statistical Characterization...........................................................................13 3.2.4 Data Quality: Single Hole Statistics..............................................................13

3.3 Spectral Gamma Processing and Interpretation ..................................................14 3.3.1 Spectral Gamma Processing .......................................................................14

3.4 Statistical Characterization Results ......................................................................15 3.4.1 Grasshopper Hole Sample Statistical Characterization...............................15 3.4.2 Multi-Hole Composite Statistical Characterization of Moraine Lithologies ..21

4 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................28 4.1 Geophysical Characterization of the Newmarket Till ..........................................28 4.2 Mapping of the Lower Sediments ..........................................................................29 4.3 Upper Sediments .....................................................................................................32 4.4 Tunnel Channels......................................................................................................33 4.5 Aquifer Properties ...................................................................................................33 4.6 Clay Marker Beds.....................................................................................................35 4.7 Spectral Gamma Results ........................................................................................36

4.7.1 Borehole OGS-PJB-19.................................................................................37 4.7.2 Borehole OGS-PJB-15.................................................................................39

4.8 Physical Property Analysis and Differences in Hole Construction....................40 5 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................41

LIST OF APPENDICES

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................43 APPENDIX A: STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS............................................................44 APPENDIX B: YPD BASEMAP .............................................................................................47 APPENDIX C: MULTIHOLE STATISTICS.............................................................................48 APPENDIX D: STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY.......................................................................61 APPENDIX E: COMPOSITE VIEWLOG PLOTS ...................................................................99 APPENDIX F: DIGITAL DATA.............................................................................................115


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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1: Viewlog YPD Location Basemap showing available well information .............................5 Figure 2: Location Map of the YPD Groundwater Project with boreholes logged by QLS in 2002.7 Figure 3: GSC and QLS P-Wave Velocity (m/s) Data for OGS-PJB-15 .........................................8 Figure 4: Sample ViewlogTM Composite Plot for Grasshopper hole .............................................11 Figure 5: OGS-PJB-19 – Till Unit Broken into two Geophysical Interpretation Units....................13 Figure 6: Sample Histogram – Natural Gamma, Grasshopper .....................................................14 Figure 7: Neutron statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper ........................................................16 Figure 8: Natural Gamma statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper............................................17 Figure 9: Magnetic Susceptibility statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper ................................18 Figure 10: Inductive Conductivity statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper................................19 Figure 11: Density statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper .......................................................20 Figure 12: P-Wave Velocity statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper.........................................21 Figure 13: 3.5 inch Composite Far Density plot based on Sub-Lithologies ..................................22 Figure 14: 3.5 inch Far Density Plot Based on General Lithologies .............................................23 Figure 15: 3.5 inch Diameter Survey Holes Cross-plot .................................................................24 Figure 16: 3 inch Far Density Composite Plot based on Sub-Lithologies.....................................25 Figure 17: 3 inch Far Density Composite based on General Lithologies......................................26 Figure 18: Composite plot for Till units in 3.0 and 3.5 inch Holes.................................................27 Figure 19: OGS-PJB-15 and OGS-PJB-19 NN-DC-PV Cross-plot showing unique identification of

Newmarket Till.........................................................................................................................28 Figure 20: Lower Sediment Coarsening Upward Sequences in Natural Gamma and Inductive

Conductivity Logs from Pontypool, GSC-BH-NOB-01, and Grasshopper (Note: logs not depth correlated - depth placement approximate) ............................................................................30

Figure 21: 3.5 Inch OGS Holes Far Density Upper and Lower Sand Contrast.............................32 Figure 22: Neutron and Moisture Content Correlation for CVC-ORM-01b (left) and Grasshopper (right)

Holes .......................................................................................................................................34 Figure 23: Neutron Composite Plot for Clay..................................................................................35 Figure 24: Spectral Gamma log of OGS-PJB-19 ..........................................................................36 Figure 25: Spectral gamma log for OGS-PJB-15..........................................................................37 Figure 26: Cross-plot of Natural gamma vs Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-19 .....................38 Figure 27: Cross-plot of Potassium vs Uranium for OGS-PJB-19 ................................................38 Figure 28: Cross-plot of Natural gamma vs Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-15 .....................39 Figure 29: Cross-plot of Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-15...................................................40 Table 1: Borehole Locations............................................................................................................7 Table 2: Index of Physical Properties Surveyed .............................................................................9 Table 3: Physical Property Borehole Tools Utilized ......................................................................10


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1 INTRODUCTION

The objectives of the YPD groundwater management study were: to determine which geophysical logging tools were best suited to the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) area lithology structure, assess the applicability of geophysical logging for regional scale stratigraphic correlation of glacial sediments, increase the understanding of the geologic structure within the ORM and to provide greater confidence in the geologic input to numeric models.

An MS Access database of available wells within the ORM area was created using well records from various sources including, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE), the regions of York, Peel, and Durham, the Ontario geological Survey (OGS), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), and McMaster University. The wells entered into the database were chosen based on their construction (casing, hole length and diameter), the availability of core interpretation, the location, and the age and condition of the well. The database information included location and well construction information. This information was linked to a basemap using ViewlogTM software (see Figure 1). Any available well logs were also entered into the database and displayed using Viewlog software.

Figure 1: Viewlog YPD Location Basemap showing available well information


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2 SURVEY DETAILS

2.1 SURVEY OVERVIEW The borehole geophysical surveys took place between June and November 2002 at various locations in the Greater Toronto area, encompassing the oak ridges moraine. Table 1gives location information about the 16 holes logged by Quantec Logging Services for the YPD project and Figure 2 shows the hole locations relative to the city of Toronto and the Oak Ridges Moraine (outlined in blue). (See Appendix B for an enlarged version of the basemap.)

Hole ID Region Easting Northing Elevation Angus Glen OW1 Durham 640886 4879489 338 CVC-ORM-01b Peel 588636 4852731 274

EE11-1F Durham 651134 4859701 175.5 EE11-1W Durham 651137 4859701 175.5

Grasshopper1 Durham 679510 4880186 287 Grasshopper2 Durham 679518 4880197 282

GSC-BH-NOB-01 York 611194 4864947 269 GSC-BH-VSR-01 York 630188 4873238 303

Hillcrest York 622288 4884347 253 Hillcrest2 York 622300 4884050 259

King Valley York 619195 4872622 318 OGS-PJB-15 York 635691 48769424 328.9 OGS-PJB-19 Durham 643905 4872693 300

Pontypool Scugog 689069 4886446 351 Ram Forest York 629555 4874585 303

Uxbridge Durham 651171 4885402 278

Table 1: Borehole Locations1

1 Elevations measured with hand-held GPS for most holes, and are therefore approximate.


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Figure 2: Location Map of the YPD Groundwater Project with boreholes logged by QLS in 2002

Quantec Logging Services (QLS) consulted with the YPD team and the GSC regarding which holes would be most ideal to log, based on location, penetration depth, well construction, lithologies encountered, and availability. Six of the holes had been logged previously, four by the GSC and two by McMaster University. The logging completed by QLS supplemented the prior work with geophysical parameters that were not previously logged such as neutron and dual detector calibrated density. This earlier data was used as a quality check and comparison for the QLS data, for example in Figure 3 the GSC sonic data (from vertical seismic profiling) is overlain with the QLS data collected in 2002 with a full wave form acoustic velocity tool. The resultant velocities, recorded with different tools and methods, show a very similar trend. The GSC data shows more variation in the upper part of the hole because VSP tools are not limited to measuring velocities greater than that of the PVC pipe.


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Metres P-Wave Velocity GSC500 4000

-20

-40

-60

-80

P-Wave Velocity QLS500 4000

Figure 3: GSC and QLS P-Wave Velocity (m/s) Data for OGS-PJB-15 (GSC data from Pullan, et al., 2000)


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2.2 SURVEY SPECIFICATIONS The project consisted of a multiple physical property borehole profiling survey down 16 drill holes. See Table 2 for a list of the holes logged and the down-hole geophysical parameters measured. Quality control on the data involved 2 runs per tool2 (down and up) with both runs compared for repeatability. Tool calibrations are tested on a regular basis.

QLS experimented with repeat logs of all parameters at a variety of logging speeds and sampling rates to determine the most cost effective production rates for each tool without sacrificing data quality. The data acquisition rate and sample intervals were as follows: down runs at 5.00 m/min and 2cm intervals and up runs at 2.50 m/min at 2cm intervals for all logs except Sonic, which was run at 2.00 m/min with a 10cm sample interval.

Hole Identification

Hole Length (m

)

Length Logged (m)

Gam

ma/Tem

p/Fluid Res

Inductive Cond

Neutron

Density/C

aliper

Full Wave Sonic

Mag. Susc.

Spectral Gam

ma

Angus Glen OW1 152.40 141.98 √ ΝΑ √ √ ΝΑ ΝΑ −CVC-ORM-01b 180.62 178.98 √ √ √ √ √ √ −

EE11-1F 71.78 70.31 √ ΝΑ √ ΝΑ √ √ −EE11-1W 40.67 39.16 √ ΝΑ √ √ ΝΑ ΝΑ −

Grasshopper1 59.54 58.16 √ √ √ √ √ √ √Grasshopper2 140.59 139.00 √ √ √ √ √ √ √GSC-NOB-01 190.00 189.90 √ √ √ √ √ √ −GSC-VSR-01 127.00 126.00 √ √ √ √ √ √ −

Hillcrest 68.00 68.00 √ ΝΑ √ √ ΝΑ ΝΑ −Hillcrest2 111.56 111.56 √ ΝΑ √ √ ΝΑ ΝΑ −

King Valley 90.83 89.40 √ ΝΑ √ ΝΑ √ √ −OGS-PJB-15 85.00 82.89 √ √ √ √ √ √ √OGS-PJB-19 90.00 90.00 √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pontypool 169.14 169.14 √ ΝΑ √ ΝΑ √ √ −Ram Forest 62.51 62.51 √ ΝΑ √ √ ΝΑ ΝΑ −

Uxbridge 84.73 84.73 √ √ √ √ √ √ −

Table 2: Index of Physical Properties Surveyed

The geophysical parameters measured are listed in Table 3, along with their respective units. The tools are all accurately calibrated, but some are designed to function with the tool in direct contact with the borehole wall. The casing and backfill material in the YPD holes can skew the measured values in some cases. Data Reduction was completed using VIEWLOG2TM software for all parameters except sonic.

