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5 Since the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 almost 20 years passed before newer derivatives were developed. In the eighties the clinician had basically a choice between two compounds namely ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, not to name the others such as enoxacin and pefloxacin which did not play a major role in international literature. Both ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have proved to be effective (mainly in infections due to Gram negative aerobic bacilli) and safe as well. Since there were concerns about less in vitro activity against major Gram positive bacteria and reports of clinical failure mainly in pneumococcal infections, quinolone compounds with better in vitro activity against Gram positive cocci were developed in the nineties. However most of this compounds were found to be either too toxic (in preclinical animal studies, e.g. BAY y 3118) or were withdrawn soon after registration (e.g. temafloxacin) and released for prescription due to unexpected adverse effects. In june 1999 the European authorities asked the manufacturer to withdraw trovafloxacin and in november 1999 grepafloxacin was withdrawn. Both compounds had been studied extensively (one might assume) in clinical trials which however failed to detect the serious adverse effects. Are quinolones really as safe as we presume? Maybe we are not dealing with a single class of compounds and that there are marked differences between the different drugs lumped together as quinolones. In the first issue of Quinolones Bulletin (October 1994) I pointed out that: the agents do not have an identical chemical basic structure. The compounds belong either to quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin), naphthyridines (e.g. enoxacin, nalidixic acid, trovafloxacin) or to pyridopyrimidines (pipemidic acid). Already non-fluorinated quinolones are under development. Quinolones have opened new possibilities in the out-patient treatment of infections which previously had to be treated with parenteral drugs which are not only more expensive but also often necessitated hospitalisation. The temafloxacin, trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin story calls for caution with any new drug on the part of clinicians and quinolones are no exception. I am sure that the articles appearing in this issue of the Revista Chilena de Infectología will help the clinicians in deciding when to prescribe a quinolone and not only which quinolone is the best for the clinical condition but also which one is safe. Pramod M Shah, MD Laboratory for Infectious Diseases University Hospital Frankfurt am Main Federal Republic of Germany EDITORIAL Quinolones. A new generation Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 5

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Page 1: Quinolones. A new generation - SciELO · Quinolones. A new generation Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 5 6 EDITORIAL Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 6 Desde la introducción del ácido

5

Since the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 almost 20 years passed before newerderivatives were developed. In the eighties the clinician had basically a choice between twocompounds namely ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, not to name the others such as enoxacin andpefloxacin which did not play a major role in international literature. Both ciprofloxacin andofloxacin have proved to be effective (mainly in infections due to Gram negative aerobicbacilli) and safe as well. Since there were concerns about less in vitro activity against majorGram positive bacteria and reports of clinical failure mainly in pneumococcal infections,quinolone compounds with better in vitro activity against Gram positive cocci were developedin the nineties.

However most of this compounds were found to be either too toxic (in preclinical animalstudies, e.g. BAY y 3118) or were withdrawn soon after registration (e.g. temafloxacin) andreleased for prescription due to unexpected adverse effects. In june 1999 the European authoritiesasked the manufacturer to withdraw trovafloxacin and in november 1999 grepafloxacin waswithdrawn. Both compounds had been studied extensively (one might assume) in clinical trialswhich however failed to detect the serious adverse effects.

Are quinolones really as safe as we presume? Maybe we are not dealing with a singleclass of compounds and that there are marked differences between the different drugs lumpedtogether as quinolones. In the first issue of Quinolones Bulletin (October 1994) I pointed outthat: the agents do not have an identical chemical basic structure. The compounds belongeither to quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin moxifloxacin,sparfloxacin), naphthyridines (e.g. enoxacin, nalidixic acid, trovafloxacin) or to pyridopyrimidines(pipemidic acid). Already non-fluorinated quinolones are under development.

Quinolones have opened new possibilities in the out-patient treatment of infections whichpreviously had to be treated with parenteral drugs which are not only more expensive but alsooften necessitated hospitalisation.

The temafloxacin, trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin story calls for caution with any newdrug on the part of clinicians and quinolones are no exception. I am sure that the articlesappearing in this issue of the Revista Chilena de Infectología will help the clinicians indeciding when to prescribe a quinolone and not only which quinolone is the best for the clinicalcondition but also which one is safe.

Pramod M Shah, MDLaboratory for Infectious Diseases

University Hospital Frankfurt am MainFederal Republic of Germany

EDITORIAL

Quinolones. A new generation

Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 5

Page 2: Quinolones. A new generation - SciELO · Quinolones. A new generation Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 5 6 EDITORIAL Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 6 Desde la introducción del ácido

6

EDITORIAL

Rev Chil Infect (2000); 17 (1): 6

Desde la introducción del ácido nalidíxico en 1962, pasaron casi 20 años antes que sedesarrollaran nuevos compuestos. En los ochenta los clínicos tenían básicamente la posibilidadde elegir entre dos compuestos: ciprofloxacina y ofloxacina, para no nombrar a otros comoenoxacina y pefloxacina, los que no jugaron un papel mayor en la literatura internacional.

Tanto ciprofloxacina como ofloxacina han probado ser efectivos -fundamentalmente eninfecciones producidas por bacilos aeróbicos Gram negativos- y también seguros.

Dado que existía preocupación por una menor actividad in vitro sobre las especies Grampositivas más importantes y reportes de fallas clínicas fundamentalmente en infeccionesneumocóccicas, en los noventa se propuso el desarrollo de nuevos compuestos quinolónicos conmejor actividad contra bacterias Gram positivas.

Sin embargo la mayoría de estos compuestos resultaron ser, ya sea tóxicos (en estudiospreclínicos en animales, por ejemplo BAY y 3118) o fueron retirados prontamente después delregistro (por ejemplo temafloxacina) e inicio de comercialización, debido a efectos adversos noesperados. En junio de 1999 las autoridades europeas solicitaron al productor el retiro detrovafloxacina y en noviembre reciente se retiró grepafloxacina. Ambos compuestos fueronestudiados en forma extensa (debemos asumir) en estudios clínicos que, sin embargo, fallaronen detectar los efectos adversos serios.

¿Son las quinolonas tan seguras como creemos? Tal vez no estamos frente a un solo grupode compuestos y hay diferencias importantes entre fármacos agrupados juntos como quinolonas.

En el número 1 del Boletín de Quinolonas (Quinolones Bulletin) (octubre, 1994) yo indi-qué “los compuestos no tienen una base química básica idéntica”. Los compuestos pertenecenya sea a quinolonas (por ejemplo ciprofloxacina, grepafloxacina, levofloxacina, ofloxacina,moxifloxacina, sparfloxacina), nafteridinas (por ejemplo enoxacina, ácido nalidíxico,trovafloxacina) o a piridopirimidinas (ácido pipemídico). Se están desarrollando quinolonasno-fluoradas.

Las quinolonas han abierto nuevas posibilidades en el tratamiento de infecciones en formaambulatoria, casos que anteriormente tenían que ser tratados con medicamentos parenteralesque no solamente son más caros en general, sino que necesitaban hospitalización.

Los casos de temafloxacina, trovafloxacina y grepafloxacina llaman a la precaución de losclínicos frente a cualquier nuevo compuesto y las quinolonas no son una excepción.

Estoy seguro que los artículos que aparecen en este número de la Revista Chilena deInfectología ayudarán a los clínicos a decidir cuando deban prescribir una quinolona y no sólocuál quinolona es la mejor para la condición clínica, sino también cuál es la más segura.

Pramod M ShahLaboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas

Hospital Universitario de Frankfurt am MainRepública Federal de Alemania

Quinolonas. Una nueva generación