quiz #1 open notes may 20, 2014 name_____________ surface water hydrology 1.(30 pts.) sketch the...
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Quiz #1 Open Notes May 20, 2014 NAME_____________Surface Water Hydrology 1.(30 pts.) Sketch the distribution of Earths atmospheric circulation cells, labeling important climate zone
Equator
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2. (30 pts.) What are the probable origins (or water type) of the following waters with the indicated characteristics? Suggest a location and occurrence (e.g., London rain) where each sample might have been found. All of these are real samples.
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Apollo 1712/7/72
Surface Water HydrologyBob Criss
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Major Topics:
Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs Isotope HydrologyPrecipitation, Runoff, EvapotranspirationAlluvial SystemsDarcy’s LawFlash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff ModelingGreat Rivers, River Structures and Regional FloodsFlood Recurrence & Risk
=> Hydrologic Data, Records, Data-based Theoretical Models
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Major Topics:
Hydrologic Cycle & Reservoirs Isotope HydrologyPrecipitation, Runoff, EvapotranspirationAlluvial SystemsDarcy’s LawFlash Floods, Rainfall-Runoff ModelingGreat Rivers, River Structures and Regional FloodsFlood Recurrence & Risk
=> Hydrologic Data, Records, Data-based Theoretical Models
8 Lectures, 8 quizzes
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Nat Geo., Dec. 2006
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Apollo 17
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HYDROSPHERE 1.36 x 109 km3 = 1.36 x 1021 liters
Seawater 97.2 % 3.5 wt % salt; very homogeneous
covers 70% of the surface, mean depth 3.8 km
Icecaps & Glaciers 2.15 % >75% of fresh water Pleistocene oscillations ±100 m
Groundwater 0.62 % 22% of all fresh water
Lakes, inland seas 0.017%
Atmosphere 0.001%
Stream Channels 0.0001%
USGS
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Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a resourceReason:
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a resource Reason:
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Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a renewable resourceReason: continuously replenished
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a non-renewable resource Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use
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Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Renewable resourcesResources that are replenished on short time scales. e.g., plants, animals, running water, solar energy.
Non-renewable resources Resources that are fixed in total quantity in the Earth's crust.
Not replenished on short time scales.
Streamflow = Runoff (Ro)Arguably a renewable resourceReason: continuously replenishedException: can be degraded in quality
Groundwater = Largest volume of accessible fresh water Arguably a non-renewable resource Reason: Slow recharge in most areas wrt rate of use
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GENERAL CIRCULATION
Hadley cells George Hadley (1735) Large scale, flat circulation cellsExplain Trade WindsControl pressure & wind patterns, rainfall
VenusSlow retrograde rotation = 243 days Equator to pole Hadley cell
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Blair 1942
Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds
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Equatorial Low PressureEquatorial Low Pressure
Polar High Pressure
Polar High Pressure
Hadley CirculationNon tilted,Non-rotating planet
after Marsh 1967
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Venus in UVPioneer 1980
NASA
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after Miller, A 1983
3-Cell HadleyModel
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Hyperarid Arid Semiarid Humid Cold
WRI 2002
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Distinctive Climatic Zones
ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone Equatorial belt of low pressuresNot really a front Constant, wet, aseasonal climate
Rising air, year round high rainfallWinds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes
Trade Wind Belt
High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)
Westerlies
Polar Front (~60° N & S)
Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856) Hadley Cells Ferrel Cells Polar Cells
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Distinctive Climatic Zones
ITCZ : Intertropical Convergence Zone Equatorial belt of low pressuresNot really a front Constant, wet, aseasonal climate
