quick report on turkey

8/12/2019 Quick report on Turkey

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Turkey and the European Union

BaladadJamias

MajaroconPinpin

Ravago


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History of Turkey

One of the oldest continuously inhabitedcommunity

Fabled city of TroyMentioned in the works of antiquity

Homer's The Iliad


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The Anatolian Peninsula

Settled by many different empiresHittites

AssyrianGreeksRomans


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Christianity in Turkey

Power of the Roman Empire moves westEmperor Constantine the Great

Makes Christianity the main religion in amostly Muslim region in 324Fall of Rome and the beginning ofConstantinople


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600 year of Ottoman Rule

1453 marks the end of the Classical PeriodConstantinople was captured by the Ottomans

Start of the Byzantine Empire600 year rule of the Ottoman startsProgressively declines in economy and power

Becomes known as the Sick man in Europe


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World War I

Joins the Central Powers Allies itself with Austria and Germany

Subsequent defeat in the warNationalism begins

Ask for reform in the government and liberty

Becomes the Republic of Turkey on October29, 1923


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Structure of Government

Republican Parliamentary GovernmentRepublic: supreme power is held by the

peopleParliamentary: legislative branch which iselected by the people

Abdullah Gul is the current president and

head of state


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Executive Branch

PM Recep Tayyip ErdoganCouncil of Ministers

Nominated by the PM; appointed by thePresident


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Legislative Branch

Unicameral Grand National Assembly550 seats

Elected by popular vote


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Judicial Branch

6 high courtsConstitutional Court

High Court of AppealsCouncil of StateCourt of Accounts

Military High Court of AppealsMilitary High Administrative


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Military

Over 1 million members Army, Navy, Air Force

Second to the US in personnelSecond largest armed force in NATOMissions: Somalia, Gulf War, War in

Afghanistan30,000 troops in Cyprus


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Land Area

Transcontinental country97% in Asia; 3% in Europe

783,562 square kilometers of land13,930 square kilometers of water


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Economy

Highly developed2010 GDP $741.9 billion

Moving into industry from being an agriculturalstateTextile, clothing, automotive, construction,electronics

Increase in privatization and entrepreneurship


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Demographics

Melting pot of ethnicity Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Abkazians,

Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks,Georgians, Bulgarians, Roma78,785,548 million people; 17 th most populousnation

1.2% growth rate


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Increase integration with the West

Founding member of the UN, OECD, OIC andG-20 Major economy

Relations with Europe essential in Turkishforeign policyMajor ties with the United States


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United Nations

Established by: the Charter of the UN and Stateof International Court of Justice in 1945

Replaced the League of NationsTo prevent another world war

Turkey one of its founding members


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The United Nations

Facilitates cooperation in:International law

International securityEconomic developmentSocial progressHuman rights

Achievement of world peace


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North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)

Intergovernmental military allianceMutual response to an attack from an external

partyExternal= non-member

Turkey joined in 1952

Organization for Economic


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Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development

(OECD)

34 countriesTo stimulate economic progress and

globalization (world trade) Advocates democracy in market economy

Organization for Economic


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Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development

(OECD)

Provides an avenue for:Comparing experiences

Identifying good practicesFinding answers to common problemsCoordinate international policies of itsmembers


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Turkey's final goal

Full membership in the EU Associate member in 1963

Taking steps to reach that goalClose ties with the EU member states


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European Union and the UnitedStates

Soviet threat as a cause for allianceUS support for Turkish acceptance in the EU

role model for the Islamic world The United States strongly supports Turkey'sbid to become a member of the EuropeanUnion -Pres. Obama


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EU and the US

Mutual interests at the heart of the friendshipUS needs Turkey's support on Syria and Iran


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Cyprus as a de facto

Accession negotiations catalyst for settlement(dispute between Cyprus and Turkey)

Turkey cannot veto against Cyprus accession


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Integration with EuropeanOrganization

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization of European Economic

Cooperation (OEEC, later OECD)Conference on Security and Cooperation inEurope (CSCE, later OSCE)

European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD)


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f


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Article 28 of the Ankara Agreementmentions:

As soon as the operation of this Agreementhas advanced far enough to justify envisagingfull acceptance by Turkey of the obligationarising out the Treaty establishing theCommunity, the Contracting Parties shallexamine the possibility of accession of Turkeyto the Community.


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Grounds for rejections

Community was undergoing major changes dueto the adoption of the Single European Act

Economic and political situation of Turkey atthat time had been deemed as not ready


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E i Obj ti ith T ki h


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Economic Objections with Turkishmembership

Turkey's long history of macroeconomicinstability culminated in the 2001 financial crisis

Causes were poor public financemanagementFragile banking system

Backed by International Monetary FundReform program for swift recovery


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Reform program

Clean up of the banking systemIndependence of the Central Bank

Closure of numerous extra-budgetary fundsFlexible exchange ratesTough fiscal policies

New legal framework for the energy sector,agriculture, civil aviation, telecommunication

Remains in the deficit despite


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Remains in the deficit despitereforms

Public debt and government budget deficit stillhigh

Remarkably low level of foreign directinvestmentTurkey's GDP is modest; per capita income islowLarge-scale migration flows inside TurkeyLarge agricultural sector places a heavy burdenon the country's taxpayers


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Economic Objection to the EU

Due to the small size of its economy-- at lessthan 2% of the EU's GDP Turkey's accessionwould have a minimal impact on the EUeconomy. For Turkey, on the other hand, theconsequences would be significant and highlybeneficial.