No. Tool Name (Parameters Measured) Units 1. Magnetic Susceptibility mCGS 2. Gamma counts per second 3. Temperature Degrees Celsius 4. Fluid Resistivity Ohm-m

2 Note: The Density tool was only run in one direction (up) as the open caliper arm prevents the tool from going down-hole during data acquisition.


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5. Density g/cc 6. Inductive Conductivity S/m 7. Full Wave Sonic m/s 8. Neutron counts per second 9. Spectral Gamma K,U,Th counts per second

Table 3: Physical Property Borehole Tools Utilized

2.3 PERSONNEL Field Project Operators were: Vince Gerrie of Toronto, ON, Canada; Shawn Collins of Hamilton, ON, Canada; Katie Blasco of Toronto, ON, Canada; and Trent Retallick of Australia. Data Processing was completed by: Vince Gerrie, Katie Blasco, and Shawn Collins.


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2.4 DATA PRESENTATION

2.4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA AND PROFILES The borehole data plots consist of 8 columns of physical property traces and geological and geophysical lithology information along with rock sample information (e.g. moisture content sample results). They are plotted according to depth from the ground surface. Figure 4 below is an example of a typical composite plot, from the Grasshopper hole. Full size 11x17 colour profiles for each hole surveyed are located in Appendix E.

York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Grass

Length: 140.59mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter:

Operator: KB,TR,SS,SC

Northing: 4880186Easting: 679510Drilled: 11/12/2002Logged: 14-Nov-02Durham

Surveyed and Processed by: QLS

BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL PROFILES

Metres Gamma(CPS)20 100

Caliper(in)0 10

Far Density(g/cc)1 3

Neutron(CPS)0 1500

Moisture Content0 .5

Pwave Vel(m/s)1500 4000

Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100

Fluid Res(ohm-m)0 40

DT-.1 .1

Lithology Geophys Lith

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

TopsoilSandy GravelFine SandSandy GravelMedium SandFine SandMedium SandFine Sandy SiltGravelFine SandGravelFine SandClayFine SandFine-Medium SandFine SandFine-Medium SandFine Sand-SiltGravelMedium SandGravel-Boulders

Cobbles

Fine Sand-SiltFine Sand-SiltSiltFine Sand-SiltSiltFine SandSiltFine SandSiltFine Sand-SiltSilt -ClayTillFine SandTillFine SandClayCoarse SandGravelClayFine SandClayTillClayey-SiltSandSiltFine SandSiltFine SandSiltClaySiltSandSiltTillSand-GravelClaySiltClayFine-Medium saturated Sand

Clay

Weathered Bedrock

Fine_Sandy-Silt_1grChGravel_1grChFine_Sand_1grChGravel_1grChFine_Sand_1grChClay_1grChFine_Sand_1grChFine-Med_Sand_2grChFine_Sand_1grChFine-Med_Sand_2grChFine_Sand-Silt_1grChGravel_2grChMed_Sand_1grCh

Gravel-Boulders_1grCh

Cobble_1grCh

Screen

Cobble_1grChFine_Sand-Silt_2grLNo_LogFine_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt_1grLFine_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt_1grLFine_Sand_2grLSilt_1grLFine_Sand_2grLSilt_1grLFine_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt-Clay_1grLTill_1grLFine_Sand_3grLTill_2grLFine_Sand_3grLClay_2grLCoarse_Sand_1grLGravel_2grLClay_2grLFine_Sand_2grLClay_2grLTill_3grLClayey-Silt_1grLSand_1grLSilt_2grLFine_Sand_3Silt_2grLFine_Sand_3grLSilt_2grLClay_3grLSilt_3grLSand_1grLSilt_3grLNTill_grLSand-Grav el_1grLClay_4grLSilt_4grLClay_4grLClay_5grLScreenClay_6grL

Limestone_Wgr

Temp(degC)5 15

Figure 4: Sample ViewlogTM Composite Plot for Grasshopper hole


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3 SURVEY RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

3.1 OVERVIEW This study concerns the analysis of borehole petrophysical survey results, obtained in the York, Peel and Durham regions of Greater Toronto, Ontario, Canada as part of a YPD groundwater management strategy study. The surveys were undertaken by Quantec Logging Services, of Toronto, ON, Canada, between June and November 2002. The analysis consisted of multi-parameter measurements in 16 holes. The survey was conducted using a range of physical property tools to collect data that was then compared to lithologic core log information.

3.2 GENERAL DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION

3.2.1 DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION LAS (log ASCII standard) files of the data were created from the raw data files while surveying each hole. The sonic data required additional analyses of P-wave 1ST-arrival behaviour, before a LAS file of the p-wave velocity was created. The LAS data from each drill-hole was then imported, screened, edited and shown as composite physical property logs (see Appendix F) using the VIEWLOGTM software program. Geological lithology information from core logs and sample information, such as moisture content, was also imported into the composite VIEWLOGTM

plots. All of the log data from the VIEWLOGTM composite plots were then uploaded into a MS ACCESS database for the project.

3.2.2 GEOPHYSICAL LITHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION Examination of the VIEWLOGTM composite plots for each hole indicated areas of geophysical variation within the major lithology divisions. For this reason, the major lothologic classes were sometimes broken down into sub-units based upon their geophysical character. For example, in Figure 5, the large till unit in OGS-PJB-19 is broken in two tills because of the distinct geophysical difference between the top and bottom of the unit seen across most of the parameters. Statistical analysis of geophysical parameters based upon the original single till lithology would yield ambiguous results because of the obvious difference in physical properties. Statistics were therefore originally calculated based upon the sub-lithologies, not the main lithologies. The hole lithologies were also divided based upon their sediment package classification – i.e. channel sediments, upper sediments, lower sediments, and Newmarket Till. Each lithology was also given a hole code (e.g. gr = Grasshopper, o19 = OGS-PJB-19, etc.) to track its source in the composite statistical analysis.


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York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #OGS-PJB-19

Length: 90mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter: 0.0889

Operator: Vince Gerrie/Shawn Collins Northing: 4872693Easting: 643905Drilled: Logged: 7/4/2002Durham



Metres Gamma (CPS) 20 100 Caliper

(in) 0 10 Far Density

(g/cc) 1 3 Neutron

(CPS) 0 1500 Moisture Content 0 .5


Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100

Fluid Res

(ohm-m)0 40 DT-.1 .1


-40

-60

-80

Till

Clay

NTill_1o9

NTill_2o9

Clay_1o9L

Division between upper and lower Till from physical property contrast

Temp(degC)5 15

Figure 5: OGS-PJB-19 – Till Unit Broken into two Geophysical Interpretation Units

3.2.3 STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION The various petrophysical data (gamma, susceptibility, etc.) for each hole were exported from

VIEWLOGTM as composite LAS files for statistical analysis. The statistical characterisation included calculating centroids (means or medians) and spreads for each of the physical properties based upon lithology. For example, determining the median value for magnetic susceptibility within the Newmarket Till. This analysis allows for the unique identification of each lithology subset based upon its physical properties, provided sufficient contrasts exist among the lithologies studied. Before calculating the final statistics for each lithology across the suite of holes, the data was inspected on a hole per hole basis for data quality.

3.2.4 DATA QUALITY: SINGLE HOLE STATISTICS The success rate of the entire interpretation process depends on data quality. For this reason, statistics were generated and inspected for each hole prior to using the data in a multi-hole composite analysis. Statistics for the Grasshopper hole are included in the body of the report as an example. For reference, a colour composite plot for the Grasshopper hole is located above in Figure 4. The log data from each hole used for the statistical analysis is edited to remove unnatural data such as measurements inside screens or beside metal casing. Histograms for each parameter are calculated to graphically represent data distributions and provide a quick and useful method of reviewing the data quality and distribution. Figure 6 below is a sample histogram of natural gamma data for the Grasshopper borehole.


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Figure 6: Sample Histogram – Natural Gamma, Grasshopper

3.3 SPECTRAL GAMMA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION Spectral gamma methods employ measurements of the energy levels of gamma rays emitted from the formation sediments to determine the abundances of the radioactive elements potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th). Potassium is the primary gamma emitter in sediments and has a distinctive energy peak of 1.46 MeV (‘Mega electron volts’) on spectral records. U and Th are present in lower abundances and are distinguished by a broader range of energies with average energy peaks of 1.76 and 2.62 MeV respectively. Knowledge of the abundance and ratios of radioactive elements can in turn provide useful information about the mineralogy of the formation sediments. Th/K ratios for example are used widely in petroleum geology for typing clay mineralogy (Quirein, et al., 1977). Spectral methods have not been employed widely for lithologic identification and correlation in groundwater geophysics.

Spectral gamma logging was evaluated in this study as a further tool for identifying and differentiating tills and clay-rich deposits within the regional stratigraphy. A primary focus was to determine if spectral methods had the potential to discriminate the two regional tills within the study area (Newmarket and Halton Tills). The Newmarket Till is a typically a dense, calcareous silty till with low clay mineral content while the Halton Till is commonly a clay-silt or clayey-sand till with a higher content of clays derived from overridden glaciolacustrine deposits. It was reasoned that the differences in clay content and mineralogy might permit ‘typing’ of the tills using cross-plots of U/K and Th/K.

3.3.1 SPECTRAL GAMMA PROCESSING


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The raw spectral logs were processed using the spectral stripping method. This method partitions the energy levels using calibration values obtained from a radioactive source with known radionuclide concentrations. The stripped logs give the relative abundance of Uranium, Potassium and Thorium in counts per second. All stripped logs were smoothed using a 25-point boxcar filter.

3.4 STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION RESULTS Several different combinations of statistical characterizations are presented in this report. A composite statistical characterization of all holes was completed to assign petrophysical characteristics to each lithology logged within the oak ridges moraine. Presentation of composite analysis are grouped in plots as follows:

1. 3 inch pvc constructed holes (Appendix C)

2. 3.5 inch pvc constructed holes (Appendix C)

3. Tills (Appendix D)

4. Clays (Appendix D)

5. Sands (Appendix D)

6. Silts (Appendix D)

7. Cobble and Gravel (Appendix D)

The Grasshopper hole sample statistics are shown below, with explanations of how the various geophysical parameters relate to lithology characteristics. Following is an explanation of the multi-hole composite analyses. Within the box and whisker plots, the lithologies are abbreviated as follows: med = medium, f = fine, c = coarse.

Some geophysical lithology picks have a suffix indicating their hole of origin (gr = Grasshopper, vs = GSC-BH-VSR-01, cv = CVC-ORM-01b, o5 = OGS-PJB-15, o9 = OGS-PJB-19, nb = GSC-BH-NOB-01) and their approximate sedimentary origin (U or Up = Upper Sediment package, C = Meltwater Channel, L or Lw = Lower Sediment package). For example the unit assigned the title: F_Sand_grU, equates to Fine Sand from the Grasshopper hole Upper Sediment package.

3.4.1 GRASSHOPPER HOLE SAMPLE STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION The data from the two grasshopper property holes were merged to create one log plot, and therefore; one statistical analysis was done for the resultant composite log. Overall statistical results for the Grasshopper hole are outlined graphically, by lithology, in “Box and Whisker” plots (Figure 7 to Figure 12). The box represents the centroid (median parameter value) for each sub-lithology and the whiskers indicate the standard deviation. The bars beneath each lithology value represent the number of data points used to calculate the median. Unit values with smaller bars may not be as accurate or reliable, as a fewer number of points were used to calculate the statistics.

The following observations are made regarding the single-hole statistical characterization for Grasshopper:

Grasshopper Neutron (cps), Figure 7: Neutron measurements are used as an indicator of moisture content within the sediments surrounding the borehole where moisture content has an inverse relationship to neutron count The Grasshopper neutron statistics indicate that the Sand-Gravel_1 unit, the Sand_1 unit and the unit identified as NTill3 have significantly low moisture contents compared to the other lithology

3 The geophysical data and preliminary geological logs (personal communication with Gayle Soochan -CLOCA) indicate that this unit is similar to Newmarket Till.


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units in the hole. Till_3 also has a higher neutron value, and therefore lower moisture content. The clays are generally lower neutron count, indicating high moisture content.

Figure 7: Neutron statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

Grasshopper Natural Gamma Ray (API), Figure 8: The natural gamma log gives an indication of naturally occurring radioactive minerals present within the surrounding lithologies, with potassium being the most abundant source of gamma rays. Clays are typically high in potassium, as can be seen in the gamma statistical results for the Grasshopper hole.


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Figure 8: Natural Gamma statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

Grasshopper Magnetic Susceptibility (mCGS), Figure 9: Magnetic Susceptibility measurements give an indication of magnetic minerals present, in particular, magnetite. The sediments in the Grasshopper hole have a wide range of magnetic susceptibility values, which do not seem to be characteristic based on a particular grain size or lithology. The MS response could be more related to the sediment source as opposed to depositional environment. Of note, the clays have the highest and lowest magnetic susceptibility values of all lithology types in the Grasshopper hole, suggesting a significant variation in ferromagnetic minerals within the clay units.


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Figure 9: Magnetic Susceptibility statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

Grasshopper Deep Inductive Conductivity (S/m), Figure 10: Clays tend to be very conductive due to their high moisture content and cation exchange capacity, i.e. the willingness of positive ions of some species to leave a clay site and be exchanged by ions of certain other species (Hearst, et al., 2000). The Grasshopper clays have significantly higher conductivities as indicated in the single-hole statistics. The Grasshopper NTill has a very low conductivity and the sands and silts are in the mid-conductivity range in general. Several of the units have large spreads of conductivity values resulting from the significant variation in conductivity response. This “noisy” conductivity response tends to be lithology dependent with channel fill deposits being “noisy” and the clays of the lower sediments having a very uniform response. This pattern is also seen in other YPD holes such as Uxbridge.


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Figure 10: Inductive Conductivity statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

Grasshopper Far Density (g/cc), Figure 11: The dual density tool measures the density at locations near and far from the borehole wall. The far density values were used for analysis for the YPD project, because it appeared that the near measure did not significantly penetrate the formation and was therefore more affected by grouting and casing. The tills and gravels generally have a higher density than silts and sands, and the clays can have medium to high densities likely depending on their water content/porosity and degree of compaction. The unit that is geophysically grouped as Newmarket Till has a very high density in the Grasshopper hole. In general most lower sediments had higher density values than channel fill deposits of similar grain size.


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Figure 11: Density statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

Grasshopper P-Wave Velocity (m/s), Figure 12: P-wave velocity is calculated from the difference between arrival times at two receivers on the sonic probe. The Sonic tool used for the YPD survey was not used in the steel cased holes because it would only detect velocities greater than that of the steel and none of the YPD lithologies have velocities in that range. For the YPD survey, the sonic tool was used in PVC cased holes, although it could not differentiate any velocities lower that that of the PVC. This creates a false clustering of P-wave velocity data points around 1900 m/s (the approximate velocity of the pick pipe) as can be seen in the statistics for the Grasshopper hole P-wave velocity (Figure 12). The sonic tool is useful in isolating units with high P-wave velocity, such as the Newmarket Till. The till unit in the Grasshopper hole with high P-wave velocity is geophysically grouped as Newmarket, partially because of it’s velocity character. The Cobble_1 unit and the Sand-Gravel_1 unit have large spreads of velocity data, this is partially due to their small population size and both units have variable velocities throughout. The lower sediments generally have higher velocities than the channel fill deposits, except for the cobble unit.


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Figure 12: P-Wave Velocity statistics for each lithology, Grasshopper

3.4.2 MULTI-HOLE COMPOSITE STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MORAINE LITHOLOGIES

A multi-hole, multi-parameter statistical characterization was completed for each sub-lithology, defining it’s upper and lower geophysical limits in the YPD survey area. The results are summarized in detail in Appendix C and D in box and whisker plots. The high-quality survey holes in which all geophysical parameters were measured were divided into two statistical categories based on hole construction: the two OGS holes which were constructed with 3.5 inch pvc pipe and Uxbridge, Nobleton, CVC-ORM-01b, Grasshopper and Vandorf which were constructed with 3 inch pvc casing. The results are also displayed by lithology (Clays to Cobbles) for these 7 holes so differences in construction could be observed. The remainder of the hole statistics were analyzed on an individual hole basis, as outlined in section 3.3.1 above. No accurate lithology information was available for King Valley, Ram Forest, and Hillcrest2 because these holes were not cored or sampled, so they were not included in the statistical classification, composite plots of the data collected from these holes are located in Appendix E.

The lithologies used in the statistical analysis were derived from core logs that were subdivided and shifted based on geophysical differences. The major lithologic units are: Sand, Silt, Gravel, Till, Cobble, and Clay. These were originally broken into sub-units and identified by hole for the composite statistics plots. The statistical plots shown in Appendix C are divided into major units so that overall lithology differences can be observed. The original subdivision of lithologies is represented in the geophysical interpretation column on the end of the composite data plots (Appendix E).


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3.4.2.1 3.5 inch Hole Composite Statistics

The 3.5 inch PVC hole composite analysis includes OGS holes 15 and 19, located in the York and Durham regions of greater Toronto, respectively. The holes were logged previously by the Geological Survey of Canada with a different suite of logging tools. Figure 13 and Figure 14 are examples of the composite statistics plot for density of the 3.5 inch holes (OGS-PJB-15, and 19), the remainder of the statistics plots can be found in Appendix C. The first plot has the units broken out by hole and lithology subdivision, the second groups both holes together by overall unit to get a more general sense of the differences between Upper and Lower Sediments and Newmarket Till.

Figure 13: 3.5 inch Composite Far Density plot based on Sub-Lithologies


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Figure 14: 3.5 inch Far Density Plot Based on General Lithologies


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The subclasses o5 and o9 represent holes OGS-PJB-15 and OGS-PJB-19 respectively. The sand and silt units followed immediately by a ‘U’ in these plots are unsaturated units and have a lower density because of their lack of water. Their high neutron count (see Appendix C) is also due to their location within an unsaturated zone. Units followed by an Lw or Up represent the Lower and Upper sediment sequences, respectively. Several till units in the OGS holes were identified in core as Newmarket Till, and have a comparatively higher density than the other units. These till units were also picked out as having a high p-wave velocity.

The survey parameters for the 3.5 inch holes were cross-plotted to better represent the statistical segregation of each lithology class. Figure 15 below is a cross plot of P-Wave Velocity, Neutron, and Density for the two OGS holes. The two classes identified as Newmarket Till are indicated within the red circles. Both groups have a higher P-Wave Velocity, but their densities vary. The clustering of the data points allows for unique identification of the two classes of Newmarket Till in the OGS holes.

3.5 inch Survey HolesOGS-PJB-15 and OGS-PJB-19

F-Med_Sand F_Sand Gravel NTill Sand Silt Clay Till

Figure 15: 3.5 inch Diameter Survey Holes Cross-plot

3.4.2.2 3 inch Hole Composite Statistics

The 3-inch hole statistics include data from the following holes: Uxbridge, Nobleton, CVC-ORM-01b, Grasshopper and Vandorf.


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Figure 16: 3 inch Far Density Composite Plot based on Sub-Lithologies


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Figure 17: 3 inch Far Density Composite based on General Lithologies

The Gravel, Cobble, and Newmarket Till have the highest overall densities across the 3 inch holes. In the lower range, are silts and some of the finer sands. Grasshopper and Uxbridge appear to have the lowest density sediments out of all the 3 inch holes. This may be due to the composition of the sediments, or it may have something to do with hole construction or probe survey position (see section 4.7 for further explanation).

3.4.2.3 7-Hole Till Classification

Figure 18 represents the P-wave velocities for all till units encountered within the 6 YPD drill holes with a full suite of logs (no till was classified in CVC-ORM-01b). The subclasses are labelled as follows: o9 = OGS-PJB-19, o5 = OGS-PJB-15, ux = Uxbridge, vs = GSC-BH-VSR-01, nb = GSC-BH-NOB-01, and gr = Grasshopper. The tills identified geologically and/or geophysically as Newmarket have significantly higher velocities compared to the other tills. The lithology plots, such as this one, were also used to distinguish geophysical differences caused by hole construction (i.e. different hole diameters, and casing types). P-wave velocity should not be affected by hole diameter because it is calculated based on travel time difference. Because many of the units, for example, sand, have such a wide range of variability, it was difficult to find a quantitative measure of effects caused by hole casing diameter and type. Also see section 4.7 for a description of logging in a variety of hole constructions.


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Figure 18: Composite plot for Till units in 3.0 and 3.5 inch Holes


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4 CONCLUSIONS

4.1 GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEWMARKET TILL The Newmarket Till was indicated to be an important marker bed within the ORM hydrostratigraphy, as it acts as a regional aquitard separating upper confined and lower confined aquifer systems (Desbarats, et al., 2001). Statistical analysis of the logging results indicates that the Newmarket Till is usually recognizable by surveying with a combination of acoustic velocity, neutron, and density logging within pvc cased wells (see Figure 19). Magnetic Susceptibility measurements highlighted variations within the Newmarket Till but were not particularly useful at distinguishing the till from other lithologies. Inductive conductivity and natural gamma both demonstrated a consistent uniform response through the Newmarket Till but lacked sufficient contrasts to identify the till. The till was geophysically and geologically distinguished in wells OGS-PJB-15, OGS-PJB-19, and GSC-BH-VSR-01. Lithology units, with geophysical signatures resembling Newmarket, that were identified as till in core logs; were also apparent in EE11-F and Grasshopper holes. It is likely that the Newmarket Till could be identified in steel cased holes as both neutron and density parameters, although attenuated, can measure through steel.

3.5 inch Survey Holes

OGS-PJB-15 and OGS-PJB-19F-Med_Sand F_Sand Gravel NTill Sand Silt Clay Till

Figure 19: OGS-PJB-15 and OGS-PJB-19 NN-DC-PV Cross-plot showing unique identification of Newmarket Till

The Newmarket Till appears to be distinguishable from other tills in the area based on the statistical analysis (see Appendix D). The Newmarket Till is also a good indicator of the separation boundary between the upper and lower sediments, i.e., when present, it lies between the two.


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NEWMARKET TILL

Parameter Rating Usefulness Comments

Neutron ∗∗∗∗ Newmarket Till has very low porosity/moisture content easily identifiable with neutron; works in pvc and steel cased holes

Can measure through steel casing

Density ∗∗∗ Newmarket Till generally higher density


Full Waveform Sonic ∗∗∗∗

Newmarket Till has a very high P-Wave velocity compared to other ORM sediments

Can only measure in pvc holes with water

Natural Gamma ∗

Very little contrast between Newmarket and other lithologies; works in pvc and steel

May be affected by radioactive elements in grout, Some attenuation in steel cased holes

Inductive Conductivity ∗∗

No apparent conductivity contrast in the Newmarket, although values seem lower than other lithologies

Works only in pvc cased holes

Magnetic Susceptibility ∗∗

Although not significant and consistent, magnetic susceptibility values tend to be higher in the Newmarket Till. Significant MS variations within the Till have been observed


4.2 MAPPING OF THE LOWER SEDIMENTS The lower sediments appear to be recognizable by a coarsening upward pattern in the logs from holes: Grasshopper, GSC-BH-NOB-01, and Pontypool. Keith Fligg (Ontario Ministry of the Environment) initially identified these sequences by their geophysical response (Fligg, et al., 1983). The pattern is seen in the natural gamma and inductive conductivity logs for the PVC cased holes (see Figure 20 – note the Pontypool casing was bent near surface physically preventing the inductive conductivity log for this hole). In this study, the general pattern of these sequences can be traced between the Pontypool and Nobleton holes, an approximate distance of 80 km. This suggests that there is a recognizable structural consistency across the oak ridges moraine area that can be mapped accurately with more geophysical borehole survey information. The upper part of the sequence is missing in the Grasshopper hole because of channel erosion and deposition of channel sediments. The temperature gradient, DT, in Figure 21, responds similarly to the inductive conductivity log in the coarsening upward sequences. This indicates that DT may be useful for identifying the lower sediments in steel cased holes, where the inductive conductivity tool cannot be used.


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NG Pontypool30 80

NG Nobleton20 100

NG Grasshopper20 90

ILD Nob0 60

ILD Grasshopper0 60

Figure 20: Lower Sediment Coarsening Upward Sequences in Natural Gamma and Inductive Conductivity Logs from Pontypool, GSC-BH-NOB-01, and Grasshopper (Note: logs not depth

correlated - depth placement approximate)


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Figure 21: Variation in DT for GSC-BH-NOB-01

LOWER SEDIMENTS


Neutron ∗∗∗

Lower sediments have clay layers that stand out with Neutron because of their moisture content. The coarsening upward sequences can be seen in the neutron data but are not as obvious as with natural gamma and IC

Can be measured in PVC and steel cased boreholes. Affected by hole size and absence of water in hole

Density ∗∗

Higher densities may indicate presence of lower sediments due to burial compaction (see Upper Sediment section 4.3)

Can be measured in PVC and steel cased boreholes

Sonic ∗ Most lower sediments P-wave velocity equivalent or lower than PVC velocity

Can only measure in PVC holes with water

Natural Gamma ∗∗∗∗ Coarsening upward sequences identifiable with Gamma

Can measure through steel casing - attenuated

Inductive Conductivity ∗∗∗∗ Coarsening Upward sequences identifiable with IC

Works only in PVC cased holes


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Magnetic Susceptibility ∗∗

There are anomalous MS zones in the lower sediments there is a possibility that MS may be used to identify a “marker” within the lower seds


Temperature Gradient ∗∗∗ Mimics the inductive conductivity and natural gamma responses through coarsening upward trends

Can be used in steel and PVC cased holes

4.3 UPPER SEDIMENTS No grain size patterns are apparent in the upper sediments, as they are in the lower. Much of the upper sediments lie within the upper casing in the holes, which is typically steel and many of these sediments are unsaturated, both of which affect the log responses. There is therefore, more limited statistical information about the upper sediments. Additionally, the lack of patterns in the upper sediments may be attributed to their depositional environment. Within the two OGS holes the upper sands have a lower density than the lower sands as apparent in Figure 22 within the red circles. This is likely due to higher compaction at deeper burial depths and is probably consistent across most holes in the region.

Figure 22: 3.5 Inch OGS Holes Far Density Upper and Lower Sand Contrast

UPPER SEDIMENTS


Neutron ∗∗ Identify saturated and unsaturated zones, indication of moisture content



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of moisture content

Density ∗∗∗ Upper Sediments usually less compact with a lower density


Sonic ∗∗∗ Upper Sediments typically have lower velocities

Can only measure in PVC holes with water

Natural Gamma ∗∗ Can identify clay units Can measure through steel casing - attenuated

Inductive Conductivity ∗∗ Can identify clay units Works only in PVC cased holes

Magnetic Susceptibility ∗ Needs further investigation Works only in PVC cased holes

4.4 TUNNEL CHANNELS Channel fill sediments are apparent in holes: CVC-ORM-01b, GSC-BH-NOB-01, Pontypool, Grasshopper, Uxbridge, and GSC-BH-VSR-01, as indicated by the core logging done by the Geological Survey of Canada, YPD team, and McMaster University. The channel bottom is represented by a layer of gravel in most holes, that forms part of a regional unconformity (Russell, et al., 2002). Gravel has a distinct geophysical signature, including a high density and a high P-wave velocity, which can be easily picked out on log traces. Inductive conductivity logs through the channel sediments have a distinct noisy character, which can be seen in the upper part of the Grasshopper hole (see Figure 20).

MELT-WATER CHANNELS


Neutron ∗ Needs further investigation Can measure through steel casing

Density ∗∗∗ Can be used to pick out gravel layer at channel bottom


Sonic ∗∗∗ Can be used to pick out gravel layer at channel bottom


Natural Gamma ∗ Needs further investigation Can measure through steel casing - attenuated

Inductive Conductivity ∗∗∗ Noisy patterns in conductivity log representative of channel fill


Magnetic Susceptibility ∗ Needs further investigation Works only in pvc cased holes

4.5 AQUIFER PROPERTIES Variations in the neutron log in the upper part of hole, OGS-PJB-19, indicate the presence of perched water above the regional water table. Moisture content sampling was completed for Grasshopper and CVC-ORM-01b, the results of which correspond inversely to the QLS neutron logs. Highs and lows in the neutron log (shown in black) correspond to lows and highs in moisture content (shown in red) and therefore, porosity, respectively (see Figure 23). The fluid property logs, i.e. temperature, temperature gradient, and fluid resistivity, can give some indication about water properties in and around the hole.


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Metres CVC-ORM-01b Neutron0 1000

Grasshopper Neutron0 1000

-50

-100

-150

CVC Moisture Content0 .5

Grasshopper Moisture Con0 .5

Figure 23: Neutron and Moisture Content Correlation for CVC-ORM-01b (left) and Grasshopper (right) Holes

AQUIFERS


Neutron ∗∗∗∗ Can be correlated directly to moisture content


Density ∗∗ May indicate saturated areas Can measure through steel casing

Sonic ∗ Needs further investigation Can only measure in pvc holes with water

Natural Gamma ∗∗ Good indication of clay presence


Inductive Conductivity ∗∗ Good indication of clay presence Works only in pvc cased holes

Magnetic Susceptibility ∗ No discernable magnetic susceptibility contrast Works only in pvc cased holes


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4.6 CLAY MARKER BEDS The major feature associated with the clay units is the coarsening upward patterns mentioned in relation to the lower sediments seen in holes: Pontypool, Grasshopper, and GSC-NOB-01. The clay-rich layers are associated with higher gamma and inductive conductivity counts in all three holes (no inductive conductivity log was run for Pontypool, because the diameter of the hole would not accommodate the tool). As mentioned previously, the coarsening upward sequences are an important stratigraphic marker for the lower sediments. The clays represent the base of these sequences. The neutron log indicates that the clays have very high moisture content. In Figure 24 the clay units in holes: Grasshopper, GSC-BH-NOB-01, OGS-PJB-19, and CVC-ORM-01b have a neutron range less than 500 counts per second, where the other lithology units can reach counts of 1400.

Figure 24: Neutron Composite Plot for Clay

CLAY BEDS


Neutron ∗∗∗ Relates to moisture content, which may indicate clay presence


Density ∗∗ Needs further investigation Can measure through steel casing

Sonic ∗ Velocity of clay too low to be discernable


Natural Gamma ∗∗∗∗ Good indicator of clay presence



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Inductive Conductivity ∗∗∗∗ Good indicator of clay presence Works only in pvc cased holes

Magnetic Susceptibility ∗ No distinctive magnetic susceptibility contrast Works only in pvc cased holes

4.7 SPECTRAL GAMMA RESULTS The spectral gamma logs for OGS-19 and OGS-15 are shown in Figure 25 and Figure 26. The natural gamma (total count) log is also shown for comparison. The U, K and Th counts in both holes are characterized by low overall count levels (< 2 cps). The lithologic logs for each hole are based on core log data provided by the Geological Survey of Canada.

Metres Th

(CPS)0 1U

(CPS)0 1Gamma

(CPS) 20New Text Column

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

Halton Till aSiltHalton Till B

Sand

Sand

Sand

Till c

Gravel

Newmarket Till 2i

Newmarket Till 2ii

Clay

K(CPS)0 2 0 1

Figure 25: Spectral Gamma log of OGS-PJB-19


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Metres Th(CPS)0 1

U(CPS)0 1

Gamma(CPS) 5

New Text Column

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

Silt

Fine Sand

SiltTill (massive sandy silt with pebbles)Sand (very fine to fine grained)

SiltSand (very fine to fine grained)SiltSand (very fine to fine grained)

Sand (fine to medium)

Sand (very fine to fine grained)

Silt

Newmarket Till

Sand (medium to fine and very fine sand interbedded)

K(CPS)0 2 0 7

Figure 26: Spectral gamma log for OGS-PJB-15

4.7.1 BOREHOLE OGS-PJB-19 In OGS-19 the U and K logs show a similar response to the natural gamma in the Halton Till and in the underlying sandy sequence that extends to 28 m depth. The Thorium count levels are very low (<< 1 or in some cases 0) throughout the log and are deemed to be too low to allow lithologic interpretation of the log response. The spectral response in the Newmarket Till shows increasing U and K towards the base of the unit; a corresponding increase in counts is not evident in the natural gamma. The increase in K and U may reflect increasing abundance of clays (main source of K) and crystalline lithic fragments (source of U and also K) within the bottom half of the till. The cross-plotted U/K values are shown in Figure 27. The count levels have been normalized to a maximum value of one for both parameters. The Newmarket and Halton tills plot as two well-defined linear data clusters with different slopes indicating that they have distinctive U/K ratios. The Newmarket till shows a lower U/K ratio than the Halton till (lower slope) and an increase in both U and K with depth. The cross plot also suggests a two-part subdivision of the Newmarket till at this location. The lower sub-unit of the Newmarket shows a steeper U/K and merges in the upper right quadrant of the plot with the data cluster representing the underlying clay-rich lower sediments (Figure 28).


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Natural Gamma Versus U and KOGs-19

Till 2iiTill 2iTill bTill aGravelTill cSandClaySilt

Figure 27: Cross-plot of Natural gamma vs. Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-19

Till 2iiTill 2iTill bTill aGravelTill cSandClaySilt

Figure 28: Cross-plot of Potassium vs. Uranium for OGS-PJB-19

The Th/K ratios were not cross-plotted for OGS-19 because the Th count levels were too low to provide a statistically significant measurement. The clear linear trends in the U/K ratios suggest however, that the method has some potential for lithologic typing of the tills. Further logging and


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fieldwork is being conducted to investigate the use of U/K and Th/K ratios for typing till deposits and other clay-rich Quaternary sediments (see below).

4.7.2 BOREHOLE OGS-PJB-15 In OGS-15 the U and K parallel the natural gamma log in the upper 40 m sequence of interbedded silt clay sands and till. All three logs show increasing count levels due to an increase in silt and clay upwards in the sequence. The K log response in the underlying Newmarket Till shows an inverse trend, with K declining with depth while the natural gamma counts increase. This trend is interpreted as a decrease in clay content with depth. The U/K cross plot for OGS-15 is shown in Figure 29 and Figure 30. Only the Newmarket Till is present at this borehole so no comparisons could be made between the Newmarket and Halton till U/K ratios. The cross-plot shows a broad cluster with a more overlap between the lithologic units than in OGS-19. This in part reflects the more homogenous sandy composition of the till and overlying sandy sequences in this borehole; no clays are present at this location. The plot does demonstrate however, that the Newmarket can be distinguished from fine sand and silt facies based on their U/K ratios.

K, U vs Natural GammaOGS-15

Fine SandSandSiltTill

Figure 29: Cross-plot of Natural gamma vs. Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-15


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K Vs UOGS-15

Fine SandSandSiltTill

Figure 30: Cross-plot of Potassium, Uranium for OGS-PJB-15

4.8 PHYSICAL PROPERTY ANALYSIS AND DIFFERENCES IN HOLE CONSTRUCTION The multi-hole statistical analyses completed for the YPD study looked at a comparison of similarly constructed holes, i.e. 3 inch pvc and 3.5 inch pvc, where all survey parameters were measured. Differences in hole construction can include: casing type, inside casing diameter, outside hole diameter, amount and type of grouting used, and the presence of screens. All of which can have a significant effect on geophysical data collection, i.e. create unnatural data highs or lows, or skew the data positively or negatively. The best scenario for sedimentary environments, where casing is necessary, is to utilize a consistent hole size, casing type and size, and grouting thickness and type. A standard should be set for future construction of water wells in the YPD area, where the casing diameter and type, and hole diameter and grouting type and thickness are consistent.


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5 RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations from this report are briefly summarized below:

• Run a complete suite of geophysical logs in all future “golden spike” holes with high quality geologic control (cored or frequently sampled) that intersect key hydrostratigraphic units. This will provide additional data to build upon the results of this report and optimise the value of geolphysical logs in the future. Some hydrostratigraphic units were only intersected in a few holes and thus the results of this report are based on a limited statistics. In addition to improving our knowledge and understanding of key hydrostratigraphic units, data from future “golden spike” holes will provide an opportunity to study lateral variations in the physical properties

• Devise a routine borehole geophysical logging program aimed at cost effectively improving our understanding of the complex geology of the Oak Ridges moraine. The goal is to acquire data efficiently by focussing on the parameters most likely to add value. The “optimum” suite of parameters can vary depending on the application and well construction. The Newmarket till, for example is best identified by acoustic velocity, neutron, and density whereas natural gamma, inductive conductivity, and neutron are best suited to map the lower sediments. Well construction, especially casing type, can preclude the use of certain parameters. Inductive conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility, for example cannot measure through steel casing whereas parameters such as neutron, natural gamma and density can. The routine geophysical logging program should have optimum suites of parameters identified for specific applications and casing type.

• Standardize well construction for all future “golden spike” boreholes or other holes where geophysical surveys are proposed or could add value. Casing type and size, back fill material/grout type and thickness, drill hole diameter etc. can all have a significant effect on geophysical measurements. Standardized well construction will allow for quantitative hole-to-hole comparisons of lithologies over great distances, where as wells constructed differently are limited to less desirable qualitative interpretations.

• Determine correction factors between geophysical parameters logged through standard steel cased water wells vs. standard PVC cased wells. Some geophysical parameters such as neutron, density, and gamma can measure through PVC and steel cased holes although the steel has an attenuating effect. Quantifying the attenuation effect would allow for normalization of data recorded through both casing types. Ideally, if a standard steel cased water well existed adjacent to (thus intersecting the same key lithologies) a standard PVC cased well a direct correlation could be established.

• The applicability of Spectral Gamma logging should be further investigated as it could provide quantitative information about clay mineralogy and in turn the provenance of the sediments. This work will be conducted by Shawn Collins as part of his M.Sc. thesis work at McMaster University.

• Study the neutron-porosity relationship in more detail. Results have indicated an inverse relationship between neutron count rate and lab determined moisture content from core samples. This relationship however, is only based on two holes and appears to be somewhat complex warranting further study.

The project was successful in achieving the initial goals, and a more extensive, routine, long-term geophysical acquisition program will clearly improve the overall understanding of the complex geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Building a library of borehole geophysical results from across the YPD area will greatly improve regional scale stratigraphic correlation and ultimately provide greater confidence in the geologic input to numerical groundwater models. The initial geophysical logging


41


program in the York-Peel-Durham region was very successful in terms of characterizing the ORM sediments, correlating sediment patterns regionally, and determining which tools are best suited for mapping specific lithologic sequences.

RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED

Vince Gerrie President, P.Geo – QLS

Katie Blasco B.Sc. Engineering Geophysics – QLS

Shawn Collins Masters Student, Geophysics – McMaster University


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REFERENCES

Desbarats, A.J., Hinton, M.J., Logan, C.E., and Sharpe, D.R. 2001. Geostatistical mapping of leakance in a regional aquitard, Oak Ridges Moraine area, Ontario, Canada. Hydrogeology Journal. http://link.springer.de Fligg, K., and Rodrigues, B., 1983. Geophysical Well Log Correlations Between Barrie and the Oak Ridges Moraine. Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment Map 2273 Hearst, J.R., Nelson, P.H., and Paillet, F.L. 2000. Well Logging for Physical Properties: A Handbook for Geophysicists, Geologists, and Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Pullan, S.E., Hunter, J.A., Pugin, A., Burns, R.A., and Hinton, M.J. 2000. Downhole seismic logging techniques in a regional hydrogeology study, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario in Proceedings of a Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, Arlington VA. p.643-652.

Quirein, J.A., Baldwin, J.L., Terry, R.L. and Hendrieks, M. 1982. Estimation of clay types and volumes from well log data: an extension of the GLOBAL method. 22nd Annual SPWLA Log. Symp. Trans., pap. Q. Russell, H.A.J., Arnott, R.W.C., and Sharpe, D.R. 2002. Evidence for rapid sedimentation in a tunnel channel, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada. Sedimentary Geology. Article in Press. p. 1-23.


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http://link.springer.de/


APPENDIX A: STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS

STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS:

I, Vince J. Gerrie, hereby declare that:

1) I am a registered professional geoscientist with residence in Toronto, Ontario and am presently employed in this capacity with Quantec Logging Services Inc. of Toronto, Ontario. 2) I am a graduate of The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario with an Honors B.Sc. in Earth Sciences. 3) I have practiced my profession continuously since Graduation.

4) I am a member of the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, and the Prospectors and Developers Association.

5) I have no interest, nor do I expect to receive any interest in the properties or securities of York, Peel, and Durham municipalities or their subsidiaries.

6) I am the author of this report and the statements contained represent my professional opinion based on my consideration of the information available to me at the time of writing this report.

Toronto, Canada February 2003

Vince J. Gerrie, P.Geo President Quantec Logging Services



APPENDIX A


I, Katie A. Blasco, hereby declare that:

1) I am a geoscientist with residence in Toronto, Ontario and am presently employed in this capacity with Quantec Logging Services Inc. of Toronto, Ontario.

2) I am a graduate of Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario in 2001 with a B.Sc.Eng. in

Engineering Geophysics.

3) I have practiced my profession continuously since Graduation.


5) I am the author of this report and the statements contained represent my professional opinion

based on my consideration of the information available to me at the time of writing this report.


Katie A. Blasco B.Sc. Engineering Geophysics Quantec Logging Services



APPENDIX A


I, Shawn Collins, hereby declare that:

1) I am a geoscientist with residence in Hamilton, Ontario and am presently employed in this capacity with Quantec Logging Services Inc. of Toronto, Ontario.

2) I am in the process of completing a Masters in Geophysics at McMaster University, Hamilton,

Ontario and received a B.Sc. in Geology from McMaster in 2002.


4) I am the author of this report and the statements contained represent my professional opinion

based on my consideration of the information available to me at the time of writing this report.


Shawn Collins B.Sc. Geology Quantec Logging Services



APPENDIX B: YPD BASEMAP


Cobo

Otonabee

South Mon

Emily

Township

Verulam

Township

Fenelon

Hamilton

Townshi

City of

Peterborough

Port Hope

Cavan

Millbrook North

Eldon

Douro

Towns

Ops

Township

Manvers

Township

Tow

nsh

ip o

f Adja

la-

Toso

rontio

Bradford -

West

GwillimburyNewTecumseth

Township

Town of

InnisfilEssaTownship

City ofBarrie

LakeSimcoe

SpringwaterTownship

Lindsay

Town

ofNewmarket

Town

ofAurora

City of

Vaughan

Town of

Markham

Town of

Whitchurch

Stoufville

Town of

East

Gwillimbury

Town of

Georgina

Township

ofUxbridge

City of

PickeringT

own of W

hitbyC

ity of Oshaw

a

Municipality of

Clarington

Scugog Township

Brock

Township

Town

of Ajax

Township of

King

Tow

n o

f

Rich

mond

Hill

Town

ofNewmarket

Town

ofAurora

City of

Vaughan

Town of

Markham

Town of

Whitchurch

Stoufville

Town of

East

Gwillimbury

Town of

Georgina

Township

ofUxbridge

City of

PickeringT

own of W

hitbyC

ity of Oshaw

a

Municipality of

Clarington

Mariposa

Township

Town

of Ajax

Township of

King

Tow

n o

f

Rich

mond

Hill

Nessleton

Station

Utica

Epsom

Marsh

Hill Greenbank

Saintfield

Seagrave

Maple

Beach

Gamebridge

Beaverton

Derryville

Vroomanton

CanningtonPort

Bolster

Blackwater

Sunderland

Leaskdale

Zephyr

Victoria

Corners

Scugog

Centre

Sandford

Cadmus

Blackstock

Caesarea

Port

PerryUxbridge

Coppins

Corners

Goodwood

Balsam

GreenwoodKinsale

Brougham

Green

River

Whitevale

Claremont

Raglan

Columbus

AshburnMyrtle

Brooklin

Maple

Grove

Solina

Taunton

Enfield

PortDarlington

Brownsville

Crooked

Creek

Newtonville

Courtice

Haydon

Enniskillen

Hampton

Tyrone

Kendal

KirbyLeskard

Bowmanville

Newcastle

OronoOrono

NewcastleBowmanville

Leskard

Kirby

Kendal

Tyrone

Hampton

Enniskillen Haydon

Courtice

Newtonville

Crooked

Creek

Brownsville

PortDarlington

Enfield

Taunton

Solina

Maple

Grove

Brooklin

Myrtle

Ashburn

Columbus

Raglan

Claremont

Whitevale

Green

River

Brougham

Kinsale

Greenwood

Balsam

Goodwood

Coppins

Corners

UxbridgePort

Perry

Caesarea

Blackstock

CadmusSandford

Scugog

Centre

Victoria

Corners

Zephyr Leaskdale

Sunderland

Blackwater

Port

Bolster

Cannington

Vroomanton

Derryville

Beaverton

Gamebridge

Maple

Beach

Seagrave

Saintfield

GreenbankMarsh

Hill

Epsom

Utica

Nessleton

Station

Slesw

ick

Bolto

n

Palg

rave

Lock

ton

Mono

Mills

Albio

n

Ced

ar M

ills

Cov

entryCas

tlede

rg

Caled

on

East

Sandh

ill

Tulla

mor

e

May

field

Wild

field

Che

ltenh

am

Bosto

nM

ills

Ingl

ewoo

d

Slig

o

Credi

tFor

ks

Cal

edon

Kilm

anag

h

Cal

dwel

l

Mount Albert

Schomberg

Nobleton

King City

Klienberg

Aurora

Newmarket

Oak Ridges

Stouffville

Holland

LandingQueensville

Highw

ay 50

Nashville Rd.

Cou

ntry

side

Dr.

May

field

Rd.

Cas

tlem

ore

Rd.

Coleraine Dr.

Clarkway Dr.The Gore RoadM

cVean Dr.Goreway Dr.Airport Rd

Torbram R

d.Bramalea Rd.Dixie Rd.

Heart Lake RdK

Airport Rd.

King S

t.

Old S

choo

l Rd.

No.

32

Sid

eroa

d

Heart Lake Road

Horseshoe Hill Road

Huntin

gto

n R

d.

Hig

hw

ay

27

Kip

l;i ng A

ve.

McC

ow

an

Rd.

Kennedy

Rd.

Ward

en A

ve.

Lesl

ie S

t.

Hig

hw

ay

48

Nin

th L

ine

Tent

h L

ine

Woodbin

e A

ve.

Pin

e V

alle

y D

r.

Cold

Cre

ek

Rd.

West

on R

d.

Jane S

t.

Keele

St.

Dufferin

St.

Bath

urs

t S

t.

Yong

e S

t.

Bayv

iew

Ave

.

King Rd.

15th Sideroad

16th Sideroad

Kirby Rd.

Teston Rd.

Elgin Mills Rd. E.

Major Mackenzie Dr. E.

Major Mackenzie Dr. W.

King Vaughan Rd.

17th Sideroad

Bethesda Sideroad

Stouffville Rd.

19th Ave.

18th Sideroad

19th Sideroad Lloydtown-Aurora Rd.

St. John's Sideroad

Aurora Rd.

Vandorf Sideroad

Bloomington Rd.

Wellington St. W.

Highway 9

Miller's Sideroad Vivian Rd.

Davis Dr.

Herald Rd.

Hig

hw

ay

48

Green Lane E.

Doane Rd.Mount Albert R

d.

Old Homestead Rd.

Smith Blvd.

Frog Rd.

Old Shiloh Rd.

Ravenshoe Rd.

Ravenshoe Rd.

Boag Rd.

Boag Rd.

Holborn Rd.

Holborn Rd.

Queensville Sideroad

Queensville Sideroad

Doanne Rd.

Kenne

dy

Rd.

Lesl

ie S

t.

Yonge

St.

Bath

urs

t S

t.

2nd C

oncess

ion R

d.

Civ

ic C

entr

e R

d.

McC

ow

an

Rd.

Highway 48

Glenwoods Ave.

Her

on

Rd

.

Dagm

ar R

d.

Ash

burn

Rd.

Duffs

Rd

.

8th

Conc.

7th

Conc. Ja

ne S

t.

Hig

hw

ay

40

0

Keele

St.

Wes

ton

Rd.

Lak

e R

idge R

d.

Zephyr Rd.

Meyers Rd.

Hollingers Rd.

Ashworth Rd.

Sanford Rd.

Davis Dr.

Feasby Rd.

Wagg Rd.

Conc

. 2 Con

c. 3

Conc

. 4 Con

c. 5

Leaskdale Rd.

Reach St.

Con

c. 7

Scugog Line 14

Blue Mountain Rd.

Scugog Line 12

Cragg Rd.

Scugog Line 10

Scugog Line 9

Scugog Line 8

Scugog Line 6

Reach St.

Mast R

d.

Con

c. 7

Lake

Rid

ge R

d.

Con

c. 8

Chalk Lake Rd.Middle March Rd.

Ashburn R

d.

Hig

hway

7/1

2

Mars

h H

ill R

d.

Highway 7a

Scugog Line 2

Townline Rd.

Uxbridge-Pickering Townline

Webb Rd.

Bro

ck R

d.

Con

c. 6

Mur

phy

Rd.

Lon

g S

ault

Rd.

Concession Rd. 9

Mckee Rd.

Devitts Rd.

Highway 7a

Proutt Rd.

Malcolm Rd.

Edgerton Rd.

Church St.

Bradburn Rd.

Cart

wrigh

t East

Qua

rter

Lin

e

Car

twrig

ht W

est

Qua

rter

Lin

e

Wils

on

Ave

.

Boundary Rd.

Boundary Rd.

Ced

ard

ale R

d.

Howden Rd.

Raglan Rd.

Concession Rd. 10

Mount Joy Rd.

Byers Rd. Old

Scu

gog

Rd.

Reg

iona

l Rd.

57

Concession Rd. 7

Concession Rd. 8

Lib

erty

St.

Bet

hesd

a R

d. Les

kard

Rd.

Hig

hw

ay

35/1

15

Hig

hw

ay

35/1

15

Best

Rd.

Mosp

ort

Rd.

Bro

wn R

d.

Concession Rd. 10

Bra

gg R

d.

Pro

viden

ce R

d.Lam

bs R

d.

Concession Rd. 6

Taunton Rd.

Solin

a R

d.

Rund

le R

d.

Mid

dle R

d.

Mid

dle S

t.

Acr

es

Rd

.

Gra

ssho

pper

Park

Rd.

Rits

on R

d.

Wils

on R

d.

Har

mon

y R

d.

Tow

nlin

e R

d.

Enfie

ld R

d.

Lan

gmai

d R

d.

Reg

iona

l Rd.

57

(Wav

erly

Rd.

)

New

tonv

ille

Rd.

Ganaraska Rd.

Concession Rd. 7

Concession Rd. 6

Concession Rd. 5

Concession Rd. 4

Shi

loh

Rd.

Gilm

ore

Rd

.

Sope

r R

d.

Lang

staf

f R

d.

Mor

gans

Rd.

Sta

ple

ton

Rd.

Scugog Line 3

Regio

nal R

oad 2

Lake Simcoe RegionCons. Authority

Kawartha RegionCons. Authority

Otonabee RegioCons. Authority

Ganaraska RegioCons. Authority

Central Lake OntarioCons. Authority

Toronto RegionCons. Authority

Graham Creek

Oshawa Creek

Lynde Creek

Bowmanville

Creek

Soper Creek

Duffins Creek

Petticoat

Creek

Highland Creek

Rouge River

Nonquon River

EastcrossCreek

Beaver River

Pefferlaw & UxbridgeBrook

Black River

MaskinongeCreek

West HollandRiver

East HollandRiver

Humber River

Don River

Ganaraska River

Wilmot Creek

600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 720000Easting


APPENDIX C: MULTIHOLE STATISTICS

MULTI-HOLE COMPOSITE STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION BY CONSTRUCTION

• 3.5 INCH HOLE COMPOSITE

o OGS-PJB-15

o OGS-PJB-19

• 3 INCH HOLE COMPOSITE

o CVC-ORM-O1B

o GRASSHOPPER

o GSC-BH-NOB-01

o GSC-BH-VSR-01

o UXBRIDGE



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH FAR DENSITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH NATURAL GAMMA STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH NEUTRON STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.5 INCH P-WAVE VELOCITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH FAR DENSITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH NATURAL GAMMA STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH NEUTRON STATISTICS



APPENDIX C – 3.0 INCH P-WAVE VELOCITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX D: STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY

MULTIHOLE STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION BY LITHOLOGY

• COMPOSITE BY LITHOLOGY GROUP

• SUBDIVIDED BY LITHOLOGY GROUP

o TILL

o CLAY

o SAND

o SILT

o GRAVEL-COBBLE



APPENDIX D – FAR DENSITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – NATURAL GAMMA COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – DEEP INCONDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS BY LITHOLOGY



APPENDIX D – TILL FAR DENSITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – TILL NATURAL GAMMA STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – TILL DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – TILL MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – TILL NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – TILL P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY FAR DENSTIY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY NATURAL GAMMA COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – CLAY P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D –SAND FAR DENSITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SAND NATURAL GAMMA COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SAND DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SAND MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SAND NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SAND P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT FAR DENSITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT NATURAL GAMMA COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – SILT P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE FAR DENSITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE NATURAL GAMMA COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE DEEP INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE NEUTRON COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX D – GRAVEL/COBBLE P-WAVE VELOCITY COMPOSITE STATISTICS



APPENDIX E: COMPOSITE VIEWLOG PLOTS

COMPOSITE PLOTS:

• Angus Glen OW1 • CVC-ORM-01b • EE11-1F • EE11-1W • Grasshopper • GSC-BH-NOB-01 • GSC-BH-VSR-01 • Hillcrest • Hillcrest2 • King Valley • OGS-PJB-15 • OGS-PJB-19 • Pontypool • Ram Forest • Uxbridge



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Angus Glen OW1

Length: 152.4mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter: 0.0635

Operator: Shawn Collins/Vince Gerrie

Northing: 4879489Easting: 640886.1Drilled: 1/11/2002Logged: 24-Oct-02Durham




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0007


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

Brown Sand with Clay

Grey Sand

Coarse Grey Gravel

Brown Clay

Grey Clay with Sand

Grey Clay with Stones

Fine Grey Sand with Clay

Grey Gravel

Grey Clay with Sand and Stones


Grey Clay with Sand

Grey Gravel


Grey GravelGrey Clay with StonesGrey GravelGrey Clay

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #CVC-ORM-01b


Operator: Vince Gerrie/Shawn Collins/Katie Blasco

Northing: 4852731Easting: 588636Drilled: Logged: 6/28/2002Peel




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0008


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

-160

-180

Medium Sand

Grey Sandy/silt, clay content increasing with depth, dispensed pebbles and granu-les, cohesive; Grey Clayey/-silt

Clayey/silt

Silty/sand to Silty/clay

Silty Sand

Silty Clay

Fine-Medium Sand

Coarsening upwards: Silty/s-and to medium cross-bedded sand;Some coarse sand lensesConsolidated Silty/sand unit with numerous Pebbles and clasts of various sizes;Very much like a diamict.Medium-Coarse Sand with pebbles and clasts of various sizeInterbedded Silty/sand with Pebbles and deformation structures; Silty/sand matrix with Pebbles. Some coarse sand lenses presentCoarse-Fine SandCobbles-Coarse Sand

Medium-Coarse Sand

GravelMedium-Coarse Sand

Cobble

Black Shale

Clayey-Silt_1cv

Silty-Sand_1cv

Silty-Clay_1cv

F-Med_Sand_1cv

Coarsening_Upcv

Silty-Sand_2cv

Med-C_Sand_1cv

Silty-Sand_3cv

C-F_Sand_1cv

Cob-C_Sand_1cv

Med-C_Sand_1cv

Gravel_1cvMed-C_Sand_2cvCobble_1cvCobble_2cvBlack_Shale_cv

100Temp

(degC)5 15Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #EE11-1F


Operator: Vince Gerrie/Shawn Collins

Northing: 4859701Easting: 651134Drilled: Logged: 7/29/2002Durham




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0007


0

-20

-40

-60

Topsoil OverburdenSand

Till

Granite Cobble

Till

Sand Stringers (<20mm)TillSandTillGravel

Silt & Clay

GravelSilt & ClaySilt & SandSilt & ClayTillSandSilt & Sand (Gravel Trace)SandTillSand & ClayGravelSilt & ClaySiltShale

NTill_1eef

NTill_2eef

Gravel_1eefL

Silt-Clay_1eefL

Silt-Sand_1eefL

Silt-Clay_2eefL

Till_1eefLTill_2eefLSand_1eefLSilt-Sand_2eefLSand_1eefLTill_2eefLSand-Clay_1eefLGravel_2eefLSilt-Clay_3eefLSilt_1eefL

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #EE11-1W







Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.001 .0005


0

-20

-40

Topsoil OverburdenSand

Till

Granite Cobble

Till

Sand Stringers (<20mm)TillSand?TillGravelSilt & Clay

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Grasshopper


Operator: KB,TR,SS,SC

Northing: 4880186Easting: 679510Drilled: 11/12/2002Logged: 14-Nov-02Durham




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0008


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

TopsoilSandy GravelFine SandSandy GravelMedium SandFine SandMedium SandFine Sandy SiltGravelFine SandGravelFine SandClayFine SandFine-Medium SandFine SandFine-Medium SandFine Sand-SiltGravelMedium SandGravel-Boulders

Cobbles

Fine Sand-SiltFine Sand-SiltSiltFine Sand-SiltSiltFine SandSiltFine SandSiltFine Sand-SiltSilt-ClayTillFine SandTillFine SandClayCoarse SandGravelClayFine SandClayTillClayey-SiltSandSiltFine SandSiltFine SandSiltClaySiltSandSiltTillSand-GravelClaySiltClayFine-Medium saturated Sand

Clay

Weathered Bedrock

F_Sandy-Silt_1grCGravel_1grCF_Sand_1grCGravel_1grCF_Sand_1grC

F-Med_Sand_2grC

F_Sand_1grCF-Med_Sand_2grCF_Sand-Silt_1grCGravel_2grCMed_Sand_1grC

Grav-Bould_1grC

Cobble_1grC

ScreenCobble_1grCF_Sand-Silt_2grLNo_LogF_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt_1grLF_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt_1grLF_Sand_2grLSilt_1grLF_Sand_2grLSilt_1grLF_Sand-Silt_2grLSilt-Clay_1grLTill_1grLF_Sand_3grLTill_2grLF_Sand_3grLClay_2grLC_Sand_1grLGravel_2grLClay_2grLF_Sand_2grLClay_2grLTill_3grLClayey-Silt_1grLSand_1grLSilt_2grLF_Sand_3grLSilt_2grLClay_3grLSilt_3grLSand_1grLSilt_3grLNTill_grLSand-Gravel_1grLClay_4grLSilt_4grLClay_4grLClay_5grLScreen

Clay_6grL

Limestone_Wgr

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #GSC-BH-NOB-01

Length: 190mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter:

Operator: Shawn Collins

Northing: 4864947Easting: 611194Drilled: Logged: 20-Aug-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0001 .0008


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

-160

-180

Silt/Clay

Fine to Med Sand

Sand clay interbed

Clay

Rhythmites

Diamicton fine sandSand/Gravel

Sand/Gravel

Clay

Rhythmites sand silt

Sand

Fining upward sets

Clay

Sand

Diamicton

Sand

Silt/clay

Sand

Clay/silt

Sand

Sand/Diamicton

Sand/Gravel

Bedrock

Rhythmites_1nbL

Sand_1nbL

Clay_1nbL

Sand_2nbL

Till_1nbL

Sand_3nbL

Silt-Clay_1nbL

Silt-Clay_2nbL

Sand_3nbL

Clay-Silt_1nbL

Sand_3nbL

Till_2nbL

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #GSC-BH-VSR-01

Length: 127mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter:

Operator: Trent Retallick/Susanna Scappin

Northing: 4873238Easting: 630188Drilled: Logged: 23-Nov-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0001 .0007


-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

Sand

Sand-Silt

Fine Sandy Silt

Sand

Fine Sandy Silt

Sand

Silt DiamictionSandy Silt

Sand

Gravel

Stoney Sandy Silt Diamicton

Silt Diamicton

Silt Rhythmites

Sand

Sand with Organics

F_Sandy-Silt_1vC

Sand_1vC

F_Sandy-Silt_1vC

Sand_2vC

Silt_Till_1vCSandy-Silt_1vC

Sand_3vC

Gravel_1vC

NTill_v

Silt_Till_2vL

Silt_Rhythmites_vL

Sand_4vL

Unknown_vL

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Hillcrest


Operator: Vince Gerrie, Katie Blasco

Northing: 4884347Easting: 622288Drilled: 8/30/2002Logged: 05-Sept-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0007 .0005


0

-20

-40

-60

Brown SoilBrown SandBrown Clay with Sand and Stones

Grey Clay with Sand and Gravel

Grey Clay

Grey Sand

Grey Clay

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Hillcrest2

Length: 111.56mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter: .1143


Northing: 4884050Easting: 622300Drilled: 9/1/1972Logged: 08-Oct-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0004 .0008


-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #King Valley

Length: 90.83mAzimuth: 0Dip: 90Diameter: .0508

Operator: Shawn Collins/Katie Blasco

Northing: 4872622Easting: 619195Drilled: 3/7/2002Logged: 06-Nov-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.001 .006


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

Black Top SoilBrown Fine Sand

Brown Gravel with Clay, Stones

Brown Clay

Blue Clay with Gravel

Blue Clay

Grey Sand with Clay

Blue Clay with Stones

Blue Clay with Silt

Blue Clay with Gravel, Stones

Grey Fine Sand

Clayey-Sand_L

Clayey-Silt-StonesL

Clay-Gravel_1kvL

Clay-Gravel_2kvL

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res






Northing: 4879424Easting: 635691Drilled: Logged: 6/20/2002York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0007


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

Silt

Fine_Sand

SiltTill (massive sandy silt with pebbles)Sand (very fine to fine grained)SiltSand (very fine to fine grained)SiltSand (very fine to fine grained)Sand (fine to medium)

Sand (very fine to fine grained)

Silt

Till (massive gritty silty sand to sandy silt with 5-10% clasts)

Sand (medium to fine and very fine sand interbedded)

Sand_U2o5

Silt_U1o5Sand_U2o5Silt_U1o5F_Sand_1o5U

F-Med_Sand_1o5U

Silt_1o5U

NTill_1o5

NTill_2o5

F-Med_Sand_2o5L

F-Med_Sand_3o5L

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res










Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0007


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

TillSiltTill

Sand

Sand

Sand

Till

Gravel

Till

Clay

Sand_Uo9U

Sand_1o9U

Sand_2o9U

Till_1o9U

Gravel_1o9U

NTill_1o9

NTill_2o9

Clay_1o9L

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Pontypool



Northing: 4886446.05652Easting: 689068.8735Drilled: Logged: 20-Aug-02Scugog




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.0005 .0009


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140

-160

SandSandGravelClaySandGravelSandGravel

Sand

Sand

Silt-sand/silt diamicton

Sand

Silt-sand/silt diamictonGravelClay-clay/silt diamictonSandSand

SandSandGravelSiltGravelSand

Sand

Gravel

Silt

Clay-clay/silt diamicton

SandClay-clay/silt diamictonSandClay-clay/silt diamicton

Sand

Clay

Sand

Clay-clay/silt diamicton

Silt

Clay

Silt-sand/silt diamictonBedrock

SSS_Till_1ptLGravel_1ptLCCS_Till_1ptL

Sand_1ptL

Sand_2ptLGravel_2ptLSilt_1ptLGravel_3ptLSand_1ptL

Sand_4ptL

Gravel_4ptL

Silt_2ptL

CCS_Till_2ptL

Sand_5ptLCCS_Till_3ptLSand_6ptLCCS_Till_4ptL

CCS_Till_5ptL

Sand_7ptL

Clay_1ptL

Sand_8ptL

CCS_Till_2ptL

CCS_Till_6ptL

Silt_3ptL

Clay_2ptL

Clay_3ptL

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Ram Forest


Operator: Shawn Collins/Trent R

Northing: 4874585Easting: 629555Drilled: 9/10/2002Logged: 05-Sept-02York




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.001 .0005


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

Brown Clay

Grey Clay

Cemented Gravel

Grey Clay, Stone

Cemented Gravel

Clay, Stone

Clay, Silt

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



York-Peel-Durham MunicipalitiesHole #Uxbridge BH1



Northing: 4885402Easting: 651171Drilled: Logged: 08-Sept-02Durham




Caliper(in)0 10


Neutron(CPS)0 1500



Mag Sus(mCGS)0 .3

ILM(mS/m)0 100

ILD(mS/m)0 100 (ohm-m)0 40

DT-.002 .0005


0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

TopsoilSandy-Silt fill, trace claySilt, trace clay

Fine Sands

Coarse Sands with some gravelSilty Fine SandsSand and Gravel

Silt and Fine Sand

Medium-Fine Sands

Sand and Gravel

Till

Bedrock

Steel_Casingux

Silty-F_Sand_1uxCSand-Gravel_1uxC

Silt-F_Sand_1uxC

Silt-F_Sand_2uxC

Med-F_Sand_1uxC

Med-F_Sand_2uxC

Sand-Gravel_2uxC

Unknown_uxC

Till_1uxC

Till_2uxC

Temp(degC)5 15

Fluid Res



APPENDIX F: DIGITAL DATA

DIGITAL DATA

RAW DATA AND PROCESSED DATA ON CD-ROM (700 MB)

Raw Viewlog composite profile files: according to borehole number (####), i.e. 30323.AAA where AAA refers to: HDR = Viewlog header file 001 = Viewlog data file for parameter #1 (i.e., Gamma or MS) 002 = Viewlog data file for profile parameter #2 … 00N = Viewlog data file for final profile parameter. Processed Data - Viewlog and Related Files: TEMPLATE HEADER 11X17.map = Viewlog template 11x17 plot header template header YPD.hdr = Viewlog data display template for aboveground holes L-128 Database.mbd = Microsoft Access database containing all processed data and lithologic

information L-128.db = file linking template to database within Viewlog L-128.prj = Viewlog project file YPD Lithology.lsm = Viewlog lithologic symbol library


quantec logging services inc. geophysical survey ... - draft bh geophysics report...quantec logging...

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