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Question Bank

SOCIAL SCIENCEteacher’s Manual

FULL MARKS PVT LTDEducational Publishers

4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj

New Delhi-110002

CBSE6

(ii)

PART-A: HISTORY (OUR PASTS-I) 1. What, Where, How and When? 3 2. On the Trail of the Earliest People 5 3. From Gathering to Growing Food 9 4. In the Earliest Cities 12 5. What Books and Burials Tell Us 15 6. Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic 18 7. New Questions and Ideas 21 8. Ashoka, the Emperor Who Gave up War 26 9. Vital Villages, Thriving Towns 29 10. Traders, Kings and Pilgrims 33 11. New Empires and Kingdoms 37 12. Buildings, Paintings and Books 41 l Worksheets 1 to 12 45–57

PART-B: GEOGRAPHY (THE EARTH: OUR HABITAT) 1. The Earth In The Solar System 58 2. Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes 61 3. Motions of the Earth 65 4. Maps 69 5. Major Domains of the Earth 71 6. Major Landforms of the Earth 77 7. Our Country — India 82 8. India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife 86 l Worksheets 1 to 8 91–100

PART-C: CIVICS (SOCIAL & POLTICAL LIFE-I) 1. Understanding Diversity 101 2. Diversity and Discrimination 104 3. What is Government? 108 4. Key Elements of a Democratic Government 111 5. Panchayati Raj 114 6. Rural Administration 118 7. Urban Administration 121 8. Rural Livelihoods 124 9. Urban Livelihoods 127 l Worksheets 1 to 9 131–140

CONTENTS

3

Part-A: History (our Pasts-i)

Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When?

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. Skilled gatherers were people

who gathered their food. 2. Because although it is smaller

than a continent, it is very large, and is separated from the rest of Asia by seas, hills and mountains.

3. Hills, mountains and seas. 4. We use a script. 5. We use a language. 6. About 2500 years ago. 7. The name Bharata was used

for a group of people who lived in north-west.

8. They are scholars who study the past.

9. Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal.

10. Palm leaves.

Fill in the Blanks 1. detectives 2. instruction 3. Magadha 4.fish 5. Inscriptions 6. movementsRapid-Fire Questions 1. Prakrit 2. Inscriptions 3. The Iranians and the Greeks 4. The Rigveda 5. Sanskrit 6. Magadha 7. The north of the Vindhyas 8. LivelihoodPuzzle Time 1. Palm leaf 2. Rigveda 3. Kandahar 4. Magadha 5. Christianity 6. Ganga 7. Tributary 8. Herders 9. Sheep 10. Monastery

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) rice 2. (d) temples 3. (a) palm leaves 4. (d) all of the above 5. (b) Before Christ 6. (b) they were formed of

hills, mountains and seasMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(d) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. birch 2. Prakrit

3. hard 4. manuscripts; archaeology 5. Caravans 6. adventure 7. Domino 8. languages

True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Water was easily available. 2. They collected roots, fruits

and other forest produce for their food.

3. Wheat and barley.

4 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

4. Merchants travelled with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place. Religious teachers walked from village to village, town to town, stopping to offer instruction and adviceon the way.

5. Manuscripts are called so becausetheywerewrittenbyhand.

When people had to write a book in ancient time, they cut palm leaves into pages and tied them together to make books.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) How ancient people

wrote and what material. (ii) What religious practices

and beliefs were followed. (iii) How ordinary people

lived. (iv) What the people ate. 2. We have used the word ‘pasts’

in plural to draw attention to the fact that the past was differentfordifferentgroupsof people. For example, the lives of herders or farmers weredifferent from thoseofkings and queens, the lives ofmerchantsweredifferentfrom those of craftspersons, and so on.

3. The books in the past dealt with all kinds of subjects–religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science.

I would like to read about the lives of the kings.

4. Sheep,goatsandcattle. 5. Ricewasfirst grown in the

north of the Vindhyas. 6. The Indus and its tributaries. 7. On the banks of river Ganga

and its tributaries. 8. Magadha 9. In temples and monasteries. 10. Prakrit means languages used

by ordinary people. 11. Sanskrit and Tamil. 12. So that people could see, real

and obey them. 13. Tofindtools,weapons,pots,

pans, ornaments and coins. 14. Tofindoutwhatpeopleatein

the past. 15. Manu means hand and script

meansletterorsign.Short Answer Type Questions 1. Travellingindifferentpartsof

a place gives ancient people an opportunity to meet new people and converse with them. This led to the sharing of ideas between people.

2. People travel today for many reasons. Three of them are:

(i) To study (ii) To get employment (iii) To get medical check up. 3. Two of the words we often

use for our country are India and Bharat. The word India comes from the Indus, called Sindhu in Sanskrit and the name Bharat was used for a group of people who lived in the north-west.

Teacher’s Manual n 5

Fill in the Blanks 1. food 2. animal 3. seasonal 4. Vindhyas 5. stone 6. HunsgiTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Palaeolithic sites 2. (i) Stone on stone (ii) Pressure

flaking 3. (i) Hallur (ii) Chirand 4. Stone, wood and bone 5. Inamgaon 6. Middle Stone AgePuzzle Time 1. Kurnool 2. Microliths 3. Hallur 4. Barley 5. Hides 6. Caves 7. Fishing 8. Bone

Oral Questions 1. (i) Hunting animals (ii) Gathering fruits, roots

nuts, etc. 2. Gathering plant produce. 3. To collect plant produce,

hunter-gatherers needed to findoutwhichplantsorpartsof plants were edible.

4. Perennial rivers and lakes never get dry in any season. They have water throughout the year.

5. Seasonal rivers get dry during winter and summer.

6. Early people travelled on foot. 7. Stone, wood and bone. 8. Bhimbetka is located in

present-day Madhya Pradesh. 9. Places where stone was found

and where people made tools are known as factory sites.

10. Wheat, barley and rice.

Chapter 2 On the Trail of the Earliest

PeopleFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) grasslands developed 2. (c) both (i) and (ii) 3. (b) tiny 4. (a) 12,000 years ago 5. (d) Kurnool caves 6. (b) leatherMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e)

(iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

Fill in the Blanks 1. stone 2. water 3. fire 4. caves 5. 12,000 6. limestone 7. HunsgiTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True


Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Tools made of stone lasted

long. 2. Spears and arrows. 3. Early people used wood for

making huts and tools. 4. Usually we find blocks of

stone, tools that were made and perhaps discarded because they were not perfect, and chips of waste stone left behind at these sites.

5. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (Southern).

6. Animals move from place to place in search of smaller prey or in search of grass and leaves.

7. The movements of animals forced hunter-gatherers to follow them.

8. Hunting animals and catching fishandbirds.

9. The rock paintings are drawn with great accuracy and skill.

10. Earlymanusedfire to cookmeat and to scare away animals. They also used it as a source of light.

11. We use knives for cutting fruits. They are made of iron and woods.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Hunter-gatherers travelled

from place to place to satisfy their basic needs i.e. food and water. Even today people travel for this reason. We see migration on a large scale. People living in rural areas or small towns and cities move to urban or big towns and cities insearchofbetterlivelihood.But not all people today travel

for this reason. In fact, there are many people who migrate to cities for getting higher education, for establishing business, for entertainment, etc.

2. There were two methods for making stone tools:

(i) Stone on stone method: In this method, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand and another stone, which was used as a hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strike offflakes from thefirst,till the required shape was obtained.

(ii) Pressure flaking: In this method, the core (pebble) was placed on a firm surface. The hammer stone was used on a piece of bone or stone that was placed on the core, to removeflakesthatcouldbe shaped into tools.

3. Archaeologists have found sites at places like Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, Kurnool caves, etc. These sites make it clear that hunter-gatherers lived there. Hunter-gatherers lived in many more places. Many sites were located near sources of water, such as rivers and lakes. Availability of good quality stone was also a major point that hunter-gatherers kept in mind while choosing a place to live in.

4. Three ways in which hunter-gatherersusedfire:


(i) As a source of light. (ii) To cook meat. (iii) To scare away wild

animals. Nowadayswedon’tusefireas

a source of light. We also don’t use it to scare away animals. Instead we use fire today to cook food and to keep ourselves warm in winters.

5. (i) Many of the caves in which ear ly people lived have paintings on the walls. Some of the best examples are from Madhya Pradesh and southernUttarPradesh.These paintings show wild animals, drawn with great accuracy and skill.

(ii) Hunsgi is in present day Maharashtra. A number of early Palaeolithic sites were found there. At some sites, a large number of tools, used for all sorts of activities, were found. These were probably habitation-cum-factory sites. Limestone was found in abundance w h i c h wa s u s e d i n making tools.

6. Water has always been a major attraction forpeople. That’swhy they established their settlementsclosetorivers.Butnot all rivers are perennial. There are many rivers which are seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons i.e. winter and summer.

7. (i) H a b i t a t i o n s i t e : Habitation sites were places where hunter-gatherers lived.

(ii) Factory site: Factory sites were places where stone was found and where people made tools.

(iii) Habitation-cum-factory site: Habitation-cum-factory sites were places where people lived for longer spells of time.

8. H u n t e r - g a t h e r e r s we r e involved in several activities in order to manage their food. They hunted wild animals, caught birds and fish, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Thus, gathering a variety of plant produce was an important means of obtaining food for these people.

9. Three activities associated with the earliest people were:

(i) Hunting wild animals (ii) Gathering plant produce (iii) Making stone tools (iv) Painting on cave walls

(Any three) 10. T h r e e f e a t u r e s o f t h e

Mesolithic period are: (i) This period, also known

as Middle Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago and lasted for about 10,000 years ago.

(ii) This period witnessed major environmental changes.

(iii) S t o n e t o o l s f o u n d during this period are generally tiny, and are


2. Archaeologists have given lengthynames fordifferentperiods. They call the earliest period the Palaeolithic which comes from two Greek words, ‘palaeo’, meaning old, and ‘lithos’, meaning stone. The name points to the importance of finds of stone tools. The Palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago.

Then comes the Mesolithic period which is also known as Middle Stone Age. This period began about 12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years ago. This periods witnessed major climatic changes. Stone tools found during this period are tiny, and are called microliths. Tools such as saws and sickles were used.

The next stage began about 10,000 years ago and is called the Neolithic period. Tools found during this period are polished,soastogiveafinecuttingedge.

3. The world witnessed major climatic changes around 12,000 years ago. This was a time when several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in different parts of the subcontinent. Men, women and children probably collected these grains as food and learnt where they grew, and when they ripened. This may have encouraged them to think about growing plants on their own.

called microliths. These microliths were probably stuck on the handles of bone or wood to make tools such as saws and sickles.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Around 12,000 years

ago, major environmental changes occurred in the world, with a shift t o r e l a t i ve l y wa r m conditions.

(ii) In many areas, this led to the development of grasslands which in turn led to an increase in the number of those animals that survived on grass.

(iii) Hunter-gatherers started following such animals and in due course of time they learnt their food habits and their breeding seasons. This encouraged them to herd and rear these animals.

(iv) Several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in different parts of the subcontinent.

(v) Changing environment also encouraged people to grow plants on their own. In this way they became farmers. They began looking plants so that they (plants) could grow and the seeds could ripen.


7. In present-day Kashmir. 8. In Burzahom in present-day

Kashmir. 9. They were used for storing

things. 10. Mortars and pestles.Fill in the Blanks 1. farming 2. food 3. climatic 4. barley 5. Catal Huyuk

4.

Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing

FoodFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 1. Tending animals. 2. About 10,000 years ago. 3. Places where dead persons are

buried. 4. To convert animals to domestic

use. 5. Dog and sheep. 6. U n l i k e w i l d a n i m a l s ,

domesticated animals were relatively gentle.


Puzzle TimeAcross 1. Hunting 2. Mehrgarh 3. Bore 4. JadeiteDown 1. Pit-houses 2. Grain 3. Sheep 4. Dog

True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Tribes 2. Mortars and Pestles 3. Cotton 4. Earthen Pots 5. Cooking hearths

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) elephant 2. (c) 12,000 years ago 3. (b) UttarPradesh 4. (d) all of the above 5. (d) Mehrgarh 6. (d) all of the above.

Match the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. tribes 2. store 3. wheat 4. pig 5. experience 6. Mehrgarh

True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Children in tribal society

looked after plants by driving away animals and birds that might eat them. They also lookedaftersmallflocks.

2. The early people used pots for storing grain.

3. These tools were polished havingafinecuttingedge.

4. Pit-houses were dug into the

ground, with steps leading into them.

5. It suggests that, depending on the weather, people could cook food either indoor or outdoors.

6. Some men in tribal societies were made leaders. They may be old and experienced, young, brave warriors or priests.

7. Seeing traces of pit-houses in Burzahom archaeologists infer that they may have provided shelter to early people in cold weather.

8. They made large clay pots or wove baskets, or dug pits into the ground to store grain.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mehrgarh is located in a fertile

plain, near the Bolan Pass. Archaeologists excavated this site and found evidence of many kinds of animal bones from the earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals like deer and pig. In later levels, they found more bones of sheep and goat. In still later levels, they found cattlebones.Thissuggeststhat


that the archaeologists have found at Mehrgarh make it clear that the dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in the next world.

4. We can give its answer in negative. In fact, there were many areas where men and women still involved in hunting and gathering food. Elsewhere people adopted farming and herding. At some places people tried to combine these activities. They preferred tododifferentthingsduringdifferentseasons.

5. The Neoli thic tools are different from the earlier Palaeolithic tools. These tools were polished with a fine cutting edge. The mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have found

many evidences of settled life. They have found traces of huts or houses at some sites, such as Burzahom in present day Kashmir. People built pit-houses, which they dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. These might have provided shelter in the cold weather.

• The finds of cookinghearths both inside and outside the huts, also suggest that people had startedlivingasettledlife.

• Archaeologists have alsofound stone tools from

people in Mehrgarh started with hunting and in the later stage, herding became more important for them.

2. (i) Hunter-gatherers kept on moving from one place to another whereas farmers and herders had to stay at the same place for longer spells of time to take care of their crops and animals.

(ii) Hunter-gatherers lived in natural caves if needed whereas farmers and herders built huts and pit-houses to live in.

(iii) Since hunter-gatherers didn’t know the art o f cul t ivat ion , they depended on the meat of wild animals and plant produce which they gathered while moving here and there. Farmers/herders, on the other hand, grew crops and reared animals respectively for their livelihood.

3. On excavation at Mehrgarh, archaeologists found the evidence of many things which included bones of wild and tamed animals like deer, pigs, sheep, goats andcattle,remainsofsquareor rectangular houses and burials. The study of the remains of houses make it clear that each house had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. The burial sites


did most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Men led large herds of animals in search of pasture. Children looked after small flocks. They also looked after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them.

However, there were certain tasks which were performed by both men and women, for example, cleaning of animals and milking, making pots, baskets, tools and huts, etc.

many sites which further act as a proof of early man’s settledlife.

• Traces of many kinds ofearthen pots also prove the same fact. Besides, people also wove cloth, using differentkindsofmaterialslikecotton.

2. Groups of families related to one another form a tribe. The people belonging to tribe followed many occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming,herdingandfishing.We find a distinct labour division among them. Women

Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. Scribes were people who

know how to write. 2. An engraved piece of metal

used to stamp a design. 3. A specialist is a person who

is trained to do only one kind ofwork,forexample,cuttingstone.

4. Because old buildings often have a story to tell.

5. Kalibangan and Lothal. 6. Harappa and Mohenjodaro. 7. They built fire altarswhere

sacrifices may have been performed.

Fill in the Blanks 1. east 2. 4700 3. terracotta 4. black 5. Khadir BeytTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Great Bath 2. Dholavira 3. Lothal 4. The rivers dried up 5. CottonPuzzle Time 1. Specialist 2. Faience 3. Scribes 4. Lothal 5. Dockyard

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) sheep,goat,buffalo

2. (a) two parts 3. (a) bronze

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT


8. There were people called rulers who planned the construction of special buildings in the city.

9. The rulers sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones and other things that they wanted.

10. Beads and weights.Short Answer Type Questions 1. People in the city of Harappa

carr ied on three major professions—

•Rulers — They planned the construction of special buildings.

•Scribes — They prepared seals and wrote on other materials.

•Craftspersons — They made all kinds of things either in their own homes or in special workshops.

2. The raw materials that the Harappans used were copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones. These raw materials had to be brought from distant places, for example,

• Copper — Present-day Rajasthan and Oman in West Asia

• Tin—Present-dayAfghan-istan and Iran.

•Gold—Present-dayKar-nataka.

• Precious stones—Present day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan.

3. Three features of the city of Dholavira—

• Dholavirawas located onKhadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch, where there was fresh water and fertile soil.

4. (c) clay 5. (a) 7000 years ago 6. (c) Rajasthan 7. (c) Mohenjodaro 8. (c) ploughMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. 1400 2. Seals 3. chert 4.finished 5. wells 6. Khadir Beyt 7. Lothal 8. mummies 9. rulersTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The engineers found the site

of Harappa in present-day Pakistan.

2. Harappan cities developed around 4700 years ago.

3. Very often, old buildings are pulled down to make way for new construction.

4. H a r a p p a n c i t i e s w e r e divided into two or more parts. Usually the part to the west was smaller but higher. Archaeologists describe this as the citadel.

5. Barley, wheat, rice, sesame, mustard, etc.

6. Mohenjodaro. 7. •Many of the Harappan

cities had covered drains. •Most houses in the cities

had a separate bathing area.


made of terrocotta and faience. These were used to spin thread.

8. The bricks were laid in an interlockingpattern.

9. Archaeologists have found actualpiecesofclothattachedto the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracottaandfaience.Thesewere used to spin thread.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Metals, writing, the wheel

and the plough played an important role in the life of the Harappans.

• Theyusedmetalslikecopper,bronze, gold, silver etc. for different purposes. Copperand bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were also used to make ornaments and vessels.

• There were scribes whoknew how to write. They helped prepare the seals and perhaps wrote on other materials.

• The Harappans used thewheelincartsandpottery-making.

• Theploughwasusedtodigthe earth for turning the soil and planting seeds.

2. •Houses in the city ofHarappa were either one or two storeyed high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most houses had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water.

• The city was dividedinto three parts, and each part was surrounded with massive stone walls, with entrances through gateways.

• There was also a largeopenareainthesettlementwhere public ceremonies could be held.

4. The countryside people (farmers & herders) were involved in various activities—

• Theygrewcropsandrearedanimals.

• They supplied food tocraftspersons, scribes and rulers in the cities.

• They grewwheat, barley,pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard.

5. About eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site of Harappa and realised that this was one of the oldest cities in the subcontinent. As thiswas thefirst city tobe discovered, all other sites from where similar buildings and other things were found were described as Harappan.

6. The Harappan cities had covered drains. They were land out in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.

7. Cottonwasprobablygrownat Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago. Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists have found spindle whorls,


mystery. In fact, scholars are not sure why this happened. Therefore they make guesses. Some of them suggest that there was deforestation. This could have happened because fuel was required for baking bricks, and for smelting copper ores. Besides, grazing bylargeherdsofcattle,sheepand goat may have destroyed the green cover. Some others suggest that the rivers dried up. Some scholars’ opinion is just opposite. They suggest that someareasgotfloodedand caused the end of the civilisation.

Scholars are not sure which reasons acted as an agent of destruction.

•Drains were covered inmany of the cities. They were laid out in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water couldflowthroughit.Veryoften, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.

• Streets were also well planned. They were wide and straight. There was proper arrangement for light in all the streets.

3. The decline of Harappan civilisation is no less than a

Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 1. One of the oldest books in the

world. 2. Yes. 3. By sages or rishis. 4. Agni, Indra and Soma. 5. The people who composed

hymns. 6. They were opponents of Aryas

anddidnotperformsacrifices. 7. Beas and Sutlej.Fill in the Blanks 1. vish 2. vish 3. big stones 4. Ghod

True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Megaliths 2. Sukta 3. a warrior god 4. Soma is a plant from which a

special drink was prepared. 5. Sages 6. Vishwamitra 7. Food and water.Puzzle Time 1. Inamgaon 2. Megalith 3. Rigveda 4. Agni 5. Hymn


Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Brahmagiri 2. (b) Bhima 3. (a) physician 4. (a) Austro-Asiatic family 5. (b) farming and animal

rearing

Match the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(d) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. work 2. burial 3. surface; underground 4. status 5. medicineTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Peoplediscussedmatters of

war and peace at assemblies. 2. There are four Vedas —

the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.

3. Ghee, grain and animals. 4. One was the word jana and the

other was vish. 5. Aryas called their opponents

Dasas or Dasyus. 6. Digging pits in the earth and

transporting stones. 7. They think that objects found

with a skeleton probably belonged to the dead person.

8. These indicate that people, perhaps belonging to the same family, were buried in the same place though not at the same time.

9. In China, writings were done on animal bones which are called oracle bones. They were called so because they were used to predict the future.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have found

more objects in one grave than in another. At Brahmagiri burial site they have found one skeleton buried with 33 gold beads, two stone beads, four copper bangles and one conch shell. Other skeletons have only a few pots.Thesefindssuggestthattherewassomedifferenceinstatus amongst the people who were buried. Some were rich, others poor, some chiefs, other followers.

2. Those who make skeletal studies, take help from the size of the skeleton. If its size is small, they become sure that the skeleton is of a child. But theyfindnomajordifferencesin the bones of a girl and boy. In the same way, it is also difficulttomakeoutwhethera skeleton was that of a man or a woman. Sometimes, people decide on the basis of what is found with the skeleton. For instance, if a skeleton is found with jewellery, it is sometimes thought to be that of a woman. However, there are problems with this. Often, men also wore ornaments.

Abetterwayoffiguringoutthe sex of skeleton is to look



(v) in terms of the communities they belong to

Some of the words to describe people in the Rigvedic times are —priests, brahmins, rajas, jana, vish, etc.

6. (i) It is a page from a manuscript of the Rigveda.

(ii) It was found in Kashmir. (iii) It is now preserved

in a library in Pune, Maharashtra.

7. Charaka was a famous physician who lived about 2000 years ago. He wrote a book on medicine known as the Charaka Samhita. There he states that the human body has 360 bones. This is a much larger number than the 200 bones that are recongised in modern anatomy. Charaka arrived at this figure by counting the teeth, joints and cartilage.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Brahmagiri and Adicharrallur

are important megalithic sites. Some megalithic burials have been found on the surface while some others are often underground. Sometimes archaeologists find a circle of stone boulders or a single large stone standing on the ground. These are indications that there are burials beneath.

All these burials have some common features. Generally, the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Archaeologists have also found tools and weapons

at the bone structure. The hip or the pelvic area of women is generally larger to enable child bearing.

3. Archaeologists have found some megaliths containing more than one skeleton. These indicate that people perhaps belonging to the same family, were buried in the same place though not at the same time. The bodies of those who died later were brought into the grave through the portholes. Stone circles or boulders placed on the surface probably served as signpots tofindtheburialsite,sothatpeople could return to the same place whenever they wanted to.

4. Themaindifferencewasthatof the status they availed in the society. Usually, ‘raja’ enjoyed one of the highest civil positions. They were the kings of the community. On the other hand, ‘dasas/dasis’ were at the lowest rung in the society. They were, infact, slaves and were treated as the property of their owners. They were used for work.

5. There are several ways of describing people—

(i) in terms of the work they do

(ii) in terms of the language they speak

(iii) in terms of the place they belong to

(iv) in terms of the family they belong to


as their opponents. •Dasas/dasyus, who later

came to be known as slaves were captured in war. They were treated as the property of their owners. They were used for work.

3. Among the four Vedas, the Rigveda is the oldest one. It was composed about 3500 years ago. It includes more than a thousand hymns. These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses and were composed by sages i.e. rishis. There were priests to teach students to recite and memorise each syllable, word, and sentence, bit by bit, with great care. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men, while a few were composed by women. The Rigveda is written in old or Vedic Sanskrit, which is different from today’s Sanskrit.

of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment and ornaments of stone and gold.

2. In theRigveda,wefind thedescription of two groups of people in terms of their work:

• The priests, sometimescalled brahmins, performed various rituals.

• Then there were rajas. These rajas had their own limitations. They didn’t have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes. Generally, sons did not automatically succeed fathers as rajas.

• Then came the commonpeople of the society. There were two words to describe them. One was the word jana , and the other was vish.

• Then there were Aryaswho called themselves the composers of the hymns. They regarded dasas/dasyus

Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early

RepublicFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 1. Horsesacrifice 2. By rajas 3. The land where the jana set its

foot,andsettleddown. 4. Women and Shudras 5. Usually,thetaxwasfixedat

1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or share.

6. MagadhaFill in the Blanks 1. Vajji 2. 1/6th 3. Chaityas 4. Gana 5. BuddhistTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False


Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Women and Shudras 2. Painted grey ware 3. Hastinapur and Kausambi 4. Herders 5. (i) Bimbisara (ii) Agatasattu 6. Alexander 7. Digha Nikaya

2. The rajas’ relatives, especially his wives and sons, had to perform a variety of minor rituals.

3. They sit and watched the performanceofthesacrifice.

4. All the invited people were expected to bring gifts. The ordinary people, the vish or vaishyas also brought gifts for the raja.

5. Kammakaras were landless agricultural labourers.

6. About 2500 years ago , some janapadas became more important than others and came to be known as mahajanapadas.

7. Punch-marked coins were used to make some payments to soldiers.

8. Craftspersons paid their taxes in the form of labour.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have excavated

a number of settlements in different janapadas. They found that people lived in huts andkept cattle aswellas other animals. They also

Puzzle TimeA M V A I S H A L I B B V E

N C H C G W V A I S H Y A S

I H K X V M A C F U M A J T

M A J A T A S A T T U L J G

O I Z E A G S H N C G Q I K

Y T L H J A A D B W P K S V

G Y Z P D D K X Q F L D O S

P A P Y H H A I R O J U I S

F S D E Q A R P U T T N R U

D E M O C R A C Y M U X X J

A R E Q W Z C Y V R B W R S

S A N G H A S R I T U A L T


Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) priest 2. (d) The Shudra 3. (d) all of the above 4. (a) horse 5. (d) Delhi 6. (a) Arthashastra 7. (b) script 8. (a) ChandraguptaMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(c) (v)—(f) (vi)—(d)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Alexander 2. Vaishyas 3. Raja 4. taxes 5. forest 6. Kalinga 7. government 8. Brahmi 9. paddyTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Around 3000 years ago, some

men began performing very bigsacrificestobecomerajas.


serve the other three groups i.e. brahmins, kshatriyas and vaishyas. They also could not perform any rituals. Both women and shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas. The priests thought that contact with shudras was polluting.

5. The rulers of the mahajanapadas needed huge resources for building huge forts and maintaining big armies. Hence, they could not depend solely on gif ts brought occasionally by people. Hence, they started collecting regular taxes by employing officialsforthispurpose.

6. People opposed the varna system because it was based on social differences. They felt that birth could not be a basis for deciding which varna people belonged to. They also felt that there should be no differences amongst people based on occupation. They also condemned the practice of untouchability.

7. Alexander was a ruler of Macedonia in Europe about more than 2300 years ago. He was an ambitious ruler who wanted to conquer parts of Egypt and West Asia. Then he reached up to the banks of the Beas in the Indian subcontinent. He ordered his soldiers to march further eastwards but was refused. In fact, his soldiers were scared of the Indian rulers.

grew a variety of crops, such as rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sugarcane, sesame and mustard. Several earthen pots have been found in these settlements. Some of these were grey in colour, others were red. One special type of potteryhas alsobeen foundand is known as Painted Grey Ware.

2. Many rives such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha. This was important for transport, water supplies and making the land fertile. Parts of Magadha were forested in which elephants lived. These elephants were captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts and chariots. Besides, there were iron ore mines in the region that could be tapped to make strong tools and weapons.

3. The form of government in Vajji was known as gana or sangha.

There were many rulers in a gana or sangha. Each ruler was known as a raja. These rajas performed rituals together. They also met in assemblies, and decided what had to be done and how, through discussion and debate. Women, dasas and kammaharas were not allowed to participate in these assemblies.

4. The shudras and women of the society did not avail good position. Shudras had to


This was known as bhaga or a share.

(ii) There were taxes on cra f t spersons . They paid taxes in the form of labour.

(iii) Herders paid taxes in the form of animals and animal produce.

(iv) There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold, through trade.

(v) Hunters and gatherers provided forest produce to the raja.

3. The four categories of the varna system were brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras. Each category was assigned to adifferentsetoffunctions:

(i) Brahmins were expected to study and teach the Vedas,performsacrificesand receive gifts.

(ii) In the second place were the rulers, also called kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battlesand protect people.

(iii) Third were the vaishyas who were expected to be farmers, herders, and traders.

(iv) The shudras were at the last rung of ladder. They were expected to serve the other three groups.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. The ashvamedha yajna was

performed by the raja of the janapada. It was ritual in which a horse was let loose to wander freely and it was guarded by the raja’s men. If the horse wandered into the kingdoms of other rajas and they stopped it, they had tofight. If they allowed thehorse to pass, it meant that they accepted that the raja who wanted to perform the sacrifice was stronger than them. These rajas were then invitedtoperformsacrifice.

The raja who organised the sacrifice was recognised as being very powerful. He was a centralfigureintheserituals.His relatives had to perform a variety of minor rituals. The priests performed the rituals including the sprinkling of sacred water on the king. The other rajas watched the performanceof the sacrifice.They brought gifts for the raja. They ordinary people except shudras also brought gifts.

2. (i) Taxes on crops were the most important. Usually, thetaxwasfixedat1/6thof what was produced.

Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. It is a language of ordinary

people.

2. Upanishad literally means ‘approachingandsittingnear’.

3. Brahmins.


3. Siddhartha 4. Jainas 5. Vinay Pitaka

Puzzle TimeE O R D I N A R Y Q B

J C H K R D Q H B A I

M F R J P R A K R I T

P U P A N I S H A D F

G N D I J L I N H Y L

W T X N S E A T M A N

K B S A N G H A I S P

A O W S U M A C N X B

U F S D B Z H A G Y V

K S H A T R I Y A T C

M A Z D H V M G C Y O

Q F R J E G S K H E I

J S A K Y A A I T K L

4. Brahmacharya 5. An Iranian prophet 6. An association of those who

left their homes. 7. Men and women who joined

the sangha and begged for food.

Fill in the Blanks 1. traders 2. orally 3. brahmins 4. Jaina 5. sufferingTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Sakya gana 2. Sarnath

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) husband 2. (a) Sarnath 3. (a) peeple tree 4. (c) thirty 5. (b) merchantsMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Sangha 2. orally 3. Prakrit 4. Bodh Gaya 5. ZoroastrianismTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Gautama Buddha’s childhood

name was Siddhartha. 2. A stupa was built at Sarnath

to mark the place where

the Buddha first taught his message.

3. The Buddha believed that the results of our actions or karma, whethergoodorbad,affectusboth in this life and the next.

4. Kisagotami’s son had died but she was not ready to accept the truth. The Buddha tried to teach her to accept death as it is inevitable. It comes in everyone’s life.

5. Jabali was the slave women. She was the mother of S a t ya k a m a J a b a l a w h o became one of the best known thinkers of the time.

6. P a n i n i w a s a f a m o u s grammarian. He prepared a grammar for Sanskrit.

7. Mahavira taught his message in the Prakrit language which ordinary people knew very well.



knowwhy sacrifices shouldbe performed. Many of these thinkers felt that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as the atman or the individual soul and the brahman or the universal soul. They believed that ultimately, both the atman and the brahman were one.

3. The followers of Mahavira were called Jainas. They had to lead a very simple lives. They begged for food. They had to be absolutely honest, and were especially asked not to steal. Besides, they had to observe celibacy which means they were not expected to marry. Men had to give up everything, including their clothes.

4. Buddha’s childhood name was Sidharatha. He was born in a royal family. He was kshatriya and belonged to the Sakya gana. When he was a young man, he left the comforts of royalty and wandered for several years in search of knowledge. During this period he met and held discussions with other thinkers. He finally decidedtofindhisownpathto realisation, and meditated for days on end under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. He attainedenlightenmentthereand came to be known as the Buddha or the wise one. He then went to Sarnath, near Varanasi, where he taught for

8. Valabhi is in Gujarat. The teachings of Mahavira were written down in the form in which they are presently available at this place.

9. When the supporters of monks and nuns and they themselves felt the need for permanent shelters, they built monasteries, which were known as viharas.

10. Some Zoroastrians migrated from Iran and settleddownin the coastal town of Gujarat and Maharashtra. They were the ancestors of today’s Parsis in India.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Buddha taught that life is

fullofsufferingandtroubles.This is caused because we have cravings and desires which o f ten cannot be fulfilled. Sometimes, even if we get what we want, we areneversatisfied,andwanteven more than what we have already achieved. This goes on without a stop. The Buddha described this as thirst or tanha. He taught that this constant craving could only be removed by following moderation in everything. The Buddha also taught people to be kind to all living beings. One should be careful about hisactionsbecausetheyaffecthim both in this life and the next.

2. Upanishadic thinkers tried to find answer to difficult questions. Some of them wanted to know about life after death. Others wanted to


the Avesta and are very similar to those of the Vedas. Zoroaster gave emphasis on good thoughts, good words and good deeds because only these qualities could create peace and tranquillity around us.

9. (i) TheBuddha,afterattainingenlightenment, spent his life travelling on foot, going from place to place, teaching people.

(ii) He used the language of the ordinary people i.e. Prakrit to spread his message.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Vardhamana Mahavira was

a Kshatriya prince of the Lichchhavis, a group that was part of the Vajji Sangha. He left home at the age of thirty and went to live in a forest. There he led a hard and lonely life for twelve yearsandattheendattainedenlightenment. His teachings are given below:

(i) He asked people that if they wanted to know the truth they must leave their homes.

(ii) He taught people to follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, which means not hurting or killing living beings. He said that all beings long to live. Hence, they should not be killed.

(iii) He also taught people to lead very simple lives.

thefirsttime.Hespenttherestof his life teaching people who met him on the way.

5. Over hundreds of years, Jainism spread to different parts of north India, and to Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The teachings of Mahavira and his followers were transmitted orally for several centuries. Although Jainism followed very strict rules, thousands left their homes to learn and teach this new way of life.

6. Those who could join the sangha were brahmins, kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, barbers, courtesans and slaves.

Men and women who joined the sangha led simple lives. They meditated for most of the time, and went to cities and villages to beg for food during fixed hours. They taught others, and helped one another. They also held meetingstosettleanyquarrelsthat took place within the sangha.

7. Slaves could join the sangha, no doubt, but they had to take the permission of their masters. This condition must have posed problems before the slaves. It all depended on their master’s goodness. If they gave permission to their slaves out of their goodness, it was easy for them (slaves) to join the sangha, otherwise itwasadifficultaffair.

8. Zoroaster was an Iranian Prophet. His teachings are contained in a book called


3. L i s t o f f i ve i d e a s a n d questions—

(i) Life is full of sufferingsand unhappiness. This is caused because we have endless desires which oftencannotbe fulfilled.Sometimes, even if we get what we want, we arenotsatisfied.Westartwishing for more.

(ii) The results of our actions i.e. karma, whether good of bad, affect us both inthis life and the next.

(iii) Some Upanishadic thinkers wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed. Many of the thinkers felt that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death.

(iv) We must follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, which means not hurting or killing living beings.

(v) We should be absolutely honest and should not indulge in stealing.

The ideas and questions mentioned above are very relevant even today. All of us are materialistic. We are never satisfied with what we have and wish for more. This is the reason of our sufferings. Next, ahimsa is very much relevant today. There is war like situation in several parts of the world. People are indulged in killing one another. This should be stopped to bring peace around us.

They should renounce everything, including their clothes.

(iv) People should lead a life of honesty. They must not steal.

2. The system of ashramas was developed by brahmins. Here, the word ashrama did not mean a place where people lived and meditate. Instead it was used for a stage of life. The brahmins recognised four ashramas—

(i) Brahmacharya (ii) Grihastha (iii) Vanaprastha (iv) Samnyasa (i) Brahmacharya: Brahmin,

kshatriya and vaishya men were expected to lead simple lives and study the vedas during the early years of their life. This stage of life was known as brahmacharya.

(ii) Grihastha: After brahma-charya they entered into the stage of grihastha ashrama. In this stage they got married and had children. They lived as householders.

(iii) Vanaprastha: In this stage they left their homes and came to the forest to meditate.

(iv) Samnyasa: It was the last stage of life in which they were expected to renounce the world and become samnyasins.


Chapter 8 Ashoka, the Emperor Who

Gave up WarFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 1. A very big kingdom. 2. When members of the same

family become rulers one after another, the family is often called a dynasty.

3. Chandragupta, Bindusara and Ashoka

4. Chandragupta Maurya 5. Chanakya or Kautilya 6. Chanakya 7. Sarnath and Rampurva. 8. An ambassador who was sent

to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of west Asia named Seleucus Nicator.

9. Of f i c ia l s appointed by Ashoka to teach people about dhamma.

10. Kalinga war.Fill in the Blanks 1. Kautilya 2. languages 3. regular 4. Prakrit; Brahmi

5. KalingaTrue/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Sarnath 2. Son of Chandragupta Maurya

and second ruler of the Mauryan dynasty

3. Kandahar 4. Gold and previous stones 5. Pataliputra 6. Brahmi 7. It is a finelypolished stone

sculpture. 8. To see peace on the earth.Puzzle TimeAcross Down 1. Kalinga 1. Tax 2. Dynasty 2. Prakrit 3. Pataliputra 3. Brahmi 4. Empire 4. Sarnath

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) Brahmi script 2. (c) Coastal Orissa 3. (a) gold and precious stone 4. (a) Buddha 5. (b) BindusaraMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(a) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Brahmi 2. Dharma 3. medical 4. Kalinga; peace 5. ArthashastraTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. FalseVery Short Answer Type Questions 1. It was the money or things

given by one country or ruler


to another, especially in return for protection or for not being attacked.

2. We can get Chanakya’s ideas by reading this book.

3. He was an ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of West Asia named Seleucus Nicator.

4. Taxila and Ujjain. 5. Taxila was one of the cities in

the Mauryan empire. It was gateway to the northwest, including Central Asia.

6. The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the Mauryan emperor.

7. Officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons and traders.

8. There were spies to keep a watch on the Mauryan officials.

9. Forest people provided a variety of things such as elephants, timber, honey and waxtotheMauryanofficials.

10. They went from place to place teaching people about Ashoka’s dhamma.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. • Pataliputra, Taxila and

Ujjain. •Merchants, officials and

craftspersons probably lived in these cities. In other areas of the empire there were villages of farmers and herders. In some areas such as central India, there were forest people.

• Craftspersonswereengagedin craft work.

• Officials collected taxesfrom farmers, herders, traders and craftspersons. Forest people gathered forest produce and hunted animals for food.

2. Ashoka wanted to conquer Kalinga. He fought a war for it. However, he was so horrified when he saw the violence and bloodshed that hedecidednot tofight anymore wars. Since he gave up conquest after winning a war, he is undoubtedly a unique ruler. There is no ruler in the history of the world who can be matched with him.

3. Ashoka was a very sensible and compassionate ruler. He was troubled to see the problems that had taken root in his empire. These problems were—

(i) People in the empire followeddifferentreligionsand this sometimes led to conflict.

(ii)Animalsweresacrificed. (iii) Slaves and servants were

ill-treated. (iv) There were quarrels in

families and amongst neighbours.

4. (i) Ashoka adopted various means to spread the message o f dhamma . He appointed dhamma mahamattas who went from place to place teaching people about dhamma.

(ii) He got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his o f f i c ia l s to read h i s


largernumberofofficialswhocollect taxes.

9. The Mauryan emperors tried to control roads and rivers because they were important for transport, and to collect whatever resources were available as tax and tribute.

10. Ashoka was undoubtedly a good human being.

(i) He treated his subjects as his own children and took good care of them.

(ii) He did several welfare works for the people of his kingdom. For example, he dug wells, built roads and rest houses. He also arranged for medical treatment for both human beings and animals.

11. Ashokainstructedhisofficialsto read his message inscribed on rocks and pillars to all those people who could not read it themselves.

12. Ashoka appointed messengers and sent them to other lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka to spread his ideas about dhamma.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Some parts of Ashoka’s

message are relevant even today. These parts are—

(i) Being gentle with slaves and servants.

(ii) Respecting one’s elders. (iii) Treating all creatures

with compassion. (iv) It is both wrong to praise

one’s own religion or criticise another’s.

(v) Each one should respect the other’s religion.

message to the illiterate people.

(iii) H e s e n t m e s s e n g e r s to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands like Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.

5. This is what Megasthenes wrote about Pataliputra; modern Patna—

“This is a large and beautiful city. It is surrounded by a massive wall. It has 570 towers and 64 gates”.

The houses are of two and three storeys. They are built of wood and mud brick. The king’s palace is decorated with stone carvings. It is surrounded with gardens and enclosures for keeping birds.

6. Pandit Nehru cherished high opinion about Ashoka and his edicts. He wrote that his edicts or instructions still speak to them in a language they can understand and they can still learn much from them.

7. Emperors in China built the Great Wall about 2400 years ago to protect the northern frontier of the empire from pastoral people.

Some of its features are— (i) The wall is about 6400

km long and is made of stone and brick with a road along the top.

(ii) There are watch towers all along, at distances of about 100-200 m.

8. Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies. They need


family and senior ministers. There were other provinces

which were ruled from provincial capitals. Royal princes were often sent as governors to these provinces.

3. The war that Ashoka fought to conquer Kalinga entirely transformed his life. About a lakh and a half people were captured and more than a lakh of people were killed. The violence and bloodshed filled Ashoka with sorrow. He became sad and decided to observe dhamma and to teach others about it as well. He believed that winning people over through dhamma was muchbetterthanconqueringthem through force. He got his message inscribed for the future, so that his son and grandson after him should not think about war.

4. See Long Answer No.2.

(vi) If one praises one’s own religion while criticising another’s, one is actually doing greater harm to one’s religion.

(vii) One should try to under-stand the main ideas of another’s religion, and respect it.

2. The Mauryan empire was very large.Hence, differentpartswere ruleddifferently.The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor. There were several officials to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons and traders. Theseofficialsalsopunishedthose who disobeyed the ruler’s orders. Many of these officialsweregivensalaries.

There were several spies who kept a watch on these officials. And the emperor supervised them all with the help of members of the royal

Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. A system of drainage 2. Association 3. Big landowners, ordinary

ploughmen, and landless labourers.

4. Large landowners 5. Gramabhojaka 6. Madhya Pradesh 7. Barygaza 8. Pondicherry 9. One of the most important

emperors, who ruled about 2000 years ago.

10. Silver or copper.Fill in the Blanks 1. Mathura 2. punch-marked 3. grihapatis 4. 2300 5. UzhavarTrue/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F


4. Shrenis 5. Jatakas 6. Weaving 7. Glassware

S I V C I Y U A K J Q V DW N P T R J Q K O D S Q RE Z Q Y R B I U T Q S N TA M P H I T H E A T H E SV S A U G U S T U S R P FI H G L A S S W A R E X HN H S O T G X X E E N S YG R W G I R Q L O C I M UT E R N O N B F O M S N QA I T Z N J A T A K A S I

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Mathura 2. channels to supply water 3. Sangam literature 4. Sickle or tongs or axe 5. Independent farmers 6. It is usually black in colour,

andhasafinesheen.Puzzle Time 1. Amphitheatres 2. Irrigation 3. Augustus

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) drainage 2. (a) silver 3. (c) religious centre 4. (b) craftspersons 5. (a) gramabhojaka 6. (a) ordinary people 7. (b) vellalar 8. (b) Bharuch 9. (c) Grihapati 10. (a) uzhavarMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(a) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Vellalar 2. slaves 3. punch 4. Krishna 5. Buddhist 6. Kushanas 7. Kadaisiyar 8. mahajanapadasTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Some of the earliest works in

Tamil were composed around 2300 years ago. These were

known as Sangam literature. 2. Jataka stories were composed

by ordinary people and then writtendownandpreservedby Buddhist monks.

3. A massive brick structure, potterysuchasamphoraeandstamped red-glazedpottery,glassware, Roman lamps and gems.

4. Wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.

5. Around 2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas.

6. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people living in Mathura.

7. Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland and perfume-makers lived in Mathura.

8. Madurai was the c loth manufacturing centre in the south.

9. Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.

10. Amphorae was a tall double-handled jar that contained liquids such as wine or oil.


5. A variety of people lived in the villages in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent—

(i) Gramabhojaka — He was the village headman whose post was hereditary. He was often the largest landowner. He was very powerful. He collected taxes from the village. He also functioned as a judge and sometimes as a policeman.

(ii) Grihapati — He was independent farmer as well as smaller landowner.

(iii) Dasa Karmakara — The men and women belonging to this group did not own land. They had to earn a living working on the fieldsownedbyothers.

6. • TheimportsintoBarygazawere wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.

• Theexportsfromthetownincluded plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, carnelian, cotton, silk andperfumes.

7. (i) Mathura was located at the cross-roads of two major routes of travel and trade — from the northwest to the east and from north to south.

(ii)There were fortificationsaround the city and several shrines.

(iii) Mathura was also a centre wheresomeextremelyfinesculpture was produced.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The gramabhojaka was the

vi l lage headman whose post was hereditary. He was often the largest landowner. Generally, he had slaves and hired workers to cultivate the land. He was very powerful because the king often used him to collect taxes from the villages. He also functioned as a judge and sometimes as a policeman.

2. Around 2500 years ago, there is evidence for the growing use of iron tools. These included axes for clearing forests, and the iron ploughshare which was very useful for increasing agricultural production.

3. The threedifferent kindsofpeople living in the villages in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent were—

(i) Vellalar — They were large land owners.

(ii) Uzhavar —They were ordinary ploughmen.

(iii) Kadaisiyar and adimai —They were landless labourers, including slaves.

4. Shrenis were associations of craftspersons and merchants:

(i) Shrenis of craftspersons provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finishedproducts.

(ii) Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.

(iii) Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money.


2. See Short Answer No.7. Some more points: (i) Around 2000 years ago

Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas.

(ii) Mat h u r a wa s a l so a religious centre. There were Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines, and it was an important centre for the worship of Lord Krishna.

3. Spinning and weaving were done mostly by women folk. The rules established for this were—

(i) Women employed in these occupations should be paid according to the quality and quantity of work.

(ii) Women who were not permitted to leave their homes could send maid servants to bring the raw material from the superintendent and take thefinishedworkbacktohim.

(iii) Women who could visit the workshop should go at dawn to give their work and receive their wages. There should be enough light to examine the work.

(iv) I f a w o m a n d i d n o t complete her work, she wouldhavetopayafine,and her thumbs could be cutoff.

4. Several inscr ipt ions on surfaces such as stone slabs and statues have been found

8. Archaeologists have found a variety of things at the site of Arikamedu.

(i) A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at this site.

(ii) Otherfindsincludepotteryfrom the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae and stamped red-glazed pottery,knownasArretineWare.

(iii) Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Jataka stories that were

probably composed by ordinary people and then written down andpreserved by Buddhist monks provide us ample knowledge about the early cities.

(ii) Sculptors carved scenes depicting peoples’ lives in towns and villages; as well as in the forest.

(iii) In many cities, archaeolo-gists have found rows of pots, or ceramic rings arranged one on top of the other. These are known as ring wells. These seem to have been used as toilets or drains. These ring wells are usually found in individual houses.

(iv) The accounts of sailors and travellers who visited the early cities also provide us ample knowledge about them.


associations known as Shrenis. These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training, procured raw material and distributed thefinishedproducts. Thenthe Shrenis of merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks.

6. Rome was the capital of one of the largest empires — one that spread across Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Augustus, one of the most important emperors, who ruled about 2000 years ago, said that he found Rome a city of brick, and made it into a city of marble. He and later rulers, built temples and palaces.

T h e y a l s o b u i l t h u g e amphitheatres — open arenas surrounded by tiers of seats — where citizens could watch all kinds of shows, and public baths where people met and relaxed. Huge aqueducts were built to bring water to the city for the baths, fountains and toilets.

in Mathura . General ly , these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men and women to monasteries and shrines. These were made bykingsandqueens,officers,merchants and craftspersons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers.

5. The archaeological evidence for crafts include extremely fine pottery, known as the Northern Black Polished Ware. It is usually black in colour,andhasafinesheen.Archaeological evidence for many crafts may not have survived. We know from the text that the manufacture of cloth was important. There were famous centres such as Varanasi in the north and Madurai in the south. There are also archaeological evidence for craftspersons and merchants who now formed

Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. They travelled from one place

to another and sold many differentitems.

2. Pepper 3. An important port on the east

coast 4. Madurai 5. Sutavahanas

6. Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni 7. Gautami Balashri 8. the route leading to the south 9. A highly valued fabric 10. Mathura and Taxila.Fill in the Blanks 1. Bodhisattvas 2. Kanishka 3. Theravada 4. Buddhist 5. Buddhist


True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. South India 2. Ashvaghosha 3. Sanskrit 4. M e n a n d w o m e n w h o

undertake journeys to holy places in order to offer worship.

5. Most famous Kushana ruler 6. A sacred book of the Hindus 7. BethlehemPuzzle TimeAcross Down 1. Pilgrims 1. Monastery 2. Gold 2. Mahayana 3. Appar 3. Peepal 4. FaXian 4. Silk 5. Kushanas 5. Dynasty

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) Thailand 2. (a) pepper 3. (a) Madurai 4. (d) western India 5. (b) Kushana rulerMatch the following (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(a) (v)—(d)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Tamil 2.Bodhisattvas 3. Pilgrims 4. dangers 5. Nalanda 6. BhaktiTrue/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. They were rulers who ruled

over central Asia and north-west India around 2000 years ago.

2. Pilgrims are men and women who undertake journeys to holyplaces inorder toofferworship.

3. Bhakti is a person’s devotion to his/her chosen deity.

4. Theravada is the older form of Buddhism.

5. China 6. The paths through which

some people carried silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route.

7. Rulers and rich people in Rome wore silk about 2000 years ago.

8. Peshawar and Mathura were the two major centres of power of the Kushanas.

9. We know about Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni f rom an inscription composed by his mother, Gautami, Balashri.

10. The monsoon winds helped the sailors to cross the sea in less time.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The three ruling families that

became powerful in south India around 2300 years ago were — the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas.

Each of the three chiefs had two centres of power — one inland, and other on the coast. Of these six cities, two were very important—

• PuharorKaveripattinam—It was the port of the Cholas.



so called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.

(ii) Bhakti did not involve the performance of elaborate sacrifices. Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess.

6. The dynasty that became powerful in western India around 2100 years ago was the dynasty of the Satavahanas. T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t ruler of this dynasty was Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. He and other Satavahana rulers were known as lords of the dakshinapatha which was used as a name for the entire southern region. He sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts.

7. Instead of collecting regular taxes, the chiefs demanded and received gifts from the people. They also went on military expeditions, and c o l l e c t e d t r i b u t e f r o m neighbouring areas. They kept some of the wealth and distributed the rest amongst their supporters.

8. Mahayana Buddhism was a new form of Buddhism. This had two distinct features—

(i) Earlier, the Buddha’s presence was shown in sculpture by using certain signs. Now, statues of

•Madurai—It was the capital of the Pandyas.

2. Kings wanted to control the Silk Route because they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they often protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attacks by robbers.

3. The Chinese pilgrims like Fa Xian, Xuan Zang and I-Qing came to India to visit places associated with the life of the Buddha — as well as famous monasteries. Xuan Zang carried back with him statues of the Buddha made of gold, silver and sandalwood.

4. Techniques of making silk werefirst invented inChinaaround 7000 years ago. The methods remained a closely guarded secret for thousands of years. Meanwhile, some people from China went to distant lands on foot, horseback, and on camels. These people carried silk with them.

Sometimes, Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia, and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. In this way, people came to know about silk.

5. O r d i n a r y p e o p l e we r e attractedtoBhakti due to the following reasons:

(i) Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the


(ii) Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.

(iii) Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaboratesacrifices.

(iv) There was a belief that if a devotee worships the chosen deity with a pure heart, the deity will appear in the form in which he/she may desire. So, the deity could be thought of as a human being, lion tree or any other form. This belief paved the way for the artists who began to make beautiful images of these deities.

(v) Bhakti inspired some of the best expressions in art which included sculpture and architecture.

2. See Short Answer No.8 for the firstpartoftheQuestion.

The answer of second part is given below—

TheworshipofBodhisattvasbecame popular and spread throughout central Asia, China and later to Japan and Korea.

Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in.

the Buddha were made. Many of these were made in Mathura, while others were made in Taxila.

(ii) The second change was abelief inBodhisattvas.These were persons w h o h a d a t t a i n e d enl ightenment , they could live in complete isolation and meditate in peace. However, instead of doing that , they remained in the world to teach and help other people.

9. Nalanda (Bihar) was a unique centre of Buddhist learning in India. The teachers were men of the highest ability and talent. They followed the teachings of the Buddha in all sincerity. The rulers of the monastery were strict and everyone had to follow them. Discussions were held throughout the day, and the old and the young mutually helped one another. Learned menfromdifferentcitiescametheretosettletheirdoubts.

10. See Short Answer No.8Long Answer Type Questions 1. The beginning of Bhakti is an

important phenomenon that took place in this period. Its main features are—

(i) D e i t i e s l i k e S h i va , Vishnu, Durga began to be worshipped. These deities were worshipped through Bhakti.


opine that traders may have carried them from the places where they were made, to sell them at other places.

(ii) South India was famous for gold, spices and precious stones. The traders carried many of these goods to Rome in ships, across the sea and by land in caravans. There must have been quite a lot of trade as many Roman gold coins have been found in South India.

(iii) Traders explored several sea routes. Some of these followed the coasts. There were others across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, where sailors took advantage of the monsoon winds to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they chose to sail with the south west monsoon.

Buddhism also spread south eastwards, to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of South east Asia including Indonesia.

3. About 2000 years ago , Christianity emerged in West Asia.

Jesus Christ’s teachings included the following—

(i) He (Jesus Christ) was the Saviour of the world.

(ii) He taught people to treat others with live and trust others, just as they themselves wanted to be treated.

(iii) He called the merciful blessed for they would obtain mercy.

(iv) He taught people to be peace-loving. Christ’s teachings appealed to ordinary people and spread through West Asia, Africa and Europe.

4. (i) T h e f i n e p o t t e r y , especially bowls and plates were found from several archaeological sites throughout the subcontinent. Historians

Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. In praise of 2. List of ancestors 3. Chandragupta 4. Kumara devi 5. Astronomer 6. Court poet of Harshavardhana

7. Sanskrit 8. Pulakeshin II 9. An organisation of merchants 10. Abhijnana ShakuntalamFill in the Blanks 1. Lichchhavi 2. 1400 3. four 4. Samudragupta


4. Arab merchants 5. Prophet Muhammad

Puzzle Time 1. Poet 2. Samanta 3. Prayaga 4. Kanauj 5. Prashasti 6. Pallavas 7. Nagaram 8. Shakas

5. Kalidasa 6. PrashastisTrue/False 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Patliputra 2. Ravikriti 3. Happiness

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Rashtrakutas 2. (b) astronomer 3. (a) Aihole 4. (b) western India 5. (c) biographyMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(c) (iv)—(a) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Chandragupta 2. Kanchipuram 3. uncle 4. brahmin 5. HarshavardhanaTrue/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. ThePallavakingwasattacked

by Pulakeshin II. He took shelter behind the walls of Kanchipuram.

2. The Cholas defeated the Chalukyas.

3. T h e n a g a r a m w a s a n organisation of merchants.

4. T h i s m e a n s t h a t s o n s succeeded fathers to these posts.

5. Pulakeshin II checked the advance of Harshavardhana.

6. We know about the Gupta rulers from their inscriptions and coins.

7. Raja , maharaja , maharaj-adhiraja.

8. One of the prashastis mentions that his mother was Kamara devi and she belonged to the Lichchhavi gana.

9. Harsha’s brother-in-law was killed by the ruler of Bengal.

10. When Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into the Deccan, he was stopped by Pulakeshin II, a ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Prashasti is a Sanskrit word,

meaning ‘ in praise of ’ . Samudragupta’s prashastis were composed by his court poet Harishena. The poet praised the king in glowing terms — as a warrior, as a king whowonvictories inbattle,who was learned and the best of poets. He is also described as equal to the gods. Most prashastis of Samudragupta also mention his ancestors. His father Chandragupta was the first ruler of the Gupta dynasty to adopt the grand title of maharaj-adhiraja. One



who were twelve in number. He allowed these rulers to rule again even after being defeated by Samudragupta.

5. Pulakeshin II was the best known Chalukya ruler. We know about this great ruler from a prashasti, composed by his court poet, Ravikriti. This tells us about his ancestors, who are traced back through four generations from father to son. Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle. According to this prashasti, he led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts. He checked the advance of Harsha. He also attackedthePallavaking.

6. A new kind of army emerged at this time.

(i) Like earlier rulers, some of the kings maintained a well-organised army, with elephants, chariots, cavalry, and foot-soldiers.

(ii) There were mil i tary leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. They were not paid regular salaries.

(iii) These military leaders, known as samanatas , collected revenue from the land and used this to maintain soldiers and horses, and provide equipment for warfare.

7. Samantas were actually military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. They collected revenue from the land and used this to maintain soldiers

of these prashastis makes it clear that king’s mother was Kumara devi and she belonged to the Lichchhavi gana.

2. ‘Harshacharita’ is the biography ofHarshavardhanawrittenbyhis court poet, Banabhatta. This gives us the genealogy of Harsha and ends with his becoming king. Xuan Zang, a Chinese pilgrim, also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and left a detailed account of what he saw. As per his account, Harsha became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died. His brother-in-law was the ruler of Kanauj. When he was killed by the ruler of Bengal, Harsha took over the kingdom of Kanauj.

3. The village was the basic unit of administration. Kings adopted a number of steps to win the support of powerful men. For instance—

(i) S o m e i m p o r t a n t administrative posts were made hereditary.

(ii) Sometimes, one person heldmanyoffices.

(iii) Important men probably h a d a s a y i n l o c a l administration.

4. Samudragupta’s treatment with the rulers of Aryavarta was very harsh. These rulers were nine in number and all of them were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire. On the other hand, he remained flexible with the rulers of Dakshinapatha


agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.

(ii) The ur was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not brahmins.

(iii) T h e n a g a r a m w a s a n o r g a n i s a t i o n o f merchants. The above mentioned assemblies were controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants. Many of these local assemblies continued to function for centuries in south India.

3. The four different kinds of rulers were—

(i) The rulers of Aryavarta. T h e y we r e n i n e i n number.

(ii) The rulers of Dakshinapatha. They were twelve in number.

(iii) T h e i n n e r c i r c l e o f neighbouring states, including Assam, coastal Bengal, Nepal, and a number of gana sanghas in the north-west.

(iv) The rulers of the outlying areas. Perhaps they were the descendants of the Kushanas and Shakas and the ruler of Sri Lanka.

Samudragupta never adopted the same policy towards these rulers. He uprooted the rulers of Aryavarta and made their kingdom a part of his empire. On the other hand, he adopted submissive policy towards the rulers

and horses. They also made arrangements of equipment for warfare.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Plays and other accounts

throw enough light on the lives of ordinary people of this time.

Kalidasa is known for his plays depicting life in the king’s court. An interesting feature about these plays is that the king and most brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit, while men and women other than the king and brahmin used Prakrit. His most famous play, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, is the story of the love between a king named Dushyanta and young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting description of the plightofapoorfishermaninthis play.

The account of Fa Xian, a Chinese pilgrim, describes the plight of the untouchables. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city. They were exploited by the high and mighty.

2. The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention that a number of local assemblies existed in the southern kingdoms. These assemblies included the sabha, the ur and the nagaram.

(i) T h e S a b h a wa s a n assembly of brahmin landowners. This assembly func t ioned through sub-committees, which looked after irrigation,


the Chalukyas. It was an important trading centre. It developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another’s lands, especially attacking the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

The prashasti composed by Ravikriti, the court-poet of Pulakeshin II describes him the best-knwon Chalukya ruler. Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle. He checked the advance of Harsha and attacked the Pallava king. Ultimately, both Pallavas and Chalukyas got replaced by the Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

5. See Short Answer No.3. 6. (i) Prayaga (ii) Ujjain (iii) Pataliputra

of Dakshinapatha. When these rulers surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated, then they were allowed to rule again. The rulers of the inner circle of neighbouring states had to bring tribute, follow his order andattendhiscourt.

4. The prashastis of the Pallavas a n d C h a l u k ya s g i ve a vivid description of the achievements of these rulers. The Pallavas and Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasites in south India during this period. The kingdom of the Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram, to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centred around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

As per these prashast is , Aihole was the capital of

Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings and Books

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. Mound 2. The art of creating pictures by

applying colour to a surface 3. Long compositions about

heroic men and women 4. S t o r i e s a b o u t g o d a n d

goddesses 5. China 6. Meghaduta 7. Ilango 8. Sanskrit

9. 1400 years ago 10. SanchiFill in the Blanks 1. garbhagriha 2. Shikhara 3. Mahabaliparam 4. brick 5. Jatakas True/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T


Rapid-Fire Questions 1. 7.2 m 2. in Andhra Pradesh 3. Sattanar 4. old 5. Ramayana and Mahabharata 6. Vishnu Sharma 7. Valmiki 8. Sanskrit

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) garbhagriha 2. (b) Sanskrit 3. (c) priests 4. (d) Mahabharata 5. (a) ArabsMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(a) (v)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Aryabhata 2. Puranas 3. Valmiki 4. S i l a p p a d i k a r a m a n d

Manimekalai 5. ManimekalaiTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. There are several kinds of

stupas — round and tall, big and small.

2. The small box placed at the heart of the stupa may contain bodily remains such as teeth, bone or ashes of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones, and coins.

3. The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli, De lh i , i s a remarkable example of the skill of Indian craftspersons. Two features—

(i) It is made of iron, 7.2 m high and weighs over 3 tonnes.

(ii) It has not rusted in all these years.

4. Devotees walked around the stupa, in a clockwise direction, as a mark of devotion.

5. Amaravati was a place where a magnificent stupa once existed.

6. Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. 7. It was because the image of

the chief deity was placed in the garbhagriha.

8. Mandapa was a hall in the temple where people could assemble.

9. The technique of making paper first reached Korea from China.

10. Pradakshina patha was a circular path around the stupa.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The different parts of the

earliest Hindu temples were— (i) G a r b h a g r i h a — T h e

Puzzle TimeA V C L R F Q D A O P

G E P I C R P J J N A

I D S M B T P H A F P

K A E Q M C O R N L E

N S A N S K R I T N R

U S H I K H A R A P V

Q U W Y P I L L A R A

S T U P A S B Z X D E


accurate as the formula we use today.

4. There were several stages in building a stupa or a temple—

(i) F i r s t , g o o d q u a l i t y stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chosen for the new building.

(ii) Here, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and carved into pillars, and panels for walls, floorsandceilings.

(iii) And then these had to be placed in precisely the right position.

5. Building stupas or temples was not only expensive but extensive too. It required s e v e r a l h u n d r e d s o f people. Kings and queens probably spent money from their treasury to pay the craftspersons who worked to build these splendid structures. Besides, when devotees came to visit the temple or the stupa, they often brought gifts, which were used to decorate the buildings.

Among the others who paid for decorations were merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women. The names of these people were inscribed on pillars, railings and walls.

6. The word Purana literally means old. The Puranas contain stories about gods and goddesses, such as Vishnu,

garbhagr iha was the most important part of the temple, where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was here that priests performed religious rituals and devoteesofferedworshipto the deity.

(ii) Shikhara — It was a tower built on the top of the garbhagriha, to mark this out as a sacred place.

(iii) Mandapa — Most temples had a space known as the mandapa. It was a hall where people could assemble.

2. The man who invented paper was Cai Lun, a Chinese national.Hebeatplantfibres,cloth, rope and the bark of trees. He then soaked them in water, and then pressed, drained and dried the pulp to create paper. Even today, hand made paper is made through a similar process.

3. (i) Aryabhata was a famous m a t h e m a t i c i a n a n d astronomer. He wrote a book in Sanskrit known as the Aryabhatiyam.

(ii) He stated that day and night were caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis, even though it seems as if the sun is rising and settingeveryday.

(iii)Hedevelopedascientificexplanation for eclipses.

(iv) He also found a way o f c a l c u l a t i n g t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f a circle, which is nearly as


(i) The Mahabharata is about a war fought between the Kauravas and Pandavas, who were cousins. This was a war to gain control of the throne of the Kurus, and their capital, Hastinapur. The Bhagavad Gita was also included in the Mahabharata. In this, Krishna the god, asks Arjuna, his devotee and friend, to fight because this was the only way out.

(ii) The Ramayana is about Rama, a prince of Kosala, w h o wa s s e n t i n t o exile. His wife Sita was abducted by the king of Lanka, named Ravana, and Rama had to fight abattle together back.He won and returned to Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala, after his victory.

2. See Short Answer No.4. 3. The word stupa means a

mound. There are several kinds of stupas — round and tall, big and small. But all of them have certain common features—

(i) There is a small box placed at the heart of the stupa. This may contain bodily remains of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones, and coins.

(ii) This box, known as a relic casket, was covered with earth. Later, a layer of mud brick or baked brick was added on top.

Shiva, Durga or Parvati. They also contain details on how they were to be worshipped. We can also find accounts about the creations of the world and about kings.

The Puranas were written in simple Sanskrit verse and were meant to be heard by everybody, including women and shudras, who were not allowed to study the Vedas.

7. Name of the two Tamil epics— (i) The Silappadikaram (ii) The Manimekalai The Silappadikaram is a story of

a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife Kannagi. The Manimekalai describes the story of the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi.

8. A j a n t a p a i n t i n g s o f Maharashtra are world famous. This is a place where several caves were hollowed out of the hills over centuries. Most of these were monasteries for Buddhist monks and some of them were decorated with paintings. The colours of these paintings are vivid even after 1500 years, and were made of plants and minerals. As the caves are dark inside, most of these paintings were done in the light of torches.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Two Sanskrit epics that had

been popular for a very long time are—

(i) The Mahabharata (ii) The Ramayana


a merchant named Kolavan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife Kannagi. Later, he and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai, where he was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi was full of grief and anger at this injustice, and destroyed the entire city of Madurai.

(iii) The dome like structure was sometimes covered with carved stone slabs.

(iv) Often, a path was laid around the stupa. This was surrounded with railing. Entrance to the path was through gateways.

(v) B o t h r a i l i n g s a n d gateways were often decorated with sculpture.

4. The Tamil epic, the Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango, around 1800 years ago. It is the story of

WORKSHEET-1A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) livelihood 2. (c) almanac 3. (a) north-east of India 4. (b) south of the Ganga 5. (a) DogB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b) (v)—(e)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. sharing of ideas 2. hand 3. north-west 4. lettersorsigns 5. GreeksD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. See Long Ans. Type Q1. under

Summative Assessment. 2. They lived along the banks of

river Narmada. These people gathered roots, fruits and other forest produce for their food.

3. Some of the areas where ancient people first began to grow crops were the Sulaiman and Kirthar hills to the northwest. They also began rearing animals like sheep,goatsandcattle.

4. See Short Answer Type Q 3 . u n d e r S u m m a t i v e Assessment.

5. Ordinary people did not keep records of what they did because they had no resources. Also they did not fightbattleslikekings.

6. Thevariouswaysoffindingout about the past are manuscripts, inscriptions, and archaeology.

7. Historians study the past. They often use the word s o u r c e t o r e f e r t o t h e information found from manuscripts, inscriptions and archaeology. Once sources are found, learning about the past becomes an adventure as we reconstruct it bit by bit. So


from village to village, town to town, stopping to offer instruction andadvice on the way.

10. Hills, mountains and seas form the natural frontiers of the subcontinent. While it was difficulttocrossthesefrontiers,those who wanted could and did scale mountains and cross the seas. People from across the frontiers also came into the subcontinent and settledhere. These movements of people have shared new ways of carving stone composing music and even cooking food over several hundreds of years.

historians and archaeologists are like detectives, who use all thesesourceslikecluestofindout about our pasts.

8. In ancient times the area along the river Ganga and its tributaries called the Son to the south of the Ganga was known as Magadha. It was a powerful kingdom because its rulers were very powerful, and set up a large kingdom.

9. (i) Men and women moved in search of livelihood.

(ii) Merchants travel led with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place.

(iii) Religious teachers walked

WORKSHEET-2A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) gathering plant produce 2. (d) all of the above 3. (d) Vindhyas and the Deccan

Plateau 4. (b) cook meatB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Vindyas; Deccan 2. Palaeolithic 3. sites 4. Hunter-gatherersD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Hunter-gatherers were people

who lived in the subcontinent as early as two million years

ago. They were called so because they hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Gathering plant produce was an important means of obtaining food for them.

2. Stone tools were found in the ancient time. They were of great importance. Early people used them to cut meat and bone, scrape bark from trees and hides, chop fruit and roots. Some of the stone tools were used for digging the ground to collect edible roots.

3. Name of two habitation sites where hunter-gatherers lived—

(i)Bhimbetka (ii) Hunsgi Hunter-gatherers chose to live

there because those sites were located near sources of water,


needstofindoutwhichplantsor parts of plants are edible, because there are many plants which are poisonous. People alsoneedtofindoutabouttheseasons when the fruits ripen.

6. Archaeologists have found several sites where hunter-gatherers lived. Some of these sites are known as habitation-cum-factory sites because people lived there for longer spells of time and made tools in factories.

7. (i) Around 12,000 years ago, the world witnessed major climatic changes with a shift to relatively warm conditions.

(ii) This led to the development of grasslands.

(iii) This in turn led to an increase in the number of deer, antelope, goat, sheep and cattle. These are animals which live on grass.

8. This technique is known as stone to stone technique. As is shown in the illustration, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand and another stone which was used as hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strikeoffflakes form the rest, till the required shape was obtained.

such as rivers and lakes. Since those sites included caves and rock shelters, people chose those natural caves to get shelter from the rain, heat and wind.

4. Three reasons that made hunter-gatherers keep on moving from one place to another place are given below:

(i) Staying at one place for a long period might have resulted in non-availabil i ty of plant and animal resources. Therefore,itwasbeneficialfor them to move to new places after some time in search of food.

(ii) Animals move from place to place to fill their stomach. That is why those who hunted them had to follow their movements.

(iii) Plants and trees bear fruit indifferent seasons. So,people might have moved from season to season in searchofdifferentkindsof plants.

5. Obtaining food was really a tough task for the early people. There are several animals that run faster than us, many that are stronger. To hunt animalsorcatchfishand birds, people need to be alert, quick and have lots of presence of mind. If one wants to collect plant produce, one

WORKSHEET-3

A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Burzahom 2. (a) stone 3. (a) sheep and goat

4.(d) GufkralB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(b) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(d)


regarded as one of the earliest villages that we know about.

4. When the climate of the world changed, plants and animals that people used as food also changed. Men, women and children probably observed several things, such as, the places where edible plants were found, how seeds broke offstalks,fellontheground, and new plants sprouted from them. In due course of time they began looking after plants by protecting them from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds could ripen. In this way people became farmers.

5. Domestication is a process in which people grow plants and look after animals. It is obvious that plants and animals that are tended by peoplebecomedifferentfromthose plants and animals that grow on their own without human interference. For example, the teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals.

6. (i) Mehrgarh — Wheat, barley, sheep,goatsandcattle.

(ii) Koldihwa — Rice, frag-mentary animal bones.

(iii) Burzahom — Wheat and lentil,dogs,cattle,sheep,goatsandbuffalo.

(iv) Paiyampalli — Black gram,millet,cattle,sheepand pigs.

7. Tribal men usually led large herds of animals in search

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. village 2. herds 3. store 4. seed

D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. People who grow crops have

to stay in the same place for a long time because crops require good maintenance like watering at certain intervals, and care for proper growth. Sometimes crops need to be protected from birds and animals so that they can grow and seeds can ripen. Once they are ripened, they need to be harvested.

2. People attracted and then tamed animals by leaving food for them near their shelters. Later , they encouraged animals that were relatively gentle to come near the camps where they lived. These animals such as sheep, goat, cattle andalso thepig livedin herds, and most of them ate grass. Often, people protected these animals from attacks by other wild animals. In this way, they became herders.

3. Mehrgarh is the site located in fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. It is one of the most important routes into Iran. Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat, and rear sheep and goats for the first time in this area. Therefore, it is


8. Daojali Hading is the site located on the hills near the Brahmaputra Valley, close to routes leading into China and Myanmar. Archaeologists have found here stone tools including mortars and pestles. Other finds include jadeite,a stone that may have been brought from China. Tools made of fossil wood and potteryhavealsobeenfoundhere.

of pasture. Some brave warriors or priests did the job of leading the members of their community. So far women were concerned, they did most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. But the cleaning of animals and milking was done by both men and women. Both men and women made pots, baskets, tools and huts.

WORKSHEET-4A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) Kalibangan 2. (d) They had beautiful gardens. 3. (a) copper and bronze 4. (a) stone

B. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(a)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Faience 2.terracotta 3. shell 4. MehrgarhD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. T h e G r e a t B a t h wa s a

very special tank found in Mohenjodaro. It was lined with bricks, coated with plaster, and made water-tight with a layer of natural tar. There were steps leading down to it from two sides, while there were rooms on all sides. Water was probably

brought in from a well, and drained out after use. Important people probably took a dip in this tank on special occasions.

2. Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher and is described by archaeologists as the citadal. The part to the east was larger but lower and is called the lower town. The walls of each part were built of baked bricks. These bricks were laid inaninterlockingpatternandthat made the walls strong.

3. The Harappan farmers and herders grew crops and reared animals respectively. Farmers grew wheat, barely, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard. They used the plough to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. The region devoid of rain was irrigated.


silver. Copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels.

7. S e e i n g t h i s h u g e t a n k archaeologists infer that it may have been a dockyard, where boats and ships came in from the sea and through the river channel. Goods were probably loaded and unloaded here.

8. The city of Lothal is located beside a tributary of the river Sabarmati, in Gujarat which is close to the Gulf of Khambat. It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available. This was an important centre for making objects out of stone shell and metal. There was also a store house in this city. Archaeologists have found many seals and sealings in this store house.

The Harappan herders reared cattle,sheep,goatandbuffalo.Water and pastures were availablearoundsettlements.But in dry summer months the herders probably took the large herds of animals to greater distances in search of grass and water. They also collected fruits like ber, caughtfishandhuntedwildanimals.

4. Faience is a material that is artificially produced. The Harappans used it to make beads, bangles, earrings and tiny vessels.

5. Carnelian is a beautiful red stone. The Harappans made beads out of it.

Method: The stone was cut, shaped,polishedandfinallya hole was bored through the centre so that a string could be passed through it.

6. Some of the objects that were made and found in Harappan cities were made of stone. Shell and metal including copper, bronze, gold and

WORKSHEET-5A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) the Rigveda 2. (a) sages 3. (d) all of the above 4. (b) north-west of the sub-

continentB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Dravidian 2. dialogues 3. buried 4. water

D. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. These hymns called Sukta or

‘well-said’ were composed by sages also known as rishis. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were composed by women. There are more than a thousand hymns in the Rigveda. Some


of them are in the form of dialogues. All the hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses, for example, Agni, Indra, etc.

2. Some of the wealth that was obtained from battles was kept by the leaders, some was given to the priest and the rest was distributed amongst the people. Some wealth was used for the performance of yajnas orsacrificesinwhichofferingsweremadeintothefire.

3. This type of megalith is known as a Cist. Some Cists had portholes which could be used as an entrance. They were used for burying the other member of the same family at the same place.

4. The books that we read today arewrittenandprintedandtherefore can be read. The Vedas were memorised by s tudents with great care and then passed on to the later generations by reciting, listening and then memorising.

5. Slaves were men and women who were often captured in war. They were treated as the property of their owners, who could make them do whatever work they wanted. Thus, they were always at the disposal of their masters.

6. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000

years ago. This practice was prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the north-east and Kashmir.

7. A burial site has been found at Inamgaon, located on the river Ghod, a tributary of the Bhima. It was occupied between 3600 and 2700 years ago. Here, adults were generally buried in the groud, laid out straight, with the heads towards the north. Sometimes burials were within the houses. Vessels that probably contained food and water were placed with the dead.

This special burial is of a man. Archaeologists have found this man buried in a large, four-legged clay jar in thecourtyardoffive-roomedhouse in the centre of the settlement. This house also had a granary. The body was placed in a cross-legged position .

8. Battles in the vedic society were fought for various purposes:

• Battles were fought tocapturecattle.

• Battleswerealsofoughtforland, which was important for pasture, and for growing hardy crops that ripened quickly.

• Some battles were foughtfor water, and to capture people.

WORKSHEET-6A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) brahmin 2. (b) Patliputra 3. (a) Gupta rulres

4. (c) farmersB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b)


C. Fill in the Blanks 1. viharas 2. Jina 3. wood 4. Good words 5. SamnyasaD. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. fortify 2. huts 3. varnas 4. MagadhaD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Vassakara was Ajatasattu’s

minister.AjatasattuwantedtoattacktheVajjis.Sohesenthim to the Buddha to get his adviceonthematter.

2. Women, dasas and kammakaras could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas.

3. The important rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara, Ajatasattu andMahapadmaN a n d a . B i m b i s a r a a n d Ajatasattuused all possiblemeans to conquer other janapadas while Mahapadma Nanda extended his control up to the north-west part of the subcontinent.

4. The rajas of mahajanapadas probably built forts because peoplewereafraidofattacksfrom other kings and needed protection. It is also likely that some rulers wanted to

show how rich and powerful they were by building tall and impressive walls around their cities. Moreover, by fortifying the land and the people living insidethefortifiedareacouldbe easily controlled.

5. Two major changes took place in agriculture around this time.

One was the growing use of iron ploughshares. This meant that heavy, clayey soil could be turned over better than with a wooden ploughshare, so that more grain would be produced.

Second was the beginning of paddy transplantation. This meant that instead of scatteringseedontheground,from which plants would sprout, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields.This led to increasedproduction.

6. See the above answer for two parts.

Answer of third part — Since this work was very tough, s lave men, women and landless agricultural labourers were expected to do this work.

WORKSHEET-7A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) traders 2. (a) Mahavira 3. (d) all of these 4. (b) brahmins 5. (c) monksB. Match the Columns (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(a) (v)—(d)


5. The Prakrit spoken in Magadha was known as Magadhi.

6. Farmers did not follow the rules of Jainism because they had to kill insects to protect their crops.

7. Both the Mahavira and the Buddha felt that only those who left their homes could gain true knowledge.

8. The Sangha was an association of people who had left their homes.

9. The only time they stayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficultforthemtotravel.

10. The life in the sangha was very tough. Those who joined it, had to meditate for most of the time. They had to go to cities and villages to beg for foodduringfixedhours.Theytaught others, and helped one another. They also held meetings to settle disputes that took place within the sangha.

E. Answers the following questions 1. The Vinaya Pitaka is the holy

book of the Buddhists. The rules made for the Buddhist sanghawerewrittendowninthis book.

2. • Childrenhadtotakepermi-ssion of their parents.

• Slaveshadtotakepermissionof their masters.

• Debtorscouldjointhesangha only after taking permission of their creditors.

•Womenhadtotakepermi-ssion of their husbands.

3. Gargi was a woman thinker who was famous for her learning. She participated in debates held in royal courts.

4. Satyakama Jabala was poor Upanishadic thinker who could take part in debates held in royal courts. He had a deep desire to learn about reality. He was accepted as a student by a brahmin teacher named Gautama, and became one of the best-known thinkers of the time.

WORKSHEET-8A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) Chandragupta 2. (d) Pataliputra 3. (c) blankets 4. (a) Megasthenes 5. (b) LionB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. taxes 2. roads; rivers 3. Patna 4. Gangetic plains 5. pastoral people

D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Trading, gathering, forest

produce, hunting animals, etc. 2. Ashoka’s father was Bindusara. 3. Ujjain lay on the route from

north to south India. 4. Forest people lived in central

India. 5. Seleucus was a Greek ruler of

West Asia.


own religion or criticise another’s. He instructed his subjects to respect other’s religion. If one praised one’s own religion while criticising another’s one was actually doing greater harm to one’s own religion.

10. There was no scope of idol worship or of sacrifice in Ashoka’s dhamma. Ashoka treated his subjects as his children and took good care of them.

6. The king was afraid that someone might kill him out of enmity. So he had special servants to taste the food before he ate.

7. The most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire was Ashoka.

8. (i) He built roads, dug wells and built rest houses.

(ii) He arranged for medical treatment for both human beings and animals.

9. Ashoka thought that it was both wrong to praise one’s

WORKSHEET-9A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Buddhist monks 2. (d) uzhavar 3. (c) topaz 4. (d) Mathura 5. (b) all of the above.B. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. smaller 2. water 3. Rome 4. beads 5. blackD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Some craftspersons are —

blacksmith,potter,carpenter,weavers, etc.

2. They were used to decorate railing, pillars and gateways of buildings that were visited by people.

3. They brought gifts for the king to please him and to carry

on their trade without any hurdle.

4. The Northern Black Polished Ware gets its name from the fact that it is generally found in the northern part of the subcontinent.

5. Varanasi and Madurai were famous cloth manufacturing centres in ancient times. Both men and women worked in these centres.

6. Widows, young women who weredifferentlyabled,nuns,mothers of courtesans, retired women servants of the king and women who had retired from service in temples could be employed for spinning and weaving.

7. Arretine Ware was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould.

8. They built huge aqueduct to bring water to the city for the baths, fountains and toilets.

9. The Roman emperors built huge amphitheatres. These were open arenas surrounded by tiers of seats where citizens


pepper, and precious stones. 5. During the rule of the Kushana

rulers, a branch of the Silk Route extended from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

6. Both the images are of Buddha. The image on the left side is from Mathura and that on the right side is from Taxila.

7. Ashvaghosha was a poet who composed a biography of the Buddha, the Buddhacharita.

8. See Short Answer No.9. 9. The Bhagavad Gita is a holy

book of the Hindus. It is included in the Mahabharata. In this Krishna the god, asks Arjuna, his devotee and friend, to abandon all dharmas and take refuge in him; as only He can set Arjuna free from all evils. This form of worship graduallyspreadtodifferentparts of the country.

10. This magnificent statue is of a special form of Vishnu, the Varaha or boar. There is a story behind it. According to the Puranas, Vishnu took the shape of a boar in order to rescue the earth, which had sunk into water.

A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) gold coins 2. (d) all of the above 3. (b) Kaveri 4. (a) poet 5. (d) Mathura and TaxilaB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Kanishka 2. Xuan Zang 3. sacrifices 4. Indus 5. ordinaryD. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Silk was so expensive, as it

had to be brought all the way from China, along dangerous roads, through mountains and deserts. People living along the route often demanded payments for allowing traders to pass through.

2. The rich, glossy colours of silk, as well as its smooth texture, make it a highly valued fabric.

3. Silk making is a complicated process. Raw silk has to be extracted from the cocoons of silk worms, spun into thread and then woven into cloth.

4. South India was famous for gold, spices, especially

WORKSHEET-10

could watch all kinds of shows. They also built public baths with separate timings for men and women. Here, people met and relaxed.

10. Arikamedu was a coastal settlementwhereshipsloadedgoods from distant lands. It existed between 2200 and 1900 years ago.


4. I don’t think ordinary people w o u l d h a v e r e a d a n d understood the prashastis. The reason behind it is that the prashastis were composed in Sanskrit which was not spoken by the ordinary people. Since they were ordinary people they had to speak in Prakrit. So they were not familiar with the Sanskrit language.

5. These figures are of coins which show Samudragupta, a powerful Gupta ruler, playing the veena.

6. The Pallavas and Chalukyas f r e q u e n t l y r a i d e d o n e another’s capital cities because they were prosperous towns.

7. One of the prashastis mentions S a m u d r a g u p t a ’ s g r e a t grandfather, grandfather, father and mother. His father, Chandragupta,was thefirstruler of the Gupta dynasty to adopt the grand title of maharaj-adhiraja, a title that Samudragupta also used. So far his great grandfather and grandfather were concerned, they are mentioned simply as maharajas. This makes it clear that Samudragupta’s family gradually rose to importance.

8. P u l a k e s h i n ’ s m i l i t a r y expeditions are mentioned by Ravikriti. According to him, Pulakeshin led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts. Besides, he checked the advance of Harshavardhana. He also defeated the Pallava king.

A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) sandhi-vigrahika 2. (c) merchants 3. (a) Samantas 4. (a) Kalidasa 5. (b) PrakritB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(d) (v)—(a)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Allahabad 2. landowners; merchants 3. Dushyanta 4. Shakas 5. Bengal

D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Three authors who wrote

about Harshavardhana were —Banbhatta,XuanZangandRavikriti.

2. Islam was first introduced around 1400 years ago in Arabia. The new religion laid stress on the equality and unity of all before Allah, the one supreme god.

3. Islamdidnotremainconfinedto Arabia only. Within a hundred years, it spread from there to north Africa, Spain, Iran and India. Arab sailors, who were already familiar with the coastal settlementsof the subcontinent, now brought the new religion with them.

WORKSHEET-11


did not get success elsewhere. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into the Deccan but was stopped by Pulakeshin II, a powerful Chalukya ruler.

10. Islam was a religion that laod stress on the equality and unity of all before Allah, the one supreme god.

9. Harsha’s brother-in-law was the ruler of Kanauj. Eventually, he was killed by the ruler of Bengal. Harsha took over the kingdom of Kanauj and then led an army against the ruler of Bengal. He remained successful in the east by conquering both Magadha and Bengal. But he

WORKSHEET-12A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) iron 2. (d) Chandra 3. (b) Amaravati 4. (a) ordinarypeopleB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Sanskrit 2. stupa 3. Mahabalipuram 4. BhitargaonD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Usually, kings or queens built

stupas or temples because it was an expensive affair. Common people could not affordit.

2. This is an early temple at Bhitargaon,UttarPradesh.

This temple was built about 1500 years ago, and was made of baked brick and stone.

3. The people who paid for the decorations of stupas and temples were — merchants, farmers, garland makers, per fumers , smi ths and hundreds of men and women.

4. Paper was invented in China about 1900 years ago. The technique of making paper was a closely guarded secret for centuries. But ultimately it spread to other countries one by one. It reached Korea about 1400 years ago, and spread to Japan soon after. It was known in Baghdad about 1800 years ago. From Baghdad it spread to Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia including the subcontinent.

5. In Kalidasa’s Meghaduta, a monsoon cloud is imagined to be a messenger between lovers who are separated from one another.

6. This is a Jaina monastery, located in Orissa. This two storey building was carved out of the rock surface. It has several rooms in which Jaina monks lived and meditated.

Part-B: GeoGraphy (The earTh: our habiTaT)

Chapter 1 The Earth In The Solar

SystemFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

58

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) Mercury 2. (d) Earth 3. (c) water 4. (c) elongated path 5. (b) northMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(f) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(d) (vi)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. stars; constellation 2. galaxy 3. Sun 4. Earth 5. light; heat

True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type questions 1. The Universe means the whole

space and everything in it including the earth and other planets, stars and galaxies.

2. Satellite is a celestial body that moves around the planets in the same way as the planets move around the sun.

3. The moon appears so big because it is nearer to our

Oral Questions 1. Venus 2. A huge system of ballions of

stars 3. INSAT 4. Thefirstman to stepon the

surface of the moon. 5. 27 days 6. 150 mullion km 7. Earth-like shape 8. SunFill in the Blanks 1. moon 2. scientists 3. seven 4. hot 5. sunTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. F

4. T 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Venue; Earth 2. Jupiter; Saturn 3. They are made up of gases

and liquids. 4. Mercury 5. The earth is the only planet on

which conditions favourable to support life are found.

6. OxygenPuzzle Time 1. Venus 2. Edusat 3. Earth 4. Jupiter 5. Sun 6. Pluto 7. Moon 8. Mars


planet than other celestial bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km away from us.

4. In order of their distance from the sun, all the eight planets are — Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

5. Those persons who study the celestial bodies and their movements are called astronomers.

6. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. 7. We can locate the position of

the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi.

8. Constellations are groups of stars that form various patternsinthesky.Example:Ursa Major or Big Bear.

9. The sun, the moon and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.

10. We can’t see the moon and all the bright tiny objects during day time because the very bright light of the sun does not allow us to see them.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Some celestial bodies are very

big and hot. They are made up of gases. They have their own heat and light, which they emit in large amounts. These celestial bodies are called stars.

Example — The sun is a star. Some celestial bodies do not

have their own heat and light. They are lit by the light of the stars. These celestial bodies are called planets.

Example —The earth is a planet.

2. The Solar System means the system of the sun. It is made up of eight planets and their satellites, some dwarf planets, some other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteoroids, shooting stars and comets.

The name of all the eight planets are — Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

3. The Earth is the only planet w h i c h h a s c o n d i t i o n s favourable to support life. It is neither too hot nor too cold. Its two-thirds surface is covered with water and its atmosphere contains high amount of oxygen which is essential to our life. The solid crust of the Earth consists of soil and minerals which are quite favourable for life to exist. These specialities make our Earth a unique planet in the solar system.

4. The sun keeps an important place in the solar system because of the following reasons—

(i) It is the ultimate source of heat and light for the solar family.

(ii) The planets, their satellites and other celestial bodies remain within the solar system due to the sun’s gravitational power.

(iii) The sun is at the centre of a huge rotating system.


Long Answer Type Questions 1. The moon is the only satellite

of the earth. Its diametre is only one-quarter that of the earth. It appears so big because it is nearer to our planet than other celestial bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km away from the Earth. The moon does not have conditions favourable for life. It has neither water nor air. Themoonreflectsthelightofthesunanditsphasedifferseach night.

The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days. It takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. As a result, only one side of the moon is visible to us on the earth.

2. A diagram of the Solar System–

Name of the outer planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They are far from the sun and are made up of gases and liquids.

Name of the inner planets — Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are very close to the sun and are made up of rocks.

5. See Short Answer No.3 6. Stars aredifferentfromplanets

in the following ways: (i) Stars have their own light.

Planets are lit by the light of the stars.

(ii) Stars twinkle but planets do not.

(iii) Stars are made up of hot, burning gases. Planets are made up of solid materials.

(iv) There are millions of stars whereas the number of planets is only eight.

7. Asteroids are numerous tiny bodies which also move around the sun like the stars, planets and satellites. They are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Meteoroids are small pieces of rocks which move around the sun. Sometimes these meteoroids come near the earth and tend to drop upon it. During this process due to friction with the air they get heated up and burn. It causes aflashoflight.

8. Human-made sa te l l i tes are artificial bodies. They are designed by scientists t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n about the universe or for communication. They are carried by rockets and placed in the orbit around the earth.

Some Indian satellites in space are — INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT, etc.


True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. True 2. In tilled manner 3. Tropic of capricorn 4. Three 5. GMT – Greenwich Mean

Time, IST – Indian Standard Time

Puzzle TimeAcross Down 1. Equator 2. Torrid 4. Noon 3. Axis 6. Globe 5. Local time 7. Poles 8. Grid

Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and

LongitudesFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) the Frigid zone 2. (a) four 3. (c) Southern Hemisphere 4. (a) degrees 5. (d) 66½° N 6. (b) place 7. (c) 2:00 pmMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(f) (v)—(c) (vi)—(d)Fill in the Blanks 1. 82½° E 2. Prime Meridian 3. poles 4. northern 5. 180°

True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. TrueVery Short Answer Type Questions 1. The earth is not sphere. It is

slightlyflattenedattheNorthand South Poles and bulged in the middle. Its shape is described as a geoid which means earth-like shape.

2. Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time on the Prime Meridian which is used as the standard for time calculation throughout the world.

Oral Questions 1. A true model of the earth. 2. An imaginary line running on

the globe and divides it into two equal parts.

3. It means that it can be rotated. 4. Zero degree latitude. 5. All parallels north of the

equator are called ‘north latitudes’ and all parallels south of the equator are called ‘south latitudes’.

6. Northern Hemisphere 7. Torrid Zone 8. Figid ZoneFill in the Blanks 1. longitude 2. length 3. Greenwich 4. 0 ° 5. west; east


Features of the globe: (i) The globe is small in

size and therefore very convenient to carry and use.

(ii) It clearly depicts all the features of the earth.

(iii) Globes show countries, continents and oceans in their correct shape.

2. The four important parallels of latitudes are —

(i) Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) in the Northern Hemisphere.

(ii) Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S) in the Southern Hemisphere.

(iii) Arctic Circle at 66½° north of the equator.

(iv) Antarctic Circle at 66½° south of the equator.

Below is given the diagram showing important parallels of latitudes —

Important Latitudes 3. The local time of places which

are on different meridians

3. Axis is a straight imaginary line which joins the two poles of the earth and on which the earth rotates.

4. In India, the longitude of 82½° E (82° 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country. It is known as the Indian Standard Time (IST).

5. The three heat zones of the earth are—

(i) The Torrid Zone (ii) The Temperate Zone (iii) The Frigid Zone 6. The latitudinal value of the

Tropic of Capricorn is 23½° S. 7. The timedifferencebetween

the Prime Meridian and the 180° W meridian is 12 hours.

8. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This zone receives vertical rays of the sun. Therefore, it receives maximum amount of heat.

9. Some countries have adopted more than one standard time because they have a great longitudinal extent. For example- in Russia, there are as many as eleven standard times.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. A globe is a model of the

earth. It shows the earth in its actual shape. It is a simple and accurate way to represent the earth. It isnotfixedandcanbe rotated in the same way as a top spin.


that each degree of longitudes correspondstoadifferenceoffour minutes. This is because the earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours, which means 15° an hour or 1° in four minutes. Thus, when it is 12 noon at Greenwich, the time at 15° east of Greenwich will be 15 × 4 = 60 minutes, i.e. one hour ahead of Greenwich time, which means 1:00 pm. But at 15° west of Greenwich, the time will be behind Greenwich time by one hour i.e., it will be 11:00 am. Similarly, at 180°, it will be midnight when it is 12 noon at Greenwich.

6. A set of circles drawn parallel to the equator between the North Pole and the South Pole are called parallels of latitude. Its features are—

(i) The equator is the largest parallel and the length of other parallels decreases as one moves away from the equator towards the poles.

(ii) All parallels are located at an equal distance from each other.

(iii) Latitudes are measured in degrees. The equator represents the zero degree latitude.

7. (i) The local time of places which are on different meridians are bound to differ.Forexample,itwillbedifficult toprepare atime table for trains which cross several longitudes.

arebound todiffer.We canunderstand it with the help of an example. It is very difficult to prepare a time-table for trains which cross several longitudes. In India, for instance, there will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. It is, necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. In India, the longitude of 82½°E (82° 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country.

4. India and Britain are located at differentlongitudes.Weknowthat each degree of longitudes correspondstoadifferenceforfour minutes. This is because the earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours which means 15° an hour or 1° in four minutes. In India, the longitude of 82½° E (82° 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. But the standard meridian of London is 0°. This means a differenceof4minutes×82.5= 330 minutes = 5.5 hours. Therefore, when it is 5:30 pm in India, it is 12:00 noon in London.

5. The earth rotates from west to east. Hence, the places which are east of Greenwich will be ahead of Greenwich time and those to the west will be behind it. We know


Heat Zones (i) Torrid Zone: This zone

is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This area receives the maximum heat because the sun shines overhead here. As a result, this zone is very hot.

(ii) Temperate Zones: The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemis-phere have moderate temperatures because the sun never shines overhead here.

(iii) Frigid Zones: Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere, are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. Therefore, its rays are always slanting and provides less heat.

In India, for instance, there willbeadifferenceof about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. In order to overcome this difficulty, it isnecessaryto adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country.

(ii) In every country, central m e r i d i a n h a s b e e n selected as the standard meridian. The local time of the standard meridian is used as the standard t ime for the whole country.

8. (i) The length of all the meridians is the same. Hence, it is difficult to number the meridians.

(ii) The maximum distance between any two meridians is at the equator.

(iii) The distance between any two meridians decreases as we go away from the equator towards the poles. All the meridians meet at the poles.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Therearedifferentheatzones

of the earth. In these zones thesun’sraysfalldifferentlycausing different climatic patterns. These zones are — the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones and the two Frigid Zones.


Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth


Oral Questions 1. Movement of the earth on its

axis. 2. Movement of the earth around

thesuninafixedpath. 3. The circle that divides the

day from night on the globe is called Circle of Illumination.

4. 29 days 5. Rotation 6. Because the sunrays are

overhead during noon. 7. The plane formed by the orbit. 8. Due to the spherical shape of

the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time.

Fill in the Blanks

1. west; east 2. 66 12

°

3. 23rd September 4. summer season 5. revolutionTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. False 2. 24 hours 3. Spring season

4. 36514

days 5. 21st June

Puzzle Time 1. Spring 2. Leap year 3. Equinox 4. Revolution 5. Season 6. Rotation 7. Axis

2. Parallels of latitude: All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitude. These circles have varying centres and all these central points lie on the same line, i.e. the axis of the earth. These parallel circle are imaginary ones.

Latitudes

Meridians of longitude: All of the imaginary circles lying perpendicular to the equator are called meridians of longitudes. These circles have the same centre, that is also the centre of our earth.

Longitudes


experiences spring season from 21st March.

8. The Southern Hemisphere experiences spring season from 23rd September.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The earth has two types of

motions — (i) Rotation (ii) Revolution (i) R o t a t i o n : I t i s t h e

movement of the earth on its axis. The earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation around its axis. The period of rotation is called the earth day. This is the daily motion of the earth. There are days and nights because of rotation.

(ii) Revolution: It is the movement of the earth around the sun in its orbit. It takes 365¼ days to revolve around the sun. We exper ience changes in season due to this movement of the earth.

2. We know that the earth takes 365¼ days (one year ) to revolve around the sun. We consider a year as consisting of 365 days only and ignore six hours for convenience. These six hours saved every year are added to make one day i.e. 24 hours over a span of four years. This surplus day is added to the month of February. Thus, every fourth year, February is of 29 days

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) 24 hours 2. (c) 365¼ days 3. (a) the sun’s rays are slanting

on the poles 4. (d) 21st June 5. (c) rotationMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b) (v)—(f) (vi)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. axis 2. sun 3. 21st March 4. autumn 5. winterTrue/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. On 21 st March and 23 rd

September, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. So, the whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called an equinox.

2. The areas near the poles receive less heat as the rays of sun are slanting.

3. The places near the equator enjoy equal day and night throughout the year.

4. The daily motion of the earth is known as rotation.

5. Seasons change due to the change in the position of the earth around the sun.

6. The whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights.

7. The Northern Hemisphere



6. The effects of the earth’s

revolution are given below: (i) The phenomenon of

seasons is caused. (ii) We observe variation in

the length of day and night.

(iii) We also observe variation in the distribution of heat over the surface of the earth.

7. If there is winter in the S o u t h e r n H e m i s p h e r e , there will be summer in the Northern Hemisphere. That is why the position of the earth which is called the winter solstice in one Hemisphere is the Summer Solstice in the other Hemisphere.

8. The axis of the earth remains inclined permanently in the same position. Because of this reason the sun continuously either shines or cannot be visible for a long time near the poles. The earth rotates causing day and night at other places but remain either dark or lighted for much longer time due to the tilt. This is why, the areas near the poles

instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

3. In such a situation the portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day. As a result, the region would get continuous warmth. The other half would remain in darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Both the conditions would be extreme and therefore not suitable for life.

4. Day and night occur on the earth due to the rotation. The earth receives light from the sun. Due to the spherical shape of the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. The portion facing the sun experiences day while the other half which is way from the sun experiences night. In this way, day and night occur on the earth. It may be understood through a diagram—

5. The axis on which the earth

rotates from west to east is not vertical. It is inclined at an angle of 66½° with the plane of the earth’s orbit. This is known as the inclination of the earth’s axis. The figure given below shows this—


daylight for about six months. Since a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere is gettinglightfromthesun, itis summer in the regions north to the equator. The longest day and the shortest night at these places occur on 21st June. At this time, the Southern Hemisphere experiences winter season with longer nights and shorter days. This position of the earth is called the Summer Solstice.

experience six months day and six months night.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Summer Solstice: On 21st June,

the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. As the rays of the sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer, these areas receive more heat. The areas near the poles receive less heat as the rays of the sun are slanting. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun and the places beyond the Arctic Circle experience continuous

Winter Solstice: On 22nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn receives direct rays of the sun as the South Pole tilts towards it. As the sun’s rays fall vertically at the Tropic of Capricorn, a larger portion of the Southern Hemisphere gets light. Therefore, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere w i t h l o n g e r d a y s a n d shorter nights. At this time, the Northern Hemisphere experiences winter season

with longer nights and shorter days. This position of the earth is called the Winter Solstice.

Equinox: On 21st March and 23rd September, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. Hence, the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called an Equinox.

2. See the above answer.


True/False 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Blue 2. Four 3. True 4. When a small area to be

shown 5. Thematic maps focus on

specific information, such as road maps.

Puzzle Time For example– Symbol, Scale, Plate, Direction, etc.

Oral Questions 1. North, South, West, East. 2. An instrument used to find

out main directions. 3. Scale 4. A person who creates maps. 5. north-east (NE), south-east

(SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW)

6. Distance, direct ion and symbol.

Fill in the Blanks 1. language 2. scale 3. small 4. flat

Chapter 4 Maps


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Plan 2. (b) — • — • 3. (b) mountains 4. (b) plateaus 5. (b) natural features of the

earthMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(c)Fill in the Blanks 1. more 2. compass 3. thematic 4. sketchTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. FalseVery Short Answer Type Questions 1. T h e f o u r i n t e r m e d i a t e

directions are — north-east (NE), south-east (SE), north-

west (NW) and south-west (SW). These are directions midway between the cardinal directions.

2. ‘The scale of the map’ is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map.

3. A grid reference helps to determine the exact location of a place.

4. A compass assures him that he is travelling in the right direction.

5. Maps showing cities, towns and v i l l ages , d i f f e rent countries and states of the world with their boundaries are called political maps.

6. A map is a representation or a drawing of the earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.


2. (i) When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale map. For example, 5cm on the map shows 500 km on the ground.

When we have to show a small area like a village or town on a paper, then we use a small scale map.

For example, 5 cm on the map shows 500 metres only on the ground.

(ii) Large scale maps are more informative than small scale maps.

3. Following differences are there between a map and a plan:

7. Large scale maps are more informative than small scale maps.

8. A thematic map provides detailed information.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. A globe can be useful when

we want to study the earth as a whole. But , when we want to study only a part of the earth, such as about our country, states, districts, etc. it is of little help. In such a situation maps are used. Thus, maps are useful to us for various purposes. They provide more information than a globe.

MAP PLAN (i) A map is a drawing of the

earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.

(i) A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale.

(ii) It shows only the important features of the area.

(ii) It shows even the length and breadth of a room.

(iii) We get a lot of information from this.

(iii) In this, we get details in the form of symbols.

4. (i) Metalled road —

(ii) Bridge —

(iii) Church —

(iv) Graveyard —

(v) State boundary —

(vi) District boundary —

Long Answer Type Questions 1. There are three types of maps.

These are :

(i) Physical maps show natural features of the earth such as mountains, plains, plateaus, rivers, etc.

(ii) Political maps show cities, towns villages, different countries and states of the world with their boundaries.

(iii) Themat ic maps l ay emphasis on specific information; such as road maps, rainfall maps, maps showing distribution of forests, population, etc.


Features of the compass: (i)Ithelpsusinfindingout

the direction of a place. (ii) It is an instrument used to

findoutmaindirections. (iii) I ts magnet ic needle

always points towards north-south direction.

2.

Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. Seven 2. Four 3. Asia 4. Australia 5. Sahara 6.Pacific 7. The deepest part of the earth 8. TroposphereFill in the Blanks 1. Oceans 2. 1,600 3. height 4. Africa 5. biosphereTrue/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Europe 2. Indian Ocean 3. Nile 4.Pacific 5. Palk Strait 6. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing

Norgay. 7. Bachendri PalPuzzle Time 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) the Urals 2. (a) an Isthmus 3. (a) nitrogen 4. (c) the Lithosphere 5. (b) Asia 6. (b) biosphere 7. (d) 97Match the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. indented 2. tides 3. Northern 4. Panama 5. MaitriTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The solid outer layer of the

earth is called the lithosphere.



lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere meet and interact. Every living species on the earth is a part of the biosphere. T h e o r g a n i s m s i n t h e biosphere are broadly divided into plants, animals, humans beings and microbes. These elements are interdependent on one another and there is continuous interaction between them. They provide food and raw materials. Thus, the survival of the living organisms on the earth depends upon the biosphere. Therefore, this sphere is so important.

2. Australia and Antarctica are the two continents that lie entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.

Australia: It is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas. It is also known as island continent.

Antarctica: I t is a huge continent. As it is located in the South Polar region, it is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. There are, therefore, no permanent human settlements. Many countries including India have research stations in this continent.

3. The different layers of the atmosphere are—

• thetroposphere • thestratosphere • themesosphere • thethermosphere • theexosphere

It is made up of rocks and minerals.

2. The earth is called the ‘blue planet’ because its two-third surface is covered by water.

3. The atmosphere provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effectsofsun’srays.

4. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world.

5. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole.

6. The Northern Hemisphere is called the Land Hemisphere because the greater part of the landmass lies in this hemisphere.

7. The four major domains of the earth are — the lithosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere.

8. The two divisions of the earth’s surface are:

(i) the large landmasses known as the continents.

(ii) the huge waterbodies known as the ocean basins.

9. Australia is called an ‘island continent’ because i t is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas.

10. Africa is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Biosphere is the sphere of

living organisms, where


The troposphere is the lowest layer and closest to the earth’s surface. It extends from the mean sea level upto a height of about 8 km over the poles and about 18 km over the equator.

The stratosphere, just above the troposphere, extends upto a height of about 50 km. Above it lies the mesosphere and it extends from about 50 km to about 80 km above the mean sea level. Above it lies the thermosphere and it extends from about 50 km to about 400 km above the mean sea level. The exosphere is the uppermost layer.

4. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which make up about 99 per cent of clean, dry air. Nitrogen 78 per cent, oxygen 21 per cent and other gases like carbon dioxide, argon and others comprise 1 per cent by volume. Oxygen is the breath of life while nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms. Carbon dioxide, though present in minute amount, is important as it absorbs heat radiated by the earth. It is also essential for the growth of plants.

5. The density of the atmosphere varies with height. It is maximum at the sea level and decreases rapidly as we go up. The climbers experience p r o b l e m s i n b r e a t h i n g

because of this decrease in the density of air. It is, therefore, they carry with them oxygen cylinders to be able to breathe at high altitudes.

6. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. The main features of this ocean are as follows:

(i) It is ‘S’ shaped. (ii)ItisflankedbytheNorth

and South Americas on the western side, and Europe and Africa on the eastern side.

(iii) The coastline of this ocean is highly indented. This irregular and indented coastline provides ideal locat ion for natural harbours and ports. From the commercial point of view, it is the busiest ocean.

7. C a r b o n d i o x i d e i s a n important constituent of air. But when its level in the atmosphere increases due to emission from industries, thermal power plants and vehicles, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming. As a result, the sea level rises, causingfloods inthe coastal areas.

We can avert this situation by limiting the use of resources of the earth. It will maintain the balance of nature between the domain of the lithosphere,


consists of water in all its form. As running water in oceans and rives and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere.

(iv) Biosphere: It is the narrow zonewherewefindland,water and air together, which contains all forms of life.

2. There are seven ma jor continents — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America , Austral ia and Antarctica.

•North America: It is the third largest continent of the world. It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama. The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western Hemispheres. Three oceans, i.e.thePacificOcean, Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean surround this continent.

•South America: It is the fourth largest continent. This continent lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It has world’s longest mountain range, the Andes and the largest river by volume, the Amazon. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacificoceaninthewest.

the atmosphere and the hydrosphere.

8. See Short Answer No.1 9. The name of the largest

cont inent i s Asia . This continent covers about one-third of the total land area of the earth. The continent lies in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer passes through this continent. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the west.

10. The watery part of the earth is called the hydrosphere. It is more than 71 per cent of the earth. Hydrosphere consists of water in all its forms. As running water in oceans and rivers and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Lithosphere: The solid

portion of the earth on which we live is called the lithosphere. It comprises the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soi l that contain nutrient elements which sustain organisms.

(ii) Atmosphere: The gaseous layers that surround the earth in the atmosphere where oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases are found.

(iii) H y d r o s p h e r e : T h i s domain of the earth


landmasses are separated by large water bodies.

The level of seawater remains t h e s a m e e ve r y w h e r e . Elevation of land is measured from the level of the sea, which is taken as zero. The highest mountain peak Mt. Everest is 8,848 metres above the sea level. The greatest depth of 11,022 metres is recorded at Mariana Trench inthePacificOcean.

5. The world population is increasing rapidly and so are their needs. This has necessitated the development of several new techniques so as to meet their growing needs. They have cleared forests for agriculture and wood, they have built dams for generating electricity, and so on. These human activities have disturbed the natural balance between the elements of the biosphere and have led to the pollution of land, water and air. Emission from industries, thermal power plants and vehicles pollute the air. Increase in the amount of carbon dioxide leads to increase in global temperatures, termed as global warming. There is thus, needs to limit the use of resources of the earth to maintain the balance of nature between the three major domains of the earth.

•Australia: It is the smallest continent of the world. It is an island continent as it is surrounded by the oceans and seas. It lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.

3. Africa is the second largest continent after Asia. Four features of this continent are:

(i) The equator passes through the middle of Africa, splitting it into Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

(ii) The Sahara Desert, the world’s largest hot desert, is located in Africa.

(iii) The continent is bound on all sides by oceans and seas.

(iv) The Nile, the world’s long es t r iver f lows through this continent.

4. The lithosphere is one of the three major domains of the earth. It is the solid outer layer which is made up of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil that contain nutrient elements which sustain organisms. The lithosphere covers about 29 per cent of the total surface area of the earth. It includes all the landmasses. The large landmasses are called the continents. The rest 71 per cent is covered by water which includes the huge water bodies known as the ocean basins. All the oceans of the world are connected with one another while all the


6.


Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Coal 2. like a table 3. Mountain 4. Andes 5. To store water.

Puzzle Time1 G L A C I E 5 R S

3 P A

L N2 F L O R A G 7 S

A I E K

U N I6 Y A N G T Z E I4 P L A T E A U N

G

Oral Questions 1. Erosion 2. Frozen rivers of ice 3. A land surface that rises higher

than the surrounding area. 4. climate becomes cooler 5. Himalayas 6. Alps 7. An undersea mountain 8. TibetFill in the Blanks 1. Plains 2. desert 3. mountainous 4. gold 5. volcanicTrue/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F

Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) volcanic mountains 2. (b) Japan 3. (d) Tibet Plateau 4. (c) Karnataka 5. (a) harshMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(a) (v)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. sea 2. shapes 3. plateaus 4. plains 5. garbageTrue/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The major landforms are

mountains, plateaus and plains. 2. Mountains arranged in a line

are known as a range. 3. The Appalachians in North

America and the Ural Mountains in Russia are examples of very old fold mountains.

4. The wearing away of the earth’s surface is called erosion. The rebuilding of the earth’s surface is called deposition.

5. These processes are — internal process and external process.

6. A mountain is any natural elevation of the earth surface. In other words, massive uplifted areas of the earth which rise to great heights


of over 600 m from its surrounding areas are called mountains.

7. The Himalayan mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains.

8. A mountain may have a small summit and a broad base. But aplateau is flat-toppedtable land standing above the surrounding area.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mountains are useful to man

in a variety of ways— (i) The mountains are a

storehouse of water. Many rivers have their source in the glaciers in the mountains. Reservoirs are made and water is harnessed for the use of people.

(ii) Mountains have a rich varietyoffloraandfauna.The forests provide fuel, fodder, shelter and other p r o d u c t s l i k e g u m , raisins, etc.

(iii) Mountain provide an idyllic site for tourists. They visit the mountains for their (mountains’) scenic beauty.

2. Plains are large stretches of flat land. Some plains are extremely level while others may be slightly rolling and undulating.

Most of the plains are formed by rivers and their tributaries. The rivers flow down the slopes of mountains and erode them. They carry forward the eroded material.

Then they deposit their load consisting of stones, sand and silt along their courses and in their valleys. It is from these deposits that plains are formed.

3. Mountains are elevations of the earth’s surface. Hence, the climate becomes colder as we go higher. Because of this harsh climate, less people live in the mountainous areas. Since the slopes are steep, less land is available for farming. What is more, it is difficult to grow crops in this land. Construction of transport network is also a tough task. Equally tough is house building. These conditions are not suitable f o r h u m a n h a b i t a t i o n . Therefore, population is thin in mountainous areas.

4. (i) River plains are fertile regions where cultivation is done on a large scale. This is a major cause that attracts people to live here.

(ii) Flat lands of plains are good for roads and railways. They enable fast transportation of goods.

(iii) I t i s easy to set up industries in these areas because of facilities of movement.

Sincewefindbetterlivingconditions in plains, they are, therefore thickly populated. In India, the Indo-Gangetic plains are the most densely populated regions of the country.


mountains in Russia have rounded features and low elevation. They are very old fold mountains.

(ii) Block mountains: These mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems.

(iii) Volcanic mountains: These mountains are formed due to volcanic activity. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are examples of such mountains.

2. A plateau is an elevated flat land. In other words, a plateau is a low level stretch of land rising abruptly from its surrounding areas. It is useful to man in the following ways—

(i) They are rich in mineral deposits. As a result, many of the mining areas in the world are located in the plateau regions. For example, the African plateau is famous for gold and diamond mining. In India, the Chhotanagpur plateau is the storehouse of huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese.

(ii) In the plateau areas, there may be several waterfalls as the river falls from a great height. For example, the Hundru Falls in Chhotanagpur plateau on the river

5. Block mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The uplifted blocks are called horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben.

Examples— The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountains in Europe

6. The various landforms on the earth are a result of two processes—

(i) Internal Process: The forces deep within the earth give rise to mountains, volcanoes, etc.

(ii) External Process: It is the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface. The wearing away of the earth’s surface is called erosion and the rebuilding of the earth’s surface is called deposition.

These two processes are carried out by running water, ice and wind.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. There are three types of

mountains— (i) Fold mountains (ii) Block mountains (iii) Volcanic mountains (i) Fold mountains: The

Himalayan mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains with rugged relief and high conical peaks. The Aravali range in India is one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world. The Appalachians in North America and the Ural


(iii) Plains: These are large stretches of flat land. They are mostly formed by r ivers and the i r tributaries. Plains are very fertile. So, people in large numbers live here.

4. People have been living on differentkindsof landformsin different ways. Life in mountains is not as easy as in plains. It is because the slopes of mountains are too steep to do cultivation there. However, plains provide much better conditions. It is easy to grow crops, build houses and roads in plains. Natural calamities like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, etc. occur sometimes and cause widespread destruction. We can minimise the loss of life and property by creating a wa r e n e s s a b o u t s u c h incidences.

We use land and water for various purposes. Quite often, we use the land in a wasteful manner, for example , construct ing houses on a fertile land. We pollute water by throwing garbage in rivers. We should check these activities in order to conserve our natural resources. We should believe in sustainable use of these resources. The available land is not only for our use. It is also for the use of our future generations. So, it is our duty to leave the earth a better place for them.

Subarnarekha and the Jog Falls in Karnataka. People from far and wide visit these places to enjoy these waterfalls.

(iii) T h e l a v a p l a t e a u s provide fertile land for cultivation. Here it is worth-mentioning, that these plateaus are rich in black soil which is very fertile.

(iv) Many plateaus have scenicspotswhichattracttourists in a great number.

3. Wefindthreemajorlandformson the earth— mountains, plateaus and plains.

(i) Mountains: They are natural elevations of the earth surface. They may have a small summit and a broad base. It is considerably higher than the surrounding areas. The climate of mountain areas is harsh. So less people live there. Besides, cultivation isdifficult inmountains because the slopes are steep. But they are useful to mankind in various ways. They are storehouse of water. They havearichvarietyoffloraand fauna.

(ii) Plateaus: A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits.


5.


3. districts 4. Brahmaputra 5. PolypsTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. A river 2. Coastal plains 3. Triangular 4. Yes 5. Sri Lanka and MaldivesPuzzle Time 1. Shiwalik 2. Plains 3. Plateau 4. Mountain 5. Delta 6. Corals

Oral Questions 1. Tiny marine animals are

called polyps. 2. In the south. 3. China 4. About 3.28 million sq.km. 5. 1¼ hundred crore 6. Northern Hemisphere 7. Seven countries 8. 29 states 9. 7 union territories 10. RajasthanFill in the Blanks 1. Palk Strait 2. languages

Chapter 7 Our Country—India


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) Shiwaliks 2. (b) Western Ghats 3. (b) India and Sri Lanka 4. (b) Lakshadweep Islands 5. (a) Aravali Hills 6. (d) TapiMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(c) (v)—(d)

Fill in the Blanks 1. India 2. minerals 3. Goa 4. Arunachal Pradesh 5. flat 6. Tropic of CancerTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False

4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Alluvialdepositsareveryfine

soils, brought by rivers and deposited in the river basins.

2. A tributary is a river or stream which contributes its water to a main river by discharging it into main river from either side.

3. China, Nepal and Bhutan. 4. Ganga and Brahmaputra. 5. The Peninsular plateau

is located to the south of northern plains.

6. The rivers namely Narmada and Tapi fall into the Arabian Sea.

7. The Lakshadweep island groups have coral origin.


8. Punjab and Haryana have a c o m m o n c a p i t a l , i . e . Chandigarh.

9. Tsunami i s a huge sea wave generated due to an earthquakeontheseafloor.

10. The Himalayan mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges. From north to south they are — the Great Himalaya or Himadri, Middle Himalaya or Himachal and the Shiwalik.

11. The point where rivers enter the sea is called the mouth of the river.

12. Western coastal plains are narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Northern Plains are

generallylevelandflatland,having alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tr ibutaries . These r iver plains provide fertile land for cultivation. That is the reason for high concentration of population in these plains.

2. India lies in the Northern Hemisphere. The Tropic ofCancer (23°30΄N) passesalmost halfway through the country. From south to north, mainland of India extends between 8°4΄N and 37°6΄Nlatitudes. From west to east, Indiaextendsbetween68°7΄Eand97°25΄Elongitudes.Ifwedivide the world into eastern and western hemispheres,

India would belong to the Eastern Hemisphere.

3. India is a country of vast g e o g r a p h i c a l e x p a n s e with an area of about 3.28 million sq.km. The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km. And the east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km.

There are lofty Himalayas in the north of India. The Arabian Sea is located in the west, the Bay of Bengal lies in the east and the Indian Ocean lies in the south of India.

4. The Northern Indian Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. Their main features are:

(i) They are generally level andflat.

(ii) As these pla ins are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers like the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries, they are very fertile. Hence, cultivation is done on a large scale in these river plains.

(iii) There is great concentra-tionofpeopleasmoreflatland is available here for building houses as well as for cultivation.

5. Corals are skeletons of tiny marine animals called polyps. When the living polyps die, their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on the top of the hard skeletons which


and the Tapi flow through these ranges. These are west flowingriversthatdrainintothe Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats border the plateau in the west and the Eastern Ghats provide the eastern boundary. While the Western Ghats are almost continuous, the Eastern Ghats are broken and uneven. The plateau is rich in minerals. It is black soil area which provides fertile land for cultivation.

2. Ind ia ’ s ma jor phys i ca l divisions are given below:

(i) T h e H i m a l a y a n Mountains: These are standing as sentinels in the north of India and are divided into three main parallel ranges. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri. The middle Himalaya or Himachal lie to the south of Himadri. The Shiwalik is the southernmost range.

(ii) The Northern Indian Plains: They lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. These river plains are very fertile attracting more and morepeopletosettledown.

(iii) The Great Indian Desert: It lies in the western part

grow higher and higher, thus forming the coral islands.

6. The coastal plains lie to the west of the Western Ghats and the east of the Eastern Ghats. The Western Coastal Plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. There are a numberofeastflowingriverswhich include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal. They have formed fertile deltas at their mouth. The Sundarbans Delta is the world’s largest delta. It is formed where the Ganga and Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal.

7. The major physical divisions of India are

(i) The Himalayan mountains (ii) The Northern Indian

plains (iii) The Peninsular plateau (iv) The Coastal plains (v) The Great Indian desert (vi) The IslandsLong Answer Type Questions 1. The Peninsular plateau lies to

the south of northern plains. It is triangular in shape. The relief is highly uneven. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. Aravali hills, one of the oldest ranges of the world, border it on the north-west side. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are the important ranges. The rivers like the Narmada


The western coastal plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader.

(vi) The Islands: Our country has two groups of islands. Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located off the coast of Kerala. The Andaman and the Nicobar Islands lie to the south-east of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal.

of India. It is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land withlittlevegetation.

(iv) The Peninsular Plateau: It lies to the south of the northern plains. It is triangular in shape. The relief is highly uneven. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.

(v) The Coastal Plains: These lie to the west of the Western Ghats and the east of the Eastern Ghats.

3.


True/False 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. FRapid-Fire Questions 1. Yes 2. October 3. Assam 4. Mountain vegetation 5. Mumbai and KolkataPuzzle Time 1. Summer 2. Winter

4.

Oral Questions 1. Pelican and Flamingo 2. Cropswillbeaffected 3. Mawsynram 4. Jaisalmer 5. Thorny bushesFill in the Blanks 1. climatic 2. sunray 3. dry 4. animal kingdom 5. snakes

Chapter 8 India: Climate, Vegetation

and WildlifeFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT


7. Cactus 8. Camel 9. Elephant 10. Cobra.

3. Monsoon 4. Deodar 5. Ebony 6. Sundari

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (c) Mawsynram 2. (a) saline water 3. (c) tropical evergreen forests 4. (a) Himalayan region 5. (b) sea to land 6. (a) Assam

Match the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(a) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. mountain vegetation 2. protection 3. temperature 4. spines 5. Pous 6. December 7. rainfallTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Assam and Karnataka 2. Weather is day to day changes

in the atmosphere. The elements that it includes are temperature, rainfall and sunshine.

3. Hot weather season i . e . summer stays from March to May.

4. Season of retreating monsoon is also known as autumn season.

5. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh receive rainfall during autumn season.

6. The factors that affect the climate of a place are its location, altitude, distance from the sea and relief.

7. We c a n f i n d t r o p i c a l deciduous forests in states likeMadhyaPradesh,UttarPradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,Odishaand inparts of Maharashtra.

8. The roots of the plants bind the soil. Thus, they control soil erosion.

9. The main purpose behind observing Wildlife Week every year is to create awareness among people so that they can contribute in conserving the habitats of the animal kingdom.

10. Sanctuaries are areas where wild birds or animals are protected and encouraged to breed.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The climate of India has been

described as monsoon type. Due to India’s location in the tropical region, most of the rain is brought by monsoon winds.

Monsoon winds are so important because they bring rain on which agriculture in India is dependent. Good monsoons mean adequate rain and bountifull crop. If


4. The climate of a place is affected by its location, altitude, distance from the sea and relief. It is, therefore, we experience regional differences in the climateofIndia. For example, Jaisalmer and Bikaner in the desert of Rajasthan are very hot, while Drass and Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir are freezing cold. Coastal places like Mumbai and Kolkata experience moderate climate. It means they are neither too hot nor too cold. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the world’s highest rainfall, while in a particular year it might not rain at all in Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.

5. The Government of India has set up national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves to protect wildlife. The Government has also started Project Tiger and Project Elephant to protect these animals.

We can also contribute in conserving wildlife. We can refuse to buy things made from parts of the bodies of animals such as their bones, horns, fur, skins and feathers. We can spread awareness of conserving habitats of the animal kingdom among the masses.

monsoons are weak or fail to occur one year, crops will be badlyaffected.Theremaybefamine.

2. The fourdifferentseasons isIndia with their time span are—

(i) Cold Weather Season or Winter — December to February.

(ii) Hot Weather Season or Summer — March to May.

(iii) Southwest Monsoon Season or Rainy season — June to September.

(iv) Season of Retreating Monsoon or Autumn — October to November.

3. Tropical rainforests are found in the areas which receive heavy rainfall. The main features of these forests are given below:

(i) They are very dense forests . As a result , sunlight doesn’t reach the ground.

(ii) Many species of trees are found in these forests which shed their leaves atdifferent timesof theyear. Therefore, they always appear green.

(iii) Important trees found in these forests are mahogany , ebony , and rosewood.

6. Tropical Evergreen Forest Tropical Deciduous Forest

(i) These forests occur in the areas which receive heavy rainfall (more than 200 cm).

(i) These forests are found in the areas which receive rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.


7. Every year birds migrate from one place to another on a large scale. Their movement occurs between their breeding (summer) homes and their non-breeding (winter) grounds.

Birds like the Pelican, Siberian Crane, Stork, Flamingo, Pintail Duck and Curlew migrate to our country in the winter season every year in order to protect them from freezing cold of their original place. Siberian Cranes migrate from Siberia. They arrive in December and stay till early March.

8. (i) Mountain vegetation varies with height. At a height between 1500 metres and 2500 metres most of the trees are conical in shape. These trees are called coniferous trees.

(ii) These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India.

(iii) Chir, pine and deodar are important trees of these forests.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Vegetation of India is divided

intofivetypes: (i) Tropical rain forests:

These forests occur in the areas which receive heavy rainfall. They are very dense. Since they always appear green, they are also called evergreen forests. Important trees of these forests are mahogany , ebony and rosewood. These forests are found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of north-eastern states etc.

(ii) Tropical deciduous forests: These forests are also called monsoon forests. They are found in a large part of our country. They are less dense. They shed their leaves at a particular time of the year. Sal, teak, peepal, neem and shisham a re important t rees of these forests. They are found in Madhya Pradesh,UttarPradesh,Bihar, Jharkhand, etc.

(iii) Thorny bushes: They are found in dry areas

(ii) They are so dense that sunlight doesn’t reach the ground.

(ii) They are less dense.

(iii) They shed their leaves at differenttimesoftheyear.

(iii) They shed their leaves at a particular time of the year.

(iv) Important trees are mahogany, ebony and rosewood.

(iv) Important trees are sal, teak and peepal.


existing ones. We should make people aware of the importance of trees. We should involve more and more people in Van Mahotsav programme.

3. There are four major seasons in India:

(i) Cold weather season or winter season.

(ii) Hot weather season or summer season.

(iii) Southwest monsoon season or rainy season.

(iv) Season of retreating monsoon or autumn season.

(i) Cold weather season begins in December and stays till February. During these months, the sun rays do not fall directly in the region. As a result, the temperatures are quite low in northern India.

(ii) The duration of the hot weather season extends from March to May. During these months, the sun rays more or less directly fall in this region. As a result, the temperatures become high. Hot and dry winds called loo blow during the day.

(iii) South-west monsoon season begins in June and lasts till September. During these months, the winds blow from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land. They carry moisture with them.

of the country such as Rajasthan. The leaves are in the form of spines to reduce the loss of water. Cactus, khair, babool, keekar are important varieties of this type of vegetation.

(iv) Mountain vegetation: A wide range of species is found in the mountains according to the variation in height. These trees are called coniferous trees. Chir, pine and deodar are important trees of these forests.

(v) Mangrove forests: These forests can survive only in saline water. They are found mainly in Sundarbans in West B e n g a l a n d i n t h e Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Sundari is a well-known species of trees in mangrove forests.

2. Forests are useful for us in a variety of ways:

(i) They perform various functions. Plants release oxygen that we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide.

(ii) The roots of the plants bind the soil and thus control soil erosion.

(iii) Forests provide us with timber for furniture, fuel wood, fodder, medicinal plants and herbs, lac, honey, gum, and many more things.

(iv) Forests are home to a variety of wildlife.

We should plant more and more trees and protect the


When these winds strike the mountain barriers, rainfall occurs.

(iv) The duration of the season of retreating monsoon is October and November. During these two months winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal. The southern parts of India receive rainfall in this season.

4. India is rich in its fauna (wildlife). Several species of wildlife are found here. Tiger, our national animal is found in various parts of the country. Gir forests in Gujarat is the home of Asiatic lions.

Elephants and one-horned rhinoceroses are found in the forests of Assam. Camels and wild asses are found in the Great Indian desert and the Rann of Kuchchh respectively. Wild goats, snow leopards, bears, etc. are found in the Himalayan region. Beside these animals, a large variety of birds are also found in our country. The peacock is our national bird. Other common birds are parrots, pigeons, mynah, geese, bulbul and ducks. There are hundreds of species of snakes found in India. Cobras and Kraits are important among them.

WORKSHEET-1A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) sun 2. (a) Mars and Jupiter 3. (d) all of these 4. (c) Saturn 5. (b) NeptuneB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. 27 2. water 3. sun 4. gravitational force 5. orbitsD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. (i) The Earth is the third

nearest planet to the sun. (ii) In size, it is the fifth

largest planet.

(iii)It is slightlyflattenedatthe poles. That is why, its shape is described as a geoid which means an earth like shape.

2. (i) Celestial bodies are big and hot.

(ii) They are made up of gases.

(iii) They have their own heat and light, which they emit in large amounts.

(iv) They twinkle in the night sky.

3. Planets like Mercury and Venus have no moon.

4. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have rings around them. These are belts of small debris. These rings may be seen from the earth with the help of powerful telescopes.

5. The Earth is called a blue planet because its two-third surface is covered with water.


8. (i) Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun.

(ii) It takes only about 88 days to complete one round along its orbit.

(iii) It is a small and airless planet.

9. Venus is the second nearest planet to the sun. I t is considered as ‘Earth’s-twin’ because its size and shape are very much similar to that of the Earth.

10. In a meeting of the International Astronomica l Union , a decision was taken that Pluto like other celestial objects such as Ceres, 2003 UB 313 discovered in recent past may be called ‘dwarf planets’.

6. Jupiter is the largest planet. It is surrounded by clouds, cyclones and dust storms. Its rotation period is 9 hours and 56 minutes and the revolution takes about 12 years. No life is found on this planet.

7. A whitish broad bank like a white glowing path is seen across the sky on a clear starry night. It is a cluster of millions of stars. This band is the Milky Way galaxy. Our solar system is a part of this galaxy. In ancient India, it was imagined to be a river of light flowingin the sky. Therefore, it was named Akash Ganga.

WORKSHEET-2A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) poles 2. (a) 360 3. (b) Southern Hemisphere 4. (c) 24 time zones 5. (b) AllahabadB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(c) (v)—(e)C. Fill in the Blanks 1. axis 2. Torrid 3. Greenwich 4. 24 5. latitudeD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. FalseE. Answers the following questions 1. (i) Globes cannot be carried

easily. (ii) The space on the globe

is limited. Hence, it is difficult to show thingsin details.

2. As we move away from the equator, the size of the parallels of latitude decreases.

3. Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere are very cold.

4. Latitudes and longitudes form a grid (a network of parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes). These latitudes and longitudes are very important if we want to locate any point on the globe. It is because twodifferentpointsmay lie on the same latitude or the same longitude but there exists only one point where a latitude and longitude cut each other. Thus, a point can be identified with the help of the latitude and longitude on which it is located. For


number the meridians. Hence, all countries decided that the count should begin from the meridian which passed through Greenwich, where the British Royal Observatory is located. This meridian is called the Prime Meridian.

example, Dhubri in Assam is situated at 26° N latitude and 90° E longitude. The point where these two lines intersect will be the location of Dhubri.

5. All meridians are of equal length.Thusitwasdifficultto

WORKSHEET-3A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) 2007 2. (a) Equator 3. (b) longer days and shorter

nights 4. (d) summer season 5. (b) spring seasonB. Match the Columns (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(b) (v)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Vertical 2. winter 3. days 4. Cancer 5. autumnD. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. (i) The movement of the

ear th on i t s ax is i s called rotation while the movement of the earth around the sun is called revolution.

(ii) Rotation is the daily motion of the earth while revolution is the annual motion of the earth.

(iii) Rotation of the earth causes days and nights

while revolution causes change in the seasons.

2. On 22nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn recieves direct rays of the sun as the South Pole tilts towards it. As the sun’s rays fall vertically at the Tropic of Capricorn, a larger portion of the Southern Hemisphere gets l ight . Therefore, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Since Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas is celebrated there in the summer seasons.

3. See Long Answer No.1 4. On 21st June, the Northern

Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. The rays of the sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. As a result, these areas receive more heat. Since a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere is getting lightfrom the sun, it is summer in the regions north of the equator. The longest day and the shortest night at these places occur on 21st June. This position of the earth is called the Summer Solstice.


WORKSHEET-4A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) North-east 2. (b) north line 3. (a) scale 4. (d) cartographerB. Match the Columns (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(c) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. language 2. mariner’s 3. globe 4. directionD. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Directions help a lot in reading

maps. Most maps contain an arrow markedwiththeletter‘N’ at the upper right hand corner. This arrow shows the north direction. It is called the north line. When we come to know the north, we can easily findoutotherdirectionssuchas east, west and south.

2. North, south, east and west are four major directions, also known as cardinal points. Apart from these directions, there are four intermediate directions such as north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW). We can locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.

3. Maps are drawings which reduce the entire world or a partof it tofitona sheetofpaper. But this reduction is

done very carefully so that the distance between the places is real. It can only be possible when a small distance on paper represents a large distance on the ground. Therefore, a scale is used for this purpose. Scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. For example, the distance between your tuition centre and your home is 10 km. If you show this 10 km distance by 2 cm on a map, it means, 1 cm on the map will show 5 km on the ground. The scale of your drawing will be 1 cm = 5 km. Thus, scale is very important in any map. One can easily calculate the distance between any two places on a map by knowing the scale.

4. Map gives a lot of information. To understand them it is necessary to learn and follow the signs and symbols used in maps. Needless to say that these signs and symbols make the map easy to read and gather information.

It is not possible to draw on a map the actual shape and sizeofdifferentfeaturessuchas buildings, roads, bridges, trees, etc. So, they are shown by using certain letters, shades, colours, pictures and lines. These symbols give a lot of information in a limited space. With the use of these signs and symbols, we can draw maps easily and read.


understood by all. There is an international agreement among many countries about the common use of signs, symbols, colours, letters, etc. For example, blue is always used for showing water bodies, brown for mountains, etc. These are called conventional signs and symbols.

It may be possible that you don’t know the language of an area and therefore cannot ask someone for directions. In such a situation you can collect information from maps with the help of these symbols.

Here, it is worth-mentioning that maps have a universal l a n g u a g e t h a t c a n b e

F. Map Skills 1.


as fresh water for human use. Hence, despite being a blue planet, we face a shortage of water on the earth.

5. The three movements of ocean waters are— the waves, the tides and the ocean currents.

6. The irregular and indented coastline of the Atlantic Ocean provide ideal location for natural harbours and ports.

7. From the commercial point of view, Atlantic Ocean is the busiest one.

8. The three domains of the earth interactandaffectthemin some way or the other. For example, cutting of forests for fulfilling our needs of wood, or clearing land for agriculture may lead to fast removal of soil from slopes. In the same way, earth’s surface may be changed due to natural calamities like earthquakes. Discharge of waste material into lakes and rivers makes the water unsuitable for human use. It also damages other forms of life.

9. The biosphere is made up of the following elements — plants, animals, human beings and microbes.

10. (i) The atmosphere provides us with the air we breathe.

(ii) It protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

(iii) It helps in the change of weather.

A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) Australia 2. (d) Africa 3. (a) circular 4. (a) PacificOcean 5. (d) HydrosphereB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. zero 2. Mt. Everest 3. hydrosphere 4. Asia 5. NitrogenD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. The earth is the only planet

which has all the life sustaining elements such as land, water and air.

2. Europe is much smaller than Asia. The continent lies to the west of Asia. The Arctic Circle passes through it. It is bound by waterbodies on three sides.

3. There are no permanent human settlements in Antarctica because it is permanently covered with thick ice sheets.

4. More than 97% of the earth’s water is found in the oceans and is too salty for human use. A large proportion of the rest of the water is in the form of ice sheets and glaciers or under the ground and a very small percentage is available

WORKSHEET-5


A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Europe 2. (d) all of these 3. (a) black soil 4. (c) both (a) and (b) 5. (b) gold and diamond mining

B. Match the Columns (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. lower 2. clouds 3. colder 4. irrigation 5. steep

D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. (i) Mountains are rich in

floraandfauna. (ii) Glaciers (frozen rivers

of ice) are found in the mountains.

(iii) Mountains have cold climate.

2. M o u n t a i n s a r e t h i n l y populated because life is difficult there. Since their slopes are steep, less land is available for farming. Besides, it is difficult to construct houses and roads in the mountains.

3. Water from the mountains is used for irrigation and g e n e r a t i o n o f h y d r o -electricity.

4. Paragliding, hang gliding, river rafting and skiing.

5. Examples of old plateaus — the Deccan plateau in India, the East African plateau in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and the Western plateau of Australia.

6. (i) A plateau is an elevated flatland.

(ii) It may have one or more sides with steep slopes.

(iii) The height of plateaus often varies from few hundred metres to several thousand metres.

(iv) Plateaus like mountains may be young or old.

7. (i) The Ganga river plains. (ii) The Brahmaputra river

plains 8. The Aravali range in India is

one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world. The range has considerably worn down due to the processes of erosion.

9. Some natural calamities that cause widespread destruction are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,stormsfloodsandtsunami.

10. When we construct houses or factories, etc. on a fertile land, it is said that land is used in a wasteful manner.

WORKSHEET-6


WORKSHEET-7A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) west of India 2. (a) seven 3. (c) both (a) and (b) 4. (d) Aravali hills

B. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. 3.28 million sq.km. 2. Himadri 3. Arabian

D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. The Northern plains are

generally level andflatwithno major variations in its relief. On the other hand, the relief of the Peninsular plateau is highly uneven. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.

2. The Great Indian desert is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It has very little vegetation because it receives very low rainfall. The region observes arid climate i.e. dry and parched.

3. (i) The Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast. The Eastern Ghats lie along the eastern coast.

(ii) The Western Ghats are

almost continuous but the Eastern Ghats are broken and uneven.

(iii) The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats.

4. India has nine neighbouring c o u n t r i e s — P a k i s t a n , Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Maldives.

5. J a m m u a n d K a s h m i r , Himachal Pradesh, Punjab andUttarakhand.

6. The Himalayan mountains are lofty snow-capped. They are one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.

7. The north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km.

8. The east-west extent from A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h t o Kuchchh is about 2,900 km.

9. The seven countries with which India shares land boundaries are — Afghanistan, Pakistan, C h i n a , N e p a l , B h u t a n , Bangladesh and Myanmar.

10. Lakshadweep is made of corals which are skeletons of minute sea animals called polyps. They thrive in shallow water of seas and oceans.


F. Map Skills 1.

WORKSHEET-8A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) moderate 2. (d) all of these 3. (a) conical in shape 4. (b) Teak 5. (d) March to MayB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) (iv)—(a) (v)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. loo 2. autumn 3. Gir; Asiatic lionsD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Cl imate i s the average

weather condition, which


have been measured over many years. The elements of climate are similar to weather, i.e. temperature, rainfall and sunshine.

2. Natural vegetation refers to the grasses, shrubs and trees, which grow on their own without interference or help fromhumanbeings.Differenttypes of natural vegetation are dependent on different climatic conditions, among which the amount of rainfall is important.

3. Tropical rainforests shed their leavesatdifferenttimesoftheyear. Therefore, they always appear green and are called evergreen forests.

4. Neem and mango are some of the tall trees which have many branches and leaves. Palm tree stand with few leaves.

5. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of north-eastern states and a narrow strip of the western slope of the Western Ghats are home of tropical rainforests.

6. Poachers kill tigers for their skin, hides, bones, etc. They smuggle these items to other countries and earn huge money. If tigers vanish from

our forests, the ecological balance will be disturbed.

7. Van Mahotsava is a special programme started by the Government of India. Under this programme, people are encouraged to plant new trees every year. This scheme has a long lasting importance. Needless to say that natural vegetation has been destroyed to a large extent because of the recklesscuttingoftrees.Thishas resulted in the imbalance of environment. We need trees for pure air and other various purposes. Dearth of treesmakesourlifedifficult.Hence, we should plant more and more trees and protect the existing ones and make people aware of their importance.

Van Mahotsava is celebrated in all parts of the country. This is an effort to check the environmental pollution, which cannot be successful without our help. So, let’s join this programme and contribute in making our earth green.

8. The climate which is neither too hot nor too cold is known as moderate climate.


Part-C: CiviCs (soCial and PolitiCal life-i)

Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. Saffron,white,green 2. Fanek 3. In Jharkhand many adivasis

say ‘Johar’ to greet each other. 4. Ladakhis eat meat and milk

products like cheese and butter.

5. Cheeseandbutter.Fill in the Blanks 1. geographical 2. different 3. hymn 4. different 5. LadakhTrue/False 1. F 2. F 3. T

4. T 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Jammu & Kashmir 2. A group of people, especially

traders or pilgrims, travelling together across a desert.

3. An utensil 4. Rabindranath Tagore 5. Kesar Saga

Puzzle Time 1. Culture 2. Sheep 3. Spices 4. Fanek 5. Unity 6. Diversity 7. Biriyani 8. Shawl

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) sells newspaper 2. (c) friends 3. (b) Buddhism and Islam 4.(d) rice,fishandvegetables 5. (c) inequalityMatch the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. Ladakh 2. diversity 3. opportunity 4. Chinese 5. unity 6. DiversityTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Samir Ek was a Hindu boy. 2. Samir Do was a Muslim boy. 3. Samir Do was familiar with

the Hindi. 4. Samir Dodidnotattendschool

because he belonged to a poor family. His parents could not affordtosendhimtoschool.

5. No, it is highly unfair. Each and every child of the country has a right to get education. It is unfortunate that some children do not go to school because of poverty.

6. Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunities


2. Samir Ek and Samir Do are different fromeachother inthe following ways:

(i) While Samir Ek is more familiar with English, Samir Do speaks Hindi.

(ii)Bothcomefromdifferentreligions and cultural backgrounds. Samir Ek is a Hindu and Samir Do is a Muslim.

(iii) Samir Ek goes to school b u t S a m i r D o s e l l s newspapers.

But thesedifferencesdonotprevent them from becoming fr iends . Al though they both are more at home in differentlanguagestheystillcommunicated with each other. Samir Ek looks highly compassionate with Samir Do.

3. India’s freedom movement had thousands of people of different backgrounds in it.But that never created any problem to them. Very wisely they worked together, and decided joint actions. They went to jail together, and they founddifferentwaystoopposethe British, who thought that they could divide Indians because of their diversities. But the people showed how they could bedifferent andyet beunited in their battleagainst the British. Songs and symbols that emerged during the freedom struggle serve as a constant reminder of our country’s rich tradition of respect for diversity. The Indian flag was used as a symbol of protest against the British by people everywhere.

that are available to other persons.

7. Diversity means the sense of variety that we see in our looks, behaviour, culture, language, religion, etc.

8. Samir Do was very disturbed because his family lived in Meerut which was blazing due to communal riots.

9. People of Ladakh rear sheeps, goats, cows and dzos i.e., yak-cows.

10. Caste system is a form of inequality. It consists of two different concepts — varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levelsof analysis of this system. In ancient India there were four varnas — brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras. The varnas resulted in the division of labours and class.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. It is a truth that India is a land

of many diversities. We speak different languages. We eat various types of food and wear differentclothes.Wecelebratedifferentfestivalsandpractisedifferentreligions.Thepeopleresiding here belong to differentregionalandculturalbackgrounds.

All these diversities give us a sense of variety. Also, they enrich our lives in many ways. They widen our outlook. We come out of narrow feelings and live happily with others.


are in. Similarly in our own neighbourhoods we live close to people from several communities. Our daily lives are about the ways in which we do things together and hear stories about each other’s lives, customs and traditions.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Yes , the term ‘unity in

diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India.

India is a vast country. A large variety of people live in differentpartsofthecountry. These people do not live in the same way everywhere. Instead, theyspeakdifferentlanguages, have various types of food, celebrate different festivals, practise different religions. Even the kinds of worktheydoalsodiffer.

Despite all these diversities, we are one. All of us equally respectournationalflag.Wecelebrate national festivals with same enthusiasm. We sing our national song and national anthem with same passion. These factors show how united we are.

Nehru, in his book The Discovery of India is trying to say that Indian unity is a unique thing. It is not imposed from the outside but rather it is something deeper and within its fold. The people of India believe in tolerance which enables them to live happily and peacefully with others.

2. See Short Answer No.3

4. Caste system is a form of inequality. According to this system, society was dividedintodifferentgroupsdepending upon the work that people did and they were supposed to remain in those groups. We can understand this through an example. If anyone’s parents were potters he could only becomeapotterandnothingelse. This system was deeply rooted in society and was considered irreversible. Since, he was not supposed to change his profession, it was not considered necessary for him to know anything more than what he needed in his profession. This created a situation of inequality. The differences emerged from caste system can not be equalled with diversities.

5. India is a country with a rich heritage of diversity. People of the country belong to various religious backgrounds, speak different languages, eat differentfoods,weardifferentclothes, etc. In spite of these diversities, we are united together as Indians. We share the same national symbols, national virtues and feelings. We respect each other’s religion and the sentiments related to it.

6. Our present lives are all about moving from place to place for work and with each move our cultural traditions and way of life slowly become part of the new place we


4. F 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Yes 2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 3. Buddhism 4. Farming, teaching, weaving

pottery,etc. 5. Cleaning, washing, cutting

hair, etc.Puzzle Time 1. Mahar 2. Dalit 3. Untouchable 4. Caste 5. Society 6. Discriminate 7. Stereotype 8. Rights 9. Equality 10. Secular

Oral Questions 1. Eight 2. More than 50% 3. They are forced to migrate to

cities in search of work. 4. To judge other people

negatively or see them as inferior.

5. Differentlyabledpeople 6. Dr. B.R. AmbedkarFill in the Blanks 1. Dalits 2. Untouchability 3. Poverty 4. untouchables 5. ‘broken’.True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T

Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimintation


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) all of the above 2. (a) we are prejudiced about

them 3. (b) poverty 4. (b) disabled childrenMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b) (v)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. religions 2. discrimination 3. respect 4. status 5. untouchables 6. workTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Whenwefixpeople into one

image we create a stereotype. This image may be positive or negative.

2. It means that there is no officialreligion.Governmenttreats all religions beliefs and practices with equal respect. Citizens of India have complete freedom to follow any religion.

3. The group of people who are not in the mainstream of our social set-up belong to marginalised communities. These people are poor and therefore lack resources and opportunities.


this age of globalisation, we should adopt global views and shun narrow-mindedness. Suchanattitudewillbenefitthe society and the nation.

2. We are not fair when we say that city people are money-minded, lazy and cunning. We just fix them into one image and thus create a stereotypes about them. There are lazy and active people everywhere, in every city, in every village, in every group. And just because some city people are like that it is not fair to think that everyone will be the same.

Two drawbacks of stereotypes. (i) Stereotypes stop us from

looking at each person as unique individual with his or her own special qualities and skills that aredifferentfromothers.

(ii) Stereotypes prevent us from doing certain things, that we might otherwise be good at.

3. Inequality and discrimation are two different things. However, they are interlinked with each other. Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunities that are available to other persons. For example the caste system is a form of inequality. Discrimination takes place when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes. If one does something to put

4. In simple language dis-crimination means making distinction between two people or communities, etc.

Discrimination takes place when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes. For example, stopping someone f r o m l i v i n g i n c e r t a i n neighbourhoods is a form of discrimination.

5. When we are in the company of the people like us, we feel safe and secure.

6. (i) Children with special needs do not get admission in regular schools.

(ii) They face many problem at every step. For example, public places like post offices, banks etc. don’th a ve r a m p s , w h i c h poses problems for such persons.

7. These things are — people’s religious beliefs, the colour of their skin, the region they come from, the accent they speak in, the clothes they wear, etc.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. Our prejudices create gaps

between people. Often our prejudices about others are so strong that we don’t want to establish friendship with them. At times, we may even act in ways that hurt them as a result of which a wide gap may be developed. Thus, our prejudices about others badly affectoursocietyandhampersits growth. So, we should try our best to over come prejudices if there is any. In


untouchables and therefore suppressed in a number of ways.

(i) Caste rules did not allow them to take on work other than what they were meant to do.

(ii) They were not allowed to enter the homes of the upper castes or take water from the village well, or even enter temples.

(iii) Their children could not sit next to children of other castes in school.

6. (i) Villagers do not care about their health. They are full of superstition.

(ii) People in villages are backward and do not l ike to use modern agricultural technology.

(iii) Vi l l a g e r s a r e d i r t y people who live in dirty surroundings.

7. (i) People in cities only care about money, not about people.

(ii) City people cannot be trusted. They are cunning and corrupt.

(iii) In cities, families spend verylittletimewitheachother.

8. (i) Boys are physical ly strong.

(ii) They are naughty. They are rowdy.

(iii) They are tough and hard-workers.

9. (i) Girls are soft and gentle. They are well-behaved.

(ii) They are good at dance and painting.

(iii) They are emotional.

other people down or if one stops them from sharing the same seat only because they are poor and belong to groups whose culture is not valued one is discriminating against them. It is not healthy at all because it widens gap between people. We are not entitled to discriminate against anyone on any ground.

4. A common stereotype about Muslims is that they are not interested in educating girls and, therefore, do not send their girls to school. But the report of studies is something else. According to this report, poverty amongst Muslims is an important reason why Muslimsgirlsdonot attendschool or dropout from school after a few years. Here, it is worth-mentioning that wherever effort has been made to reach education to the poor, there the Muslim community has shown an interest in sending their girls to schools. For example, in the state of Kerala the distance between the school and the home is not much. As a result, more and more Muslim girls attendschool.

5. Caste rules were followed very strictly. According to these rules, the groups who were placed at the bottom of the ladder were seen as unworthy and inferior. Such people were considered


their studies because they are encouraged by their families to see marriage as their goal of life.

(iv) But sometimes even their marriage does not bring good luck to them because of the ruthless attitudeof their in-lawsincluding their husbands. In such a situation their life become a tale of woes.

(v) Their dream to achieve some higher goals get shattered.

2. Many different kinds of inequalities existed in our society before India became an independent country. The caste system was one of the forms of inequality. According to this, society was divided into four major castes. People belonging to the upper castes enjoyed all types of rights but those belonging to the lower castes didn’t have access to these rights. The leaders of the Indian freedom struggle were aware of this situation. Therefore when the country became independent in 1947 theymade their best effortsto eliminate different kindsof inequalities from society. These leaders set out a vision and goals in the Constitution to ensure that all the people of India were considered equal. This equality of all persons is seen as a key value that unites us all as Indians.