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Economic instability

0

5

10

15

20

25

123


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high population growth + underdeveloped economy= unappealing qualities for EU


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domestic and foreign policies


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membership privileges such as: EC structural funds


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influx of Turkish immigrants into the EU

free movement of its labor forces


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Obstacles in Domestic and

Foreign Policies

Main Domestic and Foreign Policy


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Main Domestic and Foreign PolicyIssues

Turkey Military Coup in 1980 Turkey being a predominantly Muslim nation

Unresolved issues between Greece overCyprus Landmass: 97% Asia, 3% Europe

Democracy and Human Rights Accord

T k Mili C i 1980


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Turkey Military Coup in 1980

Councils critical response: expected As soon as the Parliamentary Assembly resumed

Numerous moves called for TurkeyssuspensionPrerequisite of membership (statute):

Democratic form of governmentExpulsion until democracy is restored

Mili R i


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Military Regime

Frances critical view Inter-state complaint to the Human RightsCommissionConcerns through diplomatic channels

Britains concerns

Bilateral talks with military regimeTo persuade generals to moderate theirhandling of domestic issues

Scandinavian countries:


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Scandinavian countries:Critical of the military regime in Ankara, right

from the get-go Also brought Turkey before the CHR

Strongly condemned the coup that took place in1980, (September)

EU organizations:Stayed uncompromising critics of the militaryregime

G i M li P l ti


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Growing Muslim Population

One of the most sensitive of issueCultural and religious differences

EU identifies itself as a cultural and religiousmosaic that recognizes and respects DIVERSITY

Supporters of Turkeys EU bid believes on thisvision

I C


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Issues on Cyprus

Future of the divided island of Cyprus: a majorsticking point

Conflict remains unresolved despite the Councilsformula on pushing both Greece and Turkey

Decisive factor in the negotiation process

Issues on Cyprus


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Issues on Cyprus

Cyprus demands:official recognition by Turkey

access to Turkish harbors and airports

Turkey demands:

end isolation of North Cyprus

Greece: rejected the compromise

Landmass is mostly in Asia


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An age-old debate

Is it possible to establish geographic borders forEurope?

Does Turkey fit within these borders?



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This is seen by many as a dispute that rests on:Philosophical

Intellectual

Treaty of Rome: calls for a construction of a union

of European states based on shared commonvalues

Democracy and Human Rights


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Democracy and Human Rights

Repeatedly expressed publicly and privately bythe West European statesThrough bilateral talks

Initially showed a mild reaction

But as time passed, with minimal progress, the EUgrew increasingly tough vs Turkey

Human Rights Issues


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Human Rights Issues

In an annual report, the European Court of HumanRights (ECHR), the top judicial body to rule onhuman rights violations in Europe, found that:

Turkey is by far the worst violator of human rightsamong the 47 signatory states of the European

Convention on Human Rights.

Statistics


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Statistics

In statistical data on violation judgments bycountry for the period between 1959 and 2009

Turkey 18.81 percentItaly 16.57 percentRussia 6.34 percent.

Within this timeframe, 2,295 judgments wereentered for Turkey and only in 46 cases did thecourt find no violations.

Th t h ight i l ti


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The most common human rights violationcommitted by Turkey was the denial of the right

to a fair trial. Article 6 of the convention, the right to a fair trial

within a reasonable time.

There have been excessive delays, in violation ofthe reasonable time requirement, in civil andcriminal proceedings taking place in Turkishcourts.

Increasing Trend


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Increasing Trend

The report unequivocally finds that in recent yearsthere has an upward trend for Turkey in terms ofapplications allocated to signatry states.

In 2009, Turkey had 4,474 applications in thecourt while the number was 3,706 for 2008 and

2,828 for 2007.


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Human rights violations in Turkeys east andsoutheast have risen dramatically

Some 11,340 human rights violations allegedlyoccurred in the region in the first four months of2011, compared to 4,507 in the same period of

2006 ( DiyarbakrHuman Rights Association)

50% increase!

Human Rights Issues


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Human Rights Issues

These figures include unsolved murders, torture[incidents], people who lost their lives in prisondue to not receiving medical treatment and

those who died in conflicts with the police inprotests,

Anyone who opposes, including people whostruggle for human rights, are detained andarrested,

U.S. State Departments 2011 Report


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U.S. State Department s 2011 Report

Cases of torture, beatings and abuse by security forces.Prison conditions improved but remained poor, with overcrowding

and insufficient staff training

Overly close relationship between judges and prosecutors

Excessively long trials were a problem.The government limited freedom of expression through the use of

constitutional restrictions and numerous laws

Press freedom declined during the year. There were limitations onInternet freedom. Courts and an independent board orderedtelecommunications providers to block access to Web sites onnumerous occasions,

Violence against women, including honor killings and rape,remained a widespread problem.

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