Rising air, year round high rainfallWinds cancel, calm (doldrums), no hurricanes
Trade Wind BeltBrisk, steady winds
High Pressure Belts: (~ 30° N & S lat)Horse LatitudesDescending air, hot & dry due to adiabatic compressionDivergence of trade winds & westerlies General anticyclonic rotation
Westerlies
Polar Front (~60° N & S) Convergence of air masses having different T; Permanent front
Low pressures, ascending air, Jet stream position
Earth 24 h rotation rate- Hadley cells break up into smaller cells (Ferrel 1856) Hadley Cells Ferrel Cells Polar Cells
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Isotope Hydrology
Bob CrissWashington University
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Moody et al. (2005)
N
Z
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http://wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/CN03/CN001.html
Most elements below Bi (#83) have at least two stable nuclides
Exceptions: 9Be 19F 23Na
27Al 31P 45Sc …
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HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
Protium
1H1.0078250399.985 at. %
Deuterium
2H 2.01410178
0.015 at. %
Tritium
3H 3.01605 12.32 yr
H1.0079
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OXYGEN ISOTOPES
Oxygen-16
16O15.99491462 99.76 at. %
Oxygen-17
17O 16.9991314
0.04 at. %
Oxygen-18
18O 17.999160
0.200 at. %
O15.9994
8p+8n 8p+9n 8p+10n
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NATURAL WATERS
18O, D, T Ideal, double isotopic tracer system
Conservative tracers
Intrinsic to the H2O molecule
D vs.18O plot
ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY
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Criss 1999
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Delta ValuesAbundance variations of stable nonradiogenic isotopes are normally small.
A difference technique (formerly, voltage divider) is used to compare the mass spectrometer beam intensities with those of a standard gas.
It is natural and best to report the isotopic constitution of a sample (x) in terms of its dimensionless difference from a known standard (std).
Define the -value ("delta-value"):
where R's are isotope ratios
1000x converts the -values to per mil ‰ Some workers use 100x and % for D/H
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OCEAN: 97.2 % of hydrosphere
Mean depth ~ 3.8 km
Volume = 1.37 x 109 km3
SEAWATER: Very uniform, buffered
Salinity 35‰
18O = 0 ± 1 ‰ D = 0 ± 5 ‰
Isotopic variations coupled with salinity variations E/P, sea ice
Melt icecaps: 18O = -1
Meteoric Water: huge range
18O = +4 to -62 ‰ D = +40 to -500 ‰
Isotope Hydrology
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Craig & Gordon 1965
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Craig & Gordon 1965
E-W transect @ ~20°N
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METEORIC WATER
Water that originates
as precipitation in the
hydrologic cycle
Large isotopic variations:
Values lowest in cold, high latitude, interior regions
Approx Range: 18O = +4 to -62 ‰
D = +40 to -500 ‰
e.g., SLAP (-55.5 , -428)
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Criss
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Water Types:
METEORIC WATER: Originates as precipitation w/i hydrologic cycle Large variations: 18O = +4 to -62 D = +40 to -500
Meteoric Water Line (MWL)
Slope: equilibrium effect
y-intercept: kinetic effect “Deuterium excess” = D - 8 18O
Some Local Variation Different water lines
Intercept can be higher in low humidity regions, e.g., +22 for Mediterranean
D = 8 18O + 10
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Craig 1961
SMOW
18O
D
MW
L
D = 8 18O + 10
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Craig 1961
SMOW
18O
D
MW
L
D = 8 18O + 10
Spatial and Temporal Variability
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Criss (1999)
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18O values of Meteoric Waters
modified after Taylor 1974
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Applications of Isotopic “Fingerprinting”
Water Source IdentificationFlowpath Delineation
Spring TracingGroundwater TracingContaminant Plume VisualizationGroundwater Velocity Determination
Process DeductionEvolved WatersForensics
Mixing StudiesHydrograph SeparationRiver MixingSurface Water-Ground Water InteractionConstituent or Contaminant Sourcing
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http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_1c.html
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3-Cell HadleyModel
after Miller, A 1983
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McIntosh & Thom
Global MeanE and P
Humidity
E
P
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Global Precipitