PRESENTED BY:- SHIYAS

WHAT IS QUASAR?

Quasar means quasi-stellar radio sources. It is the most luminous powerful and energetic object seen in the universe.

HOW QUASAR IS FORMED?

Before going to formation of quasar we must have known “What is black hole?”

WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?

Black hole is point where all the mass and energy collapsed under its own weight due to greater gravitational force. These are occurred by certain dying stars. When all of its mass and energy collapsed under high gravitational force, the star then cools and dies peacefully. This type of star is known a “white dwarf ”.

During dying of star the outer most part of the star

gets burst to form “supernova”. During the collapsing of star, the ore compacts into

a mathematical point with virtual zero volume,

where it is said to have infinite density. This is

called a “singularity”. The boundary of this

singularity known as “event horizon” from which

no matter or radiation including light cannot be

escaped.

Continuing….

HISTORY OF OBSERVATION:

The first quasars (3c 48 and 3c 273) were discovered in the early 1960s by Sandage and Thomas A. Matthews.

In 1979 the gravitational lens effect predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity was confirmed observationally for the first time with images of double quasar 0957+561.

This is an active galaxy and the other two are Blazars and Radio galaxy. All are the same thing but viewing from different angle.

PROPERTIES The quasar’s luminosity is about 4

trillion (4×1012) times that of our sun, or about 100 time s that of the total light of giant galaxies like our Milk way.

The hyper luminous quasar APM 08279+5255 was discovered in 1998 having absolute magnitude of -32.2 is gravitationally lensed. From this gravitationally lensing was studied.

Quasar show the locations where massive black holes are growing rapidly.

Luminosities varies with time (month, year). It gets energy when the matter fall into a massive black hole.

To create a luminosity of 1040 watts (the typical brightness of quasar), a supermassive black hole would have to consume the material equivalent of 10 stars per year.

The brightest known quasars devour 1000 solar masses of material every year. The largest known is estimated to 600 Earths per minute.

EMISSION GENERATION:

Quasar luminosities can vary considerably over time, depending on their surrounding gas and dust which is its fuel. When all the fuels are consumed it becomes an ordinary galaxy.

MULTIPLE QUASARS: A multiple imaged quasar is a quasar

whose light undergoes gravitational lensing resulting in double, triple or quadruple images of the same quasar.

The first true triple quasar (LBQS 1429-008) was found in 2007 by observation at the W.M. Keck Observed Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

IN 2013, the second true triple quasars QQQ J1519+0627 by international team of astronomers led by Farina of the University of Insubria.

ROLE IN CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM

As it is extremely distant, bright, small in size, apparently stationary to our current technology and also found all over the universe for which it is taken as the “International Celestial Reference System (ICRS).

CONCLUSION:

As it is taken as reference point all the calculations of distance object in the universe and lunching any vehicle to the solar system are done by this. Recently MOM satellite is sent to Marsh from India taking quasar as reference point.

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