10. The term ‘prejudice’ means to judge other people negatively or see them as inferior. When we think that only one particular way is the best and right way to do things, it means we don’t respect others, who may prefer to do things differently. For example, if we think saree is the best dress for women and other dresses are not important, we are judging these other dresses negatively. This notion might prompt us not to respect those women who wear dresses other than saree.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. O u r s o c i e t y i s m a l e -

dominating which never accepts girls whole-heartedly. Girls were treated as a burden on their parents and are still being treated in the same way in spite of the successes of the women’s movement. The situation has not been changed at all except some exceptions. The stereotypes about girls havebadlyaffectedtheirlife.Belowisgiventhelistoffivedifferenteffects that thiscanhave on the way daughters get treated in the house—

(i) They may feel themselves inferior to the male members of the family.

(ii) Sometimes they dare not outshine their brothers in spite of their potentials.

(iii) They fail to concentrate an


Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Central 2. State 3. Central 4. Local 5. State 6. CentralPuzzle Time

T H D Y F L A W B Z L

D Q D M W J E C M I O

E E V O T E C F A V C

C A C N G R U B J P A

I J O A D U L T O D L

S L H R B G K K R E I

I Q L C P N J S I H T

O R X H O M A T T M Y

N P F Y W N T A Y G S

R L T S E K S T O A I

G O V E R N M E N T K

Oral Questions 1. To make decisions and get

things done 2. Helping the poor 3. To look after his subjects 4. People 5. Right to vote

Fill in the Blanks 1. mark 2. 1920 3. three 4. court 5. state

True/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F

Everyone has equal rights and opportunities. Uhtouchability is seen as a crime and has been legally abolished by law.

People are free to choose the kind of work they wish to do. Government jobs are open to all people.

Chapter 3 What is Government?


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) organises aid and

assistancefortheaffectedpeople

2. (d) all of the above 3. (a) the monarch 4. (a) the right to vote for all

women 5. (c) a mark is put on his/her

finger

Match the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. property 2. monarchy 3. First 4. representativeTrue/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. TrueVery Short Answer Type Questions 1. A democratic government in

our times is referred to as a representative democracy.

2. I would prefer a democratic government because this form of government allows people to choose their rulers.


etc. and the national level relates to the entire country.

2. The government makes laws for the proper functioning of the country. These laws bring peace and order in society. They bring justice to those who are ill-treated by someone. At the same time they punish the wrong doers. They establish equality which is the essence of our Constitution. Everyone who lives in the country has to follow these laws. Without these laws the government’s power to make decisions is not of much use.

3. Democracy and monarchy are two different forms of governmentwhichdifferfromeach other in the following ways—

(i) In a democracy it is the people who give the government the power to make decisions and enforce laws. People do this through elections in which they vote for particular persons and elect them. Once elected, these persons form the government. This government remains in power as long as people allow it for this. Monarchy is a form of government with a monarch as the supreme ruler. He/she enjoys absolute power. He/she makes decisions and run the government.

(ii) The monarch may have a small group of people to

3. A democratic government is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. It is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

4. The government works at three levels — at the local level, at the level of state and at the national level.

5. Some institutions that are part of the government are — the Supreme Court, the Indian Railways, Bharat Petroleum.

6. It is important that people abide by the laws made by the government because only then we would be able to live peacefully in the society.

7. Women’s struggle to vote is called thewomen’s suffragemovement.Thetermsuffragemeans right to vote.

8. The suffragettes demanded the right to vote for all women.

9. To get their demands heard they chained themselves to railings in public places.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The responsibilities of the

government are vast. To manage these responsibilities well, the government works at threedifferent levels. Theseare—

• atthelocallevel • atthelevelofthestate • atthenationallevel The government at the local

level works in villages, towns or locality. The state level government would mean that which covers an entire state such as West Bengal, Tripura,


and were educated, to vote. This meant that women, the poor, the uneducated were not allowed to vote. The country was governed by the rules and regulations that these few men made.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. All over Europe and USA

women and the poor were not allowed to participate in government. Women frequently raised this question and demanded the right to vote for them. Their struggle to vote got strengthened during the First World War. This movement was called the women suffragemovement.Here, it is worth-mentioning thatthetermsuffragemeansright to vote.

The suffragettes demanded the right to vote for all women and to get their demands heard they chained themselves to railings in public places. Many suffragetteswereimprisonedand went on hunger strikes, and they had to be fed by force. Finally they got success. As a result of their struggle many countries came forward one by one and allowed women to vote.

For example, American women got the right to vote in 1920 while women in the UK got to vote on the same terms as men in the year 1928.

2. By the word ‘government’ we mean the group of people who are responsible for the smooth running of a country or a state.

discussmatterswith,butthefinaldecision-makingpower remains with the monarch. In a democracy, this does not happen.

(iii) Unlike in a democracy, kings and queens do not have to explain their actions or defend the decisions they take.

4. Democratic governments nowadays are referred to as representative democracies. Main features of representative democracies are—

(i) People do not participate in the government directly, but instead, choose their representatives through an election process. These representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

(ii) The representatives are accountable to the people and cannot ignore their wishes and interests.

(iii) Universal adult franchise is an important feature of a democratic government. This means that all adults in the country irrespective of their caste, creed, religion, etc. are allowed to vote.

5. The main condition of a democratic government is that it must follow universal adult franchise. This means that all adult in the country are allowed to vote.

Government in their earliest forms did not fulfil this condition. They allowed only men who owned property


True/False 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. No 2. No 3. Yes 4. Zulu

Puzzle Time 1. Secular 2. Democracy 3. Equality 4. Justice 5. Blacks 6. Liberty 7. Indians 8. Whites

Oral Questions 1. The government has lowered

the school fees. 2. Aparthied means separation

on the basis of race. 3. For white people. 4. South-western Township

(Soweto) 5. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.Fill in the Blanks 1. rules 2. equal 3. Nelson Mandela 4. 1994 5.conflicts

The government performs various functions. Some of them are given below—

(i) The government makes decisions about where to build roads and schools.

(ii) It takes action on social issues such as poverty.

(iii) It runs postal and railway services.

(iv) It ensures that all its citizens have enough to

eat and have good health facilities.

(v) It protects the territory of the country, so people can feel secure.

(vi) When there are natural d i s a s t e r s l i k e a n earthquake or the tsunami it is the government that mainly organises aid and assistancefortheaffectedpeople.

Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic

GovernmentFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) white, black, Indian and

coloured races 2. (c) 1994 3. (a) fiveyears 4. (d) all of the aboveMatch the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. apartheid 2. South Africa 3. stronger 4. Conflicts

True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True


protest against learning the Afrikan language in school.

The South African police suppressed their protest by taking harsh steps. They beat up the protestors mercilessly and shot at the crowd. One of their bullets killed Hector.

2. Regular elections are an important method to limit the power of the government. We know that governments areelectedforfixedperiod.InIndiathisperiodisfiveyears.Once elected government can stay in power only for that period. If they want to continue to be in power then they have to be re-elected by the people. This is not an easy task. This can happen only when they have done great work for their people. Usually government change after the completion of fiveyears. Thus, people sense their power in a democracy through elections.

3. I n a d e m o c r a c y , t h e government is committed toequality and justice which are inseparable. For this the government makes laws and enforces them to root out all types of inequalities. It makes special provisions for groups within society that are unequal. It promotes education among girls by lowering the school fees for them. This step has helped girls attend school. The government sees to it that medical facilities must reach to everyone. Untouchabiliity

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Conflict:Differencesbetween

people ofdifferent cultures,religions, regions or economic backgrounds.

Resolution: Settlement of aconflict.

2. Yes. It is very important that all persons should be treated equally because this will be a guarantee for all round development of one and all.

3. In India this period is five years.

4. T h e o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t struggled to end apartheid in South Africa was the African National Congress.

5. The Afrikan language and Zulu.

6. If a government wants to continue in power then it has to be re-elected by the people.

7. Conflictsoccurwhenpeopleofdifferentcultures,religions,economic backgrounds do not get along with each other, or when some among them feel they are being discriminated against.

8. Equality and justice are inseparable. Justice cannot be established if equality is not there. These are two sides of the same coin.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Afrikan language was

spoken by the white people in South Africa. Hector and his classmates (black students) were being forced to learn this language but they wanted to learn their own language, Zulu. Hence, they joined the


a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. The key elements of this government are:

(i) All are equal before the law.

(ii) Citizens of India cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender.

(iii) Citizens are free to follow any religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.

(iv) Citizens should behave as if they are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior.

7. The apartheid system in South Africa was highly oppressive for the non-whites. They could not protest against the terrible treatment. The African National Congress, a group of people who led the struggle against this system, and their most well-known leader, Nelson Mandela fought the apartheid system for several years. As protest and struggles against apartheid had increased, the white racist government realised that they could no longer suppress the non-whites. Nelson Mandela was set free and in 1994 South Africa became a democratic country. Thus, ANC played an important role in uprooting the racist government.

is now banned by law. Now this group of people is no more victim of any sort of discrimination. All opportunities are open to them.

4. The pol ice shoot ing of Hector could have been easily avoided if they were not prejudiced against the community which he (Hector) belonged to. His shooting was created intentionally to show the white government’s arrogance towards the non-whites. If Hector wanted to learn his own language, Zulu, he should not have been forced to learn other language. It should not have been made such a serious issue. Taking his life so easily was definitely unjustified.

5. Government is a constitutional body. It maintains law and order to ensure peace in the society. It is made up of the representatives of all classes from all parts of the country. Conflicts may arise between states and groups of people in which violent means may be used. The government is responsible for helping to resolve such conflicts in the interest of the people at large. In absence of a government, we will have to face crisis and lawlessness. Since the government is accountable for us, we need it. We can’t do without it.

6. Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. It is


manner. 2. The apartheid system was

highly oppressive for the non-whites which comprised blacks, Indians and coloured people. These people were discriminated against in the following ways—

(i) There were separate hospitals and ambulances for them.

(ii) An ambulance meant for white people would always be well-equipped while one meant for black people was not.

(iii) There were separate trains and buses for the non-whites. Even the bus-stops were different for black and white people.

(iv) Non-whites were not allowed to vote.

(v) The best land in the country was reserved for the white people, and non-whites had to live on the worst available land.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. The various ways in which

people participate in the process of government:

(i) T h r o u g h v o t i n g i n elections people elect leaders to represent them. These representatives take decisions on behalf of the people.

(ii) By taking an interest in the working of the government and by c r i t i c i s i n g i t w h e n required.

(iii) By expressing their views and making governments understand what actions they should take. For this, they hold rallies, dharnas, etc.

(iv) By organising themselves into social movements that seek to challenge the government and its functioning. Members of the minority community, dalits, adivasis, women and others are often able to participate in this

Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj


Oral Questions 1. The Block level government

is called Janpad Panchayat. 2. Panchayati Raj System. 3. Secretary of the Gram

Panchayat 4. Panchs

5. All adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat.

Fill in the Blanks 1. government 2. Poverty 3. Pesident 4. Gram Sabha 5. District


Puzzle TimeZ B L O C K D J W C V

A P S O C R E T A V I

M A L F P X E U I T L

I R D H S K Y V N M L

N I G R A M S A B H A

D S E C R E T A R Y G

A H R X P Q P Z G N E

R A O N A S W B R O S

Y D C Y N Z P A N C H

A X E Z C F Q V G T W

P A N C H A Y A T H U

True/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Panch 2. No 3. Our population is growing

fast. 4. A landless labourer. Yes, his

name should be in BPL list. 5. People

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (c) fiveyears 2. (a) Gram Sabha 3. (b) Zila Parishad 4. (a) SecretaryMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(e) (v)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. three 2. Gram Panchayat 3. adults 4. water 5. poorTrue/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Local self-government is a

government formed by the people of that locality to look after their basic needs like clean water supply, health facilities, transport, etc.

2. They are so excited because the Gram Sabha is holding its firstmeetingaftertheelectionof the new Gram Panchayat.

Theyarekeentofindoutwhattheir new Panchayat leaders have planned for the village.

3. A Gram Sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat. These adults seek answers from their elected representatives.

4. (i) The new Panchayat leaders have a plan on repairing the road that connects the village to the main highway.

(ii) They will also discuss on the subject of water and water shortages.

5. They want a permanent solution for the water crisis because groundwater levels seem to be going down every year.

6. The next item on the agenda for the Gram Sabha is the finalisationofthelistofpeoplebelow the poverty line (BPL) which had to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

7. Poor people who have no land of their own and work on other’s land as labourers to


3. The following are the sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat:

(i) Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.

(ii) Government scheme funds received through various departments of the government — through the Janpad and Zila Parishad.

(iii) Donations for community works, etc.

4. According to Saroj only poor people should be enlisted in the BPL list. Since Om Prakash is a landless labourer who can barely make ends meet he should be kept below the poverty line (BPL). But his name is not on the list. Therefore Saroj requests the Sarpanch to include his (Om Prakash’s) name in the list. The Sarpanch gives instructions that Om Prakash’s family income be looked out and if it is less than what has been decided by the government, his name should be included in the list.

5. (i) The Gram Sabha consists of all adults living in the village whereas the Gram Panchayat is elected by the members of the Gram Sabhaforfiveyears.

The Gram Panchayat is therefore answerable to the Gram Sabha.

(ii) The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

meet their basic needs should be put in the list of BPL.

8. They were shocked to see the names of Natwar and Birju in the list of BPL because these were wealthy people of the village.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Gram Sabha is a meeting of

all adults who live in the area covered by a Gram Panchayat. This could be only one village or a few villages. The Gram Panchayat has a secretary who is also secretary of the Gram Sabha. This person is appointed by the government and is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. The Gram Sabha is the place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed before the people. The Gram Panchayat cannot do any thing without the consent of the Gram Sabha. Thus, the Gram Sabha is a key factor in making the Gram Panchayat play its role and be responsible.

2. The functions of a Gram Panchayat are given below:

(i) I t is responsible for the construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage, school, buildings and other common property resources.

(ii) It levies and collects local taxes.

(iii) It executes government s c h e m e s r e l a t e d t o generating employment in the village.


that they should find ways to conserve water. Anwar, one of the members of the Gram Sabha suggested for watershed development programme. Everyone liked this idea and decided to plant trees, construct check-dams and tanks. The villagers realised that this would be a permanent solution of water shortages.

2. (a) Nimone village had been facing a severe water shortage for the last few months and villagers depended on tankers for all their needs. There was a fair chance of unequal distribution of water in such situation. So, when the tanker came in the village, Bhagvan insisted that the water in the tanker must be emptied into the storage tanks constructed as part of the water supply scheme by Nimone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. But the upper caste men were against this. They did not want the lower caste take the tanker water. When Bhagvan objected, he was beaten with sticks, iron rods and axes by a group of seven men.

(b) The above incident is undoubtedly a case of

(iii) The Gram Sabha keeps an eye on the Gram Panchayat. It prevents the Gram Panchayat from doing wrong things like misuing money. Thus, the Gram Sabha is the controlling power over the Gram Panchayat.

6. (a) Recently our Panchayat undertook the task of building pucca roads all through the village. It was important because kaccha roads had been posing many problems for several years especially during the rainy season.

(b) The money was collected mainly as contribution from the villagers. The Panchayat welfare fund also contributed some part of it.

(c) The work has been completed with in the given time and it is now in use. The villagers are happy.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. The villagers in Hardas village

faced acute water problem. The handpump water had gone below the point up to which the ground has been drilled. As a result, there was no water in the taps and the village women had to cover a distance of 3 km to get water.

In order to solve this problem the villagers gathered together in the Gram Sabha meeting and held discussions. Finally, they arrived at a conclusion


3. 2005 4. She is the eldest daughter of

an agricultural family. 5. TehsilPuzzle Time

T Q P A T W A R I V

E V O P A Q C K F I

H X L B L E J P T L

S A I G U I R R A L

I P C L K U E O P A

L I E R A D V P S G

D N Y V C M E E H E

A T F X Q A N R N W

R R D I S P U T E Z

R E C O R D E Y E B

F A R M E R I D G Q

Oral Questions 1. StationHouseOfficer 2. A subdivision of a district 3. He is known as tehsildar 4. Police station 5. Lekhpal, Kanungo.Fill in the Blanks 1. land’s 2. police station 3. villages 4. sisterTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Police department 2. When he wants to buy or sell

a plot of land

Chapter 6 Rural Administration


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (b) Raghu had taken over

some of his land 2. (a) police station 3. (a) measure land and keep

land records 4. (d) all of these 5. (c) TehsildarsMatch the following (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(d) (v)—(c)Fill in the Blanks 1. land revenue

2. Sarpanch 3. complaints 4. farmers 5. tehsilTrue/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mohan and Raghu had a

common boundary of their fields.OnemorningMohannoticed that Raghu had shifted the boundary by a few feet. By doing so, he had managed to take over some of

discrimination. The upper caste men tried to suppress the genuine demands of the lower castes. They did

not want them to take the tanker water just because they belonged to lower caste.


8. (i) The police and (ii) the Patwari.

9. Every girl wants a place of her own, not dowry.

10. Before the Hindu Succession Amendment Act passed in 2005, Hindu women did not get a share in the family’s agricultural land. After the death of the father his property was divided equally only among his sons.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The work of the police is

associated with establishing law and order in society and creating an environment in which everyone feels safe. But despite the alertness of the police there occurs incidences like thefts, accidents, injuries etc. around us. In such a situation we can go to the police station that comes under our area and inform the police about these incidents. It is the responsibility of the police of that area to enquire, to investigate and take action on the cases within its area.

2. (i) The work of a Patwari is mainly associated with measuring land and keeping land records. He is responsible for a group of villages. He maintains and updates the records of the village.

(ii) The Patwari i s a lso responsible for organising the collection of land r e v e n u e f r o m t h e farmers and providing informat ions to the

Mohan’s land and increased the size of hisownfield.

2. Mohan was angry but at the same time frightened. He knew that Raghu had a solid family background. His uncle was the Sarpanch of the village. So, he hesitated to confront him in the beginning. But somehow he gathered courage and went to Raghu’s house where a heated argument took place between the two.

3. He along with some villagers went to the police station. He met the person in-charge i.e. StationHouseOfficerandtoldhim his grievances. He also said that he wanted to give the complaint in writing.

4. The Station House Officer didn’t take Mohan’s complaint seriously. He rudely brushed him aside saying that he couldn’t be bothered to waste his time writing down minor complaints and then investigating them.

5. When insisted by Mohan and othervillagerstheSHOfinallyagreed to register the case. He asked Mohan to write down his complaint and also told the people that he would send a constable the next day to investigate the incident.

6. The main work of the Patwari is measuring land and keeping land records.

7. Every police station has an area that comes under its control. All persons in that area can report cases or inform the police about any theft, accident, injury,fight,etc.


together with a map under the following circumstances—

(i) They want to buy a plot of land from another.

(ii) They want to sell their produce to another.

(iii) They want a loan from the bank to dig a well in their land.

(iv) They want to purchase fertilizersfortheirfield.

(v) They want to divide their property among their children.

6. The Patwari organises the collection of land revenue f r o m t h e f a r m e r s a n d provides information to the government about the crops grown in the particular area. The Panchayat uses this money in the development of that area or village. In this way we see that the work of both the Patwari and the Panchayat is associated with village. Both work for the village upliftment.

7. The poem raises the issue of the rights of a girl child. A girl has every right to be treated equally in the family and society. She should be given the same right as a male child is given. There should be equal distribution of the paternal property among all the member of the family. A girl does not want dowry. Instead, she wants a place of her own. Dowry is not a thing that adds to the prestige of a girl. It does not empower her but makes her feel weak and helpless. Hence, the system of dowry should be abolished.

government about the crops grown in that area.

(iii) This is done from the records that are kept and this is why it’s important f o r t h e Pa t wa r i t o regularly update these.

3. A Tehsildar is a revenue officerwho is in-chargeof atehsil or taluka, a sub-division of a district. He works under the supervision of the District Collector.

Various work done by a Tehsildar:

(i) He hears land disputes. (ii) He also supervises the

work of the patwaris and ensures that records are kept and land revenue is collected.

(iii) He makes sure that the farmers can easily obtain a copy of their record, students can obtain their castecertificate,etc.

4. Be fore the new Hindu Success ion Law Hindu women did not get a share in the family’s agricultural land. After the death of the father his property was divided equally only among his sons.

With the passing of the Hindu Succession Amendment Act in 2005, this law came to be changed. In the new law sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share in the land. The same law will apply to all states and union territories of the country. This lawwill definitely benefit alarge number of women.

5. Farmers often require a copy of their land’s record


Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Yes 2. Property tax 3. A Municipal Council 4. Commissioner and administra-

tive staff 5. five yearsPuzzle Time

M U N I C I P A L I T Y C

B D E C G E C C B H N F O

G B S A P I F N F K C I U

A E T M V W T A Y R O S N

R P R K J A G D H X R U C

B B E D U R C X C S P D I

A W E O H D T F U H O Y L

G B T D A I R J O X R P L

E U X V M I Z S L T A A O

G D E P A R T M E N T S R

V G U W G W E Q W N I U Q

X E L O C A L I T Y O Y S

Q T A X R T C Z Z D N Q V

Oral Questions 1. Ward Councillor 2. Group of councillors 3. The Commissioner is an

administrative staff and the Councillor of an elected body.

4. A sum of money that people pay to the government for the services the government provides.

5. People who own homes have to pay a property tax.

Fill in the Blanks 1. Panches 2. wards 3. Ward Councillors 4. entire city 5. five yearsTrue/False 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T

Chapter 7 Urban Administration


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (c) Ward Councillor 2. (d) the insanitary condition

of her locality 3. (a) sanitation of his ward 4. (a) big cities 5. (c) Chandigarh

Match the following (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)

Fill in the Blanks 1. ward 2. Councillors 3. implement 4. councillors 5. property

True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The head of the Municipal

Corporation is called the Mayor.

2. Such complicated decisions are taken by groups of councillors.

3. The Municipal Corporation earns only 25-30 per cent of the money from property tax.

4. D i f f e r e n t d e p a r t m e n t s that work for the city are — the garbage collection


They are: (i) It takes care of the street

lights. Whenever, they are broken, it is the responsibility of the Municipal Corporation to get them replaced.

(ii) I t takes care of the cleanliness of the streets b y c o l l e c t i n g a n d processing garbage.

(iii) It is also responsible for ensuring that diseases do not break out in the city.

(iv) It also runs schools, hospitals and dispensaries and makes gardens and maintains them.

2. The Commissioner and the administrative staff are not elected bodies. They are appointed by the government. Councillors are elected by the people of their ward.

The decisions like where a park or a new hospital should go are usually made by the Ward Councillors. The complicated decisions that affect the entire city are taken by groups of councillors who form committees to decide and debate issues. For example, if a crowded market place needs to have its garbage cleared more regularly the committee for garbage collection will decide on the work to be done, after the decisions are taken by the Councillor.

3. S u r a t wa s o n e o f t h e dirtiest cities in India till 1994. Houses, hotels and restaurants would dump

department, a department to look after gardens, the water department, etc.

5. Garbage collection on regular basis is very essential for keeping our surroundings neat and clean. If garbage is lying in open spaces, astray dogs, rats and flies will be attracted. People get ill from the smell and polluted atmosphere.

6. She was protesting about the filthy environment of her locality.

7. A Municipal Councillor is an elected representative of a ward. He is also known as Ward Councillor.

8. Collecting garbage without wearing safety equipments is full of dangers. The rag pickers may fall sick or they may develop symptoms of some deadly diseases in the long run. Pieces of broken glasses may injure their hands and legs.

9. She decided to approach the Ward Councillor because it was he who is assigned to look after the sanitation of that locality.

10. Gangabai said that the Commissioner had enough trucks to collect garbage from the rich localities but he had not a single for the poor ones like hers.

11. Nagar Nigam and Nagar Palika.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Municipal Corporation

performs various tasks for us.


Long Answer Type Questions 1. The Municipal Corporation

does a lot of work for the welfare of the city people. For this it requires a lot of money. The Municipal Corporation collects this money through taxes. A tax is a sum of money that people pay to the government for the services the government provides. People who own homes have to pay a property tax as well as taxes for water and other services. The larger the houses the more the tax. Property tax however form only 25-30 per cent of the money that a Municipal Corporation earns.

There are also taxes for education and other amenities. If one owns a hotel or shop then one has to pay a tax for this as well. If one purchases a movie ticket or something else one has to pay a tax for this as well. Thus, a large section of the population pays general taxes.

2. Gangabai and other women of her locality got fed up with Councillor of their ward because he was not payingmuchattentiontothewelfare of the people of his ward. Their complain was that garbage was not being collected since a long time. Needless to say that garbage ifnotcollectedattractsdogs,ratsandflies.Also,peoplegetill from the smell. Gangabai took the initiative and went to

their garbage into the nearest drain or street which made itverydifficult forsweepersto collect and transfer the garbage into selected dumps. The Municipal Council also didnotpayanyattention. Itdid not collect the garbage as often as it should have and this led to the situation getting worse. In Surat, several people lost their lives and over 300,000 deserted the town when plague broke out there. The scare of the plague ensured that the Municipal Council completely cleaned up the city. To this date Surat is the second cleanest city in India after Chandigarh.

4. The children broke the street light while playing cricket. They grew nervous because its replacement was not possible for them. They didn’t know whom did the street light belong to hence, they rushed to Rehana’s mother who told them that it was the Municipal Corporation of the city that takes care of replacing lights. Then she referred them to Yashmin Khala who had just retired from the Municipal Corporation. She would be the best person in this regard. So, the children went to her (Yasmin Khala) for getting detailed knowledge about the Municipal Corporation and its functions.

