quantum model and electron configurations. atomic models: old version = bohr’s also known as the...
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Quantum Model and Electron Configurations
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Atomic Models:Old version = Bohr’s
Also known as the planetary atomic model
Describes electron paths as perfect orbits with definite diameters
Good for a visual
New version = Quantum Theory
Most acceptedDiagrams electrons
of a atom based on probability of location at any one time
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Bohr’s model: Nucleus is in the center of an atom(like the
sun) and the electrons orbit the nucleus similar to the planets.
Orbits are called shells 1st shell = 2 electrons 2nd shell = 8 electrons 3rd shell = 18 electrons 4th shell = 32 electrons
Last slide
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QOD VOCAB
What is the approximate mass of an electron?
WHICH IS A TRUE STATEMENT?Compounds can
be broken down (decomposed) by chemical means
Compounds can be decomposed by physical means
0.000549 amu
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Quantum THEORY & MechanicsStudy of how light interacts with matter
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Quantum Theory:
To better the description of the atomic structure, atoms were exposed to energy (heat) which made the electrons go into what is called the excited state (normal = ground state).
When electrons returned to ground state they emitted energy in the form of light.
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Quantum Theory:This method of study is called spectroscopy (spectrum)
Visible light = part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 400-700 nm
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Quantum Theory:Electromagnetic
Spectrum From crest to crest =
frequency which is measured in hertz.
This therefore can be used to identify elements (absorption of energy and color emitted is a fingerprint of an element)Kind of like wearing your team
colors.
Team Oxygen
Team Carbon
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Continuous spectrum of white light
When you pass sunlight through a prism, you get a continuous spectrum of colors like a rainbow.
Line-Emission Spectrum However, when light from Hydrogen
& Helium gases were passed through a prism, they found a dark background with discrete lines.
WHY? This lead to the quantum theory.
H
He
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A scientist, Bohr suggested that electrons must exist in Electron Orbitals (shows the most probable area to find an electron of a certain energy.)
So whenever an excited hydrogen atom falls to its ground state or lower energy level, it emits a photon of light, which means that energy levels must be fixed.
Quantum Theory:
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Video
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Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
Electrons (e-) of atoms are the basis for every chemical reaction.
In quantum theory, electrons exist in orbitals based on probabilities and these orbitals are arranged within energy levels.
Notice… these orbitals look different from Bohr’s. This diagram is more correct.
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Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
Quantum NumbersQuantum numbers specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in those orbitals
We will define these numbers & letters.
Example of Quantum #:
3s2
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Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
Principle Quantum Number (n)
Is equal to the number of the energy level (n).
The principle quantum # corresponds to the energy levels 1-7 which is the period number (row) on the periodic table.
Example of Quantum #:
3s2
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P
E
R
I
O
D
S
1-7
Blocks and Sublevels
d (n-1)1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
5
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Maximum e- in Energy Levels The maximum number of e- in
any one level is given by the equation 2n2
Calculate the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4th principal quantum number (period 4). Solve: Use 2n2
2(4)2
32 electrons total
Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
N=1, 2e
N=2, 8e
N=3, 18e
N=4, 32e
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Sublevels and Orbitals An energy level in made up of
many energy states called sublevels.
The number of sublevels for each energy level is equal to the value of the principal quantum number.
EX: one sublevel in energy level one (period 1) two sublevels in level two (period 2) three sublevels in level three (period 3)
*now lets find out what those sublevels are called…
Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
Example of Quantum #:
3s2
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Sublevels and Orbitals There are 4 sublevels:
s p d f Energy levels and sublevels work together to form
an e- cloud. e- are repelled by one another and move as far
apart as possible. e- clouds take on characteristic shapes called
orbitals.
Quantum Theory: Electron Configuration
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Sublevels and Orbitals (notice the shapes)
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Orbital Shapess orbitals are spherical. This diagram represents an s orbital.
p orbitals are “dumbbell” shaped. This diagram represents 1 of the 3 types of p orbitals.
d orbitals contains 5 possible orbital shapes.
f orbitals contain 7 possible orbital shapes.
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Electrons & OrbitalsOrbitals overlap and change shape as electrons are added.
Each orbital can only hold 2 electrons.
Example of Quantum #:
3s2
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Electrons and Orbitals (count
2 electrons per orbit)
s = 2 electrons
p = 2+2+2 =
6 electrons d =
10 f = 14
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Orbitals, and Electrons per Sublevel
Principal Quantum
Number (n)Sublevel
# ofOrbitals
# of Electrons per Orbital
1 s 1 2
2 sp
13
26
3 s pd
1 35
2 610
4 s pd f
1 35 7
2 610 14
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QOD VOCABThe principal
quantum number corresponds to the:
Which statement is true: The characteristic bright-line spectrum (color) of an element is produced when its electrons… Move to an excited
higher energy state Return to a lower
ground energy state
• Energy Levels• Periods on the periodic table
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Distribution of Electrons Atoms are electronically neutral. (for now) There is an electron for every proton in the
nucleus. The larger the atom, the larger the electron
cloud.1. Pauli Exclusion Principle: only two e- can
occupy the same orbital due to the opposite electronic spin .
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Electron Filling Diagram
•Sublevels and orbitals are filled as indicated in the diagram.
•Example:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 …
Notice… they don’t go in order !
# electrons in the orbital
Sublevel orbital
energy level
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Label your blank periodic table.
Read it “like a book”
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WRITE the Electron ConfigurationNow try:
1. C2. Kr3. Ca4. Fe5. Hg
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QOD VOCABWhat is the total
number of electrons that can be held in the third principal energy level?
Quantum Theory of atomic structure states all except: Electrons orbit the nucleus
in perfect paths Electrons form clouds
based on probability of location
Electron clouds form characteristic shapes due to repelling of negative charges
Electrons occupy the lowest energy levels before moving into higher energy levels
2n2
18
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Label your blank periodic table.
Read it “like a book”
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DRAW the Electron Configuration
Carbon has 6 e- (same as protons)
Start with lowest energy level and place one electron in each orbital. Spins must be in same direction within orbitals of the same energy level.
If there are remaining e-, pair up singles in same energy level before moving to next highest energy level.
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Electron Configuration
1s 2s 2p
Carbon’s electron config. is:
1s2 2s2 2p2
Superscripts total the number of electrons
2 + 2 + 2 = 6
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*Notice that you can write the electron configuration based on the orbital diagram.
*When asked to draw or diagram, use arrow configuration.
*When asked to write, use 1s2,2s2… configuration.Last slide
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Electron Configuration – Noble Gas Configuration Electron Configuration demonstrates a periodic
trend, so you can write shorthand electron configuration using the electron configuration of the noble gases in Group 18 of the periodic table.
Noble gases have stable configurations.
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Noble Gas Configuration When writing shorthand e-
config for an element, refer to the noble gas in the energy level (period) just above the element.
Write the symbol of the noble gas in brackets.
Write out the remaining e-config based on the energy filling diagram.
Electron ConfigurationNa = 1s22s22p63s1
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
Ne = 1s22s22p6
Shorthand Electron ConfigurationNa = [Ne] 3s1
Al = [Ne] 3s23p1
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Noble Gas Configuration
EX: NaStep 1: Na is in period 3 so refer to the noble
gas in period 2 which is Neon.
Step 2: Write Ne in brackets. [Ne]Step 3: Now write remaining electrons in
standard form. 3s1.Step 4: Combine. [Ne]3s1
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Noble Gas ConfigurationEX: BrStep 1: Br is in period 4 so refer to noble gas from
period 3 which is Argon.Step 2: Write in brackets. [Ar]Step 3: Write remaining electrons.
4s23d104p5
Step 4: Combine to form: [Ar] 4s23d104p5
*Check your work: Add the number of electrons from the noble gas (18) to the subscripts of the remaining e-config (17). 18+17=35 which is the electrons for Br.
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Nobel Gas Configuration
Now try:1. I2. Kr3. Na4. Cu
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Label your blank periodic table.
Read it “like a book”
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Electron Configuration with Ions When we write the electron configuration
of a positive ion, we remove one electron for each positive charge:
Na → Na+
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 → 1s2 2s2 2p6
When we write the electron configuration of a negative ion, we add one electron for each negative charge:
O → O2-
1s2 2s2 2p4 → 1s2 2s2 2p6
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Electron Configuration with IonsNow try:
1. Ca+2
2. Fe-3
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Label your blank periodic table.
Read it “like a book”
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QOD VOCABWhat element has completely filled 3p orbitals?
Which of the following is the correct name for Ca+1?Calcium isotopeCalcium Calcium ionCalcium with
extra electrons
Argon (Ar)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
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Label your blank periodic table.
Read it “like a book”
*
***
**
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32 54 76
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98
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2 1 2 3 4 5
6
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4
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S - Block
D - BlockP - Block
F - Block
4
5
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Last slide