questionnaire design
DESCRIPTION
question designTRANSCRIPT
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Deny A. KwaryAirlangga Universitywww.kwary.net
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What is a questionnaire?A set of questions on a topic or group of topics designed to be answered by a respondent (Richards at al. 1992: 303)
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Methods of Data Collection Using QuestionnairesMail questionnairesAdvantages: (1) Low cost of data collection, (2) avoidance of interviewer bias, and (3) ability to reach respondents who live far away.Disadvantages: (1) low response rates, (2) no opportunity to correct misunderstanding, and (3) no check on incomplete sentences.Self-administered questionnairesGroup-administered questionnaires
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How to increase response rates:Advance warningExplanation of selectionSponsorship EnvelopePublicityIncentivesConfidentiality (THE CONTENT OF THIS FORM IS ABSOLUTELY CONFIDENTIAL AND WILL NOT BE DISCLOSED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES)RemindersAnonymityAppearanceLengthThe topic and its degree of interestRapport
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Question typesAn open question does not require a one word or curtailed answer.A closed question can only be answered in a limited way.
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Open QuestionsAdvantages:Freedom and spontaneity of the answersOpportunity to probeUseful for testing hypothesis about ideasDisadvantages:Time-consumingCoding: very costly and slow to processDemand more effort from the respondents
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Closed QuestionsAdvantages:No extended writingEasy to processUseful for testing specific hypothesisDisadvantages:Loss of spontaneous responseBias in answer categoriesMay irritate respondents
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Several formats of closed questionsMultiple choice questions (MCQ)True/False questionsYes/No questionsBogardus: Social distance scale (1930s)Likert: Attitude scale (1960s)Osgood: Semantic differential scale (1970s)Dorian: Ranking schemes (1981)
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Some basic rules in designing the question wordingLengthAvoid double-barreled questionsAvoid proverbsAvoid double negativesConsider using Dont know and Not Applicable categories.Avoid acronyms, abbreviations, and technical termsBeware the dangers of alternative usageDont over-tax the respondents memories
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Matched-guise technique(Read pp. 177-178)
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Giles & Powesland (1975). Speech Style and Social Evaluation.Matched-guised technique: an investigator who could speak either Birmingham accent and RP spoke to two groups of 17-year-olds about psychology, using one accent with one group and the other accent with the other group. Result: The investigator was rated higher in his RP in terms of competence, intelligence, and industrious.
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Giles and Ryan (1982): concluded that a certain accent can change public opinion and show the speakers social class. Matched-guised technique: Four groups of people were asked to listen to a recording about capital punishment. The first group listened to the argument in RP;The second group listened to it in South Wales accent;The third in Somerset accent;The fourth in Birmingham accent. Result: The RP speaker is considered to have higher competency than the local accent speakers. However, the respondents tend to agree with arguments of the local accent speaker.
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Matched guise technique to childrenRosenthal (1974): Attitudes of children towards SE and AAVE.Location: FloridaRespondents: 136 school children between the ages three to six.The children saw two identical boxes, each with a tape-recorder and a present hidden.73% of the children expected a present from the voice with SE.