5. See Short Answer No.1


signed by all of the adults in the locality saying that garbage was not be ing collected. Next morning a large group of women and the Ward Councillor and the sanitation engineer went to the Municipal Corporation office. The Commissioner met with this large group and promised to get the work done immediately.

the Ward Councillor’s house with a group of women. They began shouting slogans in front of his house and he came out and asked them what was wrong.

Gangabai described the situation in the locality to him. The Ward Councillor promised to go with them the next day to meet the Commissioner. He asked Gangabai to get a petition

Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. They depend on the work they

doonotherpeople’sfieldstoearn a living.

2. Removing wild plants from a piece of ground, etc.

3. In mountainous regions. 4. A landless labourer. 5. In Tamil Nadu.Fill in the Blanks 1. upama 2. low hills 3. Ramalingam’s 4. two acres 5. monsoonTrue/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. No 2. Terrace 3. 80% 4. Fishing 5. A fast sailing boat with two

hulls of equal size.Puzzle TimeAcross 1. Kolpattu 2. Farmers 6. RamanDown 3. Terrace farming 4. Nurses 5. Blacksmith 7. Monsoon 8. Migration

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (d) all of these 2. (b) ` 40 per day 3. (a) landless labourers 4. (c) terrace farming

5. (c) fishing 6. (c) FebruaryMatch the following (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(e) (v)—(b)


agricultural labourer families. Since they have no land of their own, they have to depend on the work they do on other people’s fields to earn a living. So far small farmers are concerned, they have land barely enough to meet their needs. In India 80% of the farmers belong to this group. Only 20% of India’s farmers can be categorised as big or large farmers. These farmers cultivate most of the land in the villages. A large part of their produce is sold in the market. Many of them have started businesses such as shops, moneylending, trading, etc.

2. There arefishingvillages inthe coastal areas. People living in these villages earn their livelihoodbyfishing.Pudupetisoneof thefishingvillageswhere Aruna and Paarivelan live. Their houses are close to theseaandonecanfindrowsof catamarans and nets living around.

Aruna’s husband, Paarivelan, and their relatives set out to sea in the early morning around 2:00 am. They return at about 7 O’clock with their catch.

Since they have owned an enginewhich is fixedon tothe catamaran, they can go farintotheseatogetabettercatch. Every year, for at atleast about four months during the monsoon, they cannot go to the sea because this is when thefishbreed.During

Fill in the Blanks 1. breed 2. borrowed 3. migrate 4. Ramalingam 5. agricultural 6. 4:30True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Ploughing, levelling, sowing,

seeds, weeding, watering, s p r a y i n g p e s t i c i d e s , harvesting, etc.

2. ThepeopleofKalpattuvillageare engaged in non-farm work such as making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks, bullock-carts, etc.

3. The cultivation of paddy gives Thulasi regular work.

4. Different steps associatedwith paddy cul t ivat ion are— preparing saplings, transplanting, weeding and harvesting.

5. It is because she can depend on him for work. Unlike others, he does not go looking for cheaper labour from other villages.

6. He sprays pesticides. 7. When there is no work on the

farmhefindsworkoutside,either loading sand from the river or stone from the quarry nearby.

8. Sekar has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local milk cooperative. This way he earnssomeextramoney.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. In India, nearly two out of

everyfive rural families are


work outside, either loading sand from the river or stone from the quarry nearby.

5. These people are Thulasi, Sekar and Ramalingam. The poorest among them is Thulasi. She is a daily wage earner. She has no land of her own and works on Ramalingam’s vast field to earn ` 40 per day. The wages that she gets from Ramalingam is less than what labourers get in her home village. Still she comes there because she can depend on him to call her whenever there is work.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. Small farmers are generally

poorpeople.Itisverydifficultfor them to carry on farming activit ies on their own. Hence, they need to borrow money to purchase basic things like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Often they borrow this money from moneylenders. If the seeds are not of good quality or pests attack their crops then therecan be a major crop failure. The crops can also be ruined if the monsoon does not bring enough rain. When this happens farmers sometimes are unable to pay back their loans. And, for the family to survive, they may even have to borrow more money. Soon the loan becomes so large that they become miserably helpless to repay. In this way poor farmers are caught in debt.

these months they survive by borrowing from the trader.

3. Kalpattu village is close to the sea coast in Tamil Nadu. It is surrounded by low hills. Paddy is the main crop that is grown in irrigated lands. Most of the families here earn a living through agriculture. There is non-farm work too such as making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks, bullock-carts, etc.

There are also people who provide services such as blacksmiths, nurses, teachers, washermen, weavers, cycle repair mechanics, etc. There are also some shopkeepers and traders. There are some tea shops which sell tiffin. There are some people who go to the nearby town to work as construction workers and lorry drivers.

4. Thulasi is a landless labourer. She works on Ramalingam’s paddyfields.Shetransplantst h e p a d d y , w h e n t h e plants grow a bit. Then she does weeding and finally harvest ing. Apart f rom working on Ramalingam’s land, she does all the tasks at home. She cooks food, cleans the house and wash clothes. She also collects firewood and fetches water from a long distance.

Thulasi’s work is different from Raman, her husband although he is also a labourer. He sprays pesticides in the farm. But as this is not a regularwork,hehas tofind


on these lands for work as labourers. Most farmers grow crops both for their own needs and also to sell in the market. Some have to sell to traders from whom they have borrowed money. For their survival, many families need to borrow money for work or when no work is available. There are some families in rural areas which thrive on large acres of lands, business and other activities.

2. People in rural areas earn their living in various ways. Some work on farms while others from their living earn non-farm activities. Working on farms involves operations such as preparing the land, s o w i n g , w e e d i n g a n d harvesting of crops. People are busy during sowing and harvesting and less so at other times.

How people are able to earn depends upon the land that they cultivate. Many depend

Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTOral Questions 1. A local governing body. 2. They supply services on an

irregular or flexible basis. 3. A rickshaw puller. 4. They sell household articles

door to door. 5. Business persons.

Fill in the Blanks 1. English 2. certain 3. Marketing 4. Labour chowk 5. reducesTrue/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F

Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Municipal Corporation 2. Zari works and embroidery 3. An export garment unit 4. Yes 5. VandanaPuzzle Time

T E M P O R A R Y C X

G B M H Q F J C K O R

N H D K C O S B P M E

A G G W A G E S H P G

W S R J S T A L G A U

P V C Z U F N Q A N L

E L O F A C T O R Y A

S K S A L A R Y M R R

H W Y M V D I T E Y E

O I Q X F U Y X N I Z

P E R M A N E N T J U

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTMultiple Choice Questions 1. (a) rickshaw puller 2. (c) earn a living

3. (a) dress designers 4. (d) all of the above 5. (b) from 9 am to 10 pm 6. (d) all of these


6. (i) There should be hawking zones for towns and cities.

(ii) Mobile vendors should be allowed to move around freely.

7. Seeing people’s preference for readymade garments they started a showroom. To run the showroom they buy things from different places such as Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana and Tripura. They get some dress items from abroad too.

8. They employ a number of other workers as supervisors and helpers to manage their shops.

9. It is the Municipal Corporation that decides on which day of the week the market has to remain closed.

10. A labour chowk is a platform where daily wage labourers wait with their tools for people to come and take them for work.

11. S m a l l w o r k s h o p s a n d factories employ casual workers because they don’t have regular work.

12. Yes. Domestic workers like housemaids are also casual workers because they are at the will of their employer. They can be asked to leave any time.

Short Answer Type Questions 1. (i) People employed in

permanent jobs ge t

Match the following (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(c)

Fill in the Blanks 1. biscuits 2. street vendors 3. streets 4. Call centres 5. benefitsTrue/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. If he takes a day off from work

he will not earn anything on that day as a result of which he will have to face difficulties.

2. In the survey of Ahmedabad city it was found that 12 per cent of all workers in the city were people working on the street. They sometimes sell things or repair them or provide a service.

3. Hawkers set up their shops on roadsides. Hence, they can be asked to dismantle them at any time by the police. There are certain parts of the city where these hawkers are not allowed to enter.

4. S treet vending was t i l l recently looked upon only as an obstruction to traffic and to people walking.

5. With the effort of many organisations street vending is now recognised as general benefit and as a right of people to earn their livelihood.


3. A good number of city people are daily wage labourers which mean they earn their living on daily basis. These people work as helpers to masons. They dig at construction sites, lift loads or unload trucks in the market. They dig pipelines and telephone cables and also build road. The life of these labourers is very tough. They have no permanent accommodation and therefore sleep on pavement.

4. Sudha is a permanent worker. She get a regular salary every month. Along with it she also getotherbenefitssuchasthefollowing:

(i) A part of her salary is kept in fund with the government. She will earn interest on these savings. When she retires from this job she will get this money and she can then live on that.

(ii) She get off on Sunday and national holidays. She also gets some days as annual leave.

(iii) Her company pays the medical expenses up to a certain amount for her and her family members. She get medical leave when she fall ill and her salary is not cut if she takes this leave.

5. With the advent of call centres in big cities new job opportunities are open for

a regular salary every month. They can expect their job to continue for a long period of time. But those employed in casual jobs work on temporary basis. They are required to come as and when the employer need them.

(ii) Pe r m a n e n t w o r k e r s get other benefits too such as savings for old age, holidays, medical facilities, etc. Thus, they enjoy job security for their entire life. But casual workers do not get these facilities. What is more, they can be asked to leave any time.

(iii) The working hours of permanent workers are welldefinedbutthesameconditions is not applied for the casual workers. They are made to work for long hours.

2. These people work on their own. They are not employed by anyone and therefore have to organise their own work. They have to plan how much to purchase, as well as where and how to set up their shops. Their shops are usually temporary structures. They may also use their own carts or simply a plastic sheet spread on the pavement. They can be asked to dismantle their shops at any time by the police. They have no job security.


the i r own shops or business. They are also not employed by anyone.

(iv) There are casual workers who work for long hours to earn only very low salary. Their job is temporary.

(v) There are also people whoworkinofficesandgovernment departments. Their job is permanent.

2.• People like Nirmala are casual workers. They have to work for long hours especially during the peak seasons. A normal working day begins at 9:00 am and finishes only by 10:00 am, sometimes even later. At times when the work needs to be done urgently, they have to work on Sundays, too.

•Thefactoryareaisfullofsmall workshops. They seemed to be endless rows of them. This makes the entire atmosphere suffocative.

•Casual workers areusually low paid people. For example, Nirmala is paid ` 80 a day for eight hours and ` 40 extra for working late. This amount is not sufficient to fulfil the daily needs.

•Most workers, likeNirmala, are employed on casual basis, i.e. they are required to come as and when the employer need

young and ambitious men and women. These call centres are playing a big role in reducing unemployment in India.

A call centre is centralised officethatdealswithproblemsand questions that consumers/ customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking, etc. Call centres are generally set up as large rooms with work stations that include a computer, a telephone set and supervisor’s stations. India has become a major centre not only for Indian companies but also for foreign companies. They set up call centres here as they can get people who are efficient inEnglish andwillwork for lower wages.

Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) People living in the city

do a variety of work: Very often we come across rickshaw pullers, hawkers, persons selling newspapers, vegetable vendors , e tc . These people work on their own. They are not employed by anyone. They spend most of their time on the streets.

(ii) A g o o d n u m b e r o f people earn their living by doing work on daily wages. These daily wage labourers work as helpers to masons.

(iii) There are also business persons who manage


of spices and the special geographical location of Ladakh and its wool that drew traders to these regions.

4. The Jallianwalla Bagh masscre is the most unfortunate incident in the history of India. It took place in Amritsar when aBritishgeneralopenedfireon a large group of unarmed, peaceful people killing many and wounding even more. Men and women, Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims, rich and poor had gathered to protest against the British.

5. The British thought they could divide Indians because they were so different and then continue to rule them. But the people of India stood unitedly against them, fought their battleandwontheirfreedom.Their diversities did not come in their way.

6. Keralawasanattractiveplacefor traders. Jewish and Arab traderswerethefirsttocomehere. The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas is believed to have come here nearly 2000 years ago and he is credited with bringing Christianity to India. Many Arab traders also cameandsettled down here. IbnBattuta travelledhere a

A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) all of these 2. (a) travel 3. (c) Amritsar 4. (b) travellerB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(b)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Ladakh 2. Melting snow 3. travelogue 4. tradeD. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1.• Ladakh is a desert in the

mountains in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir.

• Kerala is a state in thesouth-west corner of India. It is surrounded by the sea on one side and hills on the other.

2. Ladakh is also called Little Tibet because one can notice heretheinfluenceofTibetanculture. Local versions of the Tibetan epic the Kesar Saga are performed and sung by the Ladakhis with great zeal.

3. Both Ladakh and Kerala were influencedbyChineseand Arab traders. It was the geography of Kerala which allowed for the cultivation

them. They are employed when the employer gets large orders or during certain seasons. At other

times of the year they have to find some other work.

WORKSHEET-1


people depend on the melting snow during the summer months. People here also rear sheep for their wool.

8. While Ladakh is a desert in the mountains in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala is surrounded by the sea on one side and hills on the other side. Obviously these geographical factors will influence the people’s clothing and eating habits. Even the kinds of work they dowilldifferfromeachother.

(i) The people of Ladakh eat meat and milk products like cheese and butter. The people of Kerala eat rice,fishandvegetables.

(ii) The people of Ladakh rear sheep for their pashmina wool. They carefully collect the wool of the sheep and sell this to the traders from Kashmir. The people of Kerala are engaged in the cultivation of spices. The fertile land and climate are suited to growing rice.

(iii) People of Ladakh follow Islam and Buddhism whereas keralites practise different religions such a s J u d a i s m , I s l a m , Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism.

littlelessthansevenhundredyears ago, wrote a travelogue in which he describes the lives of Muslims. The Portuguese discovered the sea route to India from Europe when Vasco Da Gama landed with his ship here.

Because of all these various historical influences, peoplein Kerala practise different religions such as Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism.

7. Kerala is a state in the south-west corner of India. It is surrounded by the sea on one side and hills on the other. A number of spices such as pepper, cloves and cardamoms are grown on the hills. The land of Kerala is very fertile and the climate is suitable for cultivation. Hence, people here are engaged in agriculture and grow a bountiful of rice. The people living near the sea are engagedinfishing.

Since Ladakh is a desert in the mountains in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir very little agriculture is possible here. This region does not receive any rain and is covered with snow for a large part of the year. For drinking water

WORKSHEET-2

A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) He converted to Christian

in later part of his life.

2. (a) special needs 3. (d) education 4. (c) both (a) and (b)


(ii) Discrimination also takes place due to people’s economic backgrounds. Those who are poor do not have resources or the money to meet their basic needs. They experience discriminationinoffices,hospitals, schools, etc. where they are treated badly because they are poor.

(iii) Discrimination also takes place due to people’s cultural backgrounds. Some people experience discrimination because they belong to groups whose culture is not valued. For example, the culture of tribals is not given much importance.

4. See the above answer. 5. The caste system that remained

in practice for a long time was based on evil notions. In this system, communities or groups of people were placed in a sort of ladder where each caste was either above or below the other. Those who placed themselves at the top of this ladder called themselves upper caste and saw themselves as superior. The groups who were placed at the bottom of the ladder were seen unworthy and called untouchables. These untouchables were assigned to do all dirty works like cleaning, washing, cutting hair, picking garbage, etc.

B. Match the columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(b)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. less 2. equality 3. temples 4. regularD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Thetermsgenderdifferences

refers to average group differences between males and females. There is a general notion that girls should be soft and well-behaved and boys should be physically strong and naughty.

2. (i) Stereotypes prevents us from looking at each person as a unique individual with his or her own special qualities and skills that are different fromothers.Theyfitlargenumbers of people into onlyonepatternortype.

(ii)Stereotypeaffectallofusas they prevent us from doing certain things that we might otherwise be good at.

3. (i)Peoplebelongtodifferentreligions. This diversity c a n b e a s o u r c e o f discrimination. Groups of people who follow a particular religion may be discriminated against as their customs or practices may be seen as inferior.


to takeondifferentkindsofgovernment jobs in order to move out of the caste system. HeledmanyeffortsofDalitsto gain entry into temples. Thus, he fought for the rights of the Dalit community.

8. Our Constitution insists that the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or region.

It is important for all people to be equal because only then our society would prosper. It is our right to be treated equally and given due respect. It is also our right to enjoy equality of opportunities. In absence of all these, we cannot think of a prosperous society.

6. Caste-based discrimination badly affect Dalits. It is not only limited to preventing them from undertaking certain economic but activities but also denies them the respect and dignity given to others.

7. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was one of the greatest leaders of India. He is considered the father of the Indian Constitution and is also the best known leader of the Dalits. He was born into the Mahar caste which was considered untouchable.

Dr. Ambedkar did a lot for the upliftment of his community. He encouraged Dalits to sent their children to school and college. He also urged Dalits

WORKSHEET-3A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) all of these 2. (c) central government 3. (a) state 4. (d) all of theseB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. court 2. licence 3. actions 4. voteD. True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False

E. Answers the following questions 1. Our Constitution aims at

providing equality to all its citizens.

2. The government— (i) promotes people to

honour human dignity. (ii) promotes patriotism

among the people of the country.

(iii) binds people to obey rules.

3. There are two types of government — democracy and monarchy.

In a democracy people elect their rulers who make decisions for their welfare. These rulers are accountable to the people. They have to explain their actions and defend the decisions to the people.

In a monarchy, the monarch (king or queen) has the power


allowed to vote and they therefore came together to determine the fate of the majority. This unfairness shocked Mahatma Gandhi and he started demanding right to vote for all adults.

6. (i) A democratic government is people’s own government.

(ii) It allows what is known as universal adult franchise. This means that all adults in the country are allowed to vote.

to make decisions and run the government.

He/she does not have to explain his/her actions or defend the decisions he/she takes.

4. If people feel that a particular law is not being followed, they may approach the court and claim that the law is not being followed. The court can then give orders about what should be done.

5. In India, before Independence, only a small minority was

WORKSHEET-4A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Tamil Nadu 2. (c) fiveyears 3. (a) Nelson Mandela 4. (d) all of theseB. Match the Columns (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. unequal 2. traders 3. races 4.unjustifiedD. True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. Untouchables were regarded

as inferior people in the Indian society. They were forbidden from living in the area of upper caste people. They were denied education, transport or medical facilities and even the chance to offer prayers.They were meant to do all

dirty work such as cleaning, washing, picking garbage, etc.

2. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, himself a Dalit, fought for the rights of this group of people.

3. Lowering school fees for girls is undoubtedly a positive step towards promoting them to go to school. In our society there is a general tendency to value and care for the boy child more than the girl child. Hence, parents of girl child do not want to spend money particularly on her education and health. They take girls as a burden and show no interest in any work related to them. When this type of mentality is so active in our society, government’s intervention is most welcome. By lowering the school fees for girls, it can encourage their parents to send them to school.

4. In order to provide justice to girls, our government has initiated special provisions


police, meet the representatives of concerned communities and try to arrive at a solution. At times, there is fear that violence may erupt, with people trying to disrupt the procession. The police is responsible for ensuring that violence does not take place.

8. The Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu has been in existence for the last 30 years. The water stored in Krishnasagar dam in Karnataka is used for irrigating a number of districts and for meeting the needs of the city of Bangalore. The water stored in Mettur dam in Tamil Nadu is used for crops grown in the delta region of that state.

A conflict arises because both dams are on the same river. The downstream dam in TamilNaducanonlybefilledup if water is released from the upstream one located in Karnataka. Therefore, both states can’t get as much water as they need for people in their states. This leads to conflict.

The central government has to step in and see that a fair distribution is worked out for both states.

that can enable girls to overcome the injustice that they are subjected to. It has lowered school fees for them to promote education among them.

5. She would enjoy equal status in society. She would get a school where children from all classes irrespective of their status, colour, study together. She would travel in a common bus or train. The same hospital would treat her. She would enjoy the right to vote. She would lead a free life. There would not be any one to suppress her feelings.

6. See Short Answer No.2. 7. Sometimes conflicts occur

among people of different cultures, religions, regions or economic backgrounds. People may use violent means tosettle theirdifferences.Toavert this, the government comes forward. It plays a major role in resolving their conflicts.

We can take help of an example to understand how the government does this task. Religious processions and celebrations can sometimes leadtoconflicts.Forexample,the route a procession takes may lead to a conflict. The government, particularly the

WORKSHEET-5A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) It can dismiss the Gram

Panchayat whenever it wishes.

2. (a) block level

3. (d) all of these 4. (c) Zila ParishadB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(d)


e l e c t r i c i t y , e d u c a t i o n , transport, etc. to the village people. It keeps an eye on the Gram Panchayat. It prevents it (Gram Panchayat) from doing wrong things like misusing money, etc.

4. Yes, all members should attend Gram Sabha meetings to ensure the welfare of the villagers through essential and voluntary functions.

5. The Panchayati Raj System works at three levels—

(i) The first is village level, which is called the Gram Panchayat. The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable to the Gram Sabha because it is the members of the Gram Sabha who have elected them.

(ii) The second is the Block level, which is called the Janpad Panchayat or the Panchayat Samiti. The Panchayat Samiti has many Gram Panchayats under it.

(iii) The third is District level, which is called the Zila Parishad . It is above the Panchayat Samiti. It makes developmental plans at the district level. It also regulates the money distribution among all the Gram Panchayats with the help of Panchayat Samitis.

6. A Village Panchayat is divided into several wards. Each ward elects a representative who is called the Ward Member

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. permanent 2. Gram Sabha 3. district 4. Panchayat SamitisD. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True

E. Answers the following questions 1. The Panchayati Raj System is a

process through which people participate in their own government. The purpose that it serves is to provide more and more space for people to participate and raise their voices.

2. The Hardas Gram Panchayat members first discussed the suggestion to deepen two handpumps and clean one well, so that the village would not go without water. The Sarpanch suggested that since the Panchayat had received some money for maintenance of handpumps, this could be used for completing this work. The members agreed and the Secretary recorded their decision.

3. The Gram Sabha is the most important body of the Panchayati Raj System. It is a meeting where people directly participate and seek answers from their elected representatives. It provides a platform where strategies for the village development are planned and implemented. It is the Gram Sabha that provides basic civic amenities like clean drinking water,


his name was not in the BPL list.

8. A watershed is simply the geographic area through which water flow across the land and drains into a common body of water, whether a stream, river, lake, or ocean.

Watershed management aim at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human communities.

It helps in conservation of water. It is an effective method to tackle water shortages.

or Panch. All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is the Panchayat President. The Panchs and the Sarpanch form the Gram Panchayat. The Gram Panchayat is elected for five years.

The Gram Panchayat has a Secretary who is also the Secretary of the Gram Sabha. This person is appointed by the government and is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat and keeping a record of the proceedings.

7. Yes, Om Prakash was a landless labourer who could barely make ends meet. Yet

WORKSHEET-6A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) kanungo 2. (b) police 3. (d) S.H.O. 4. (c) all states and union

territoriesB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d)

(iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. districts 2. Patwari 3. Police Station 4. District CollectorD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

WORKSHEET-7A. Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) wards 2. (b) Municipal 3. (d) all of these 4. (a) small town 5. (c) sanitation departmentB. Match the Columns (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) (iv)—(e) (v)—(d)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. 1994 2. Ward Councillor 3. danger 4. 25-30 5. moreD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False


WORKSHEET-8A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) collecting mahua 2. (a) 80 3. (b) moneylenders 4. (a) two acresB. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. tsunami 2. nature 3. harvest 4. loanD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. FalseE. Answers the following questions 1. In terrace farming, the land

on a hill slope is made into flat plots and carved out in steps. The sides of each plot are raised in order to retain water. This allows water to stand in the field, which is best for rice cultivation.

2. Interest-free loan or loan at lower rate can be of great help for farmers like Sekar. The government can also provide seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to them on subsidised rate.

3. People in rural areas migrate because they are not able to earn money throughout the year. They travel to long distances in search of work.

4. To pay back this loan he has to sell his paddy to the trader at a somewhat lower price than what he would get in the market.

5. Sekar works in Ramalingam’s rice mill. There he helps him collect paddy from other farmers in the neighbouring villages. He also has a hybrid cow, whose milk he sells in the local milk cooperative. This way he get a little extra money.

6. Ramalingam owns a rice mill by dint of which he prepares rice from the paddy and sells them to traders in nearby town. He also owns a shop selling seeds, pesticides etc. He also buys paddy from within the village and from the surrounding villages. The rice that is produced in the mill is sold to traders. This gives him a substantial income.

7. Apart from working on the land, Thulasi does all the household chores — like cooking food for the family, cleaning the house and washing clothes. She goes to the nearby forest to collect firewood. She also fetches water from about one kilometre.

8. Sekar is a small farmer who owns only two acres of land. He and his family grow paddy in their land. They manage to do all the work on their own. But during the harvest they take help of some small farmers. Since he gets seeds and fertilisers as a loan from the trader, he pays back this loan by selling a few bags of


WORKSHEET-9A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Municipal Corporation 2. (c) labour chowk 3. (a) big cities 4. (b) poor salary

B. Match the Columns (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) (iv)—(c)

C. Fill in the Blanks 1. have 2. long 3. workshops 4. VendorD. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

o o o

paddy to him at a low price. Whatever paddy remains with him lasts only for eight

months. Hence, Sekar works on Ramalingam’s land to earn some extra money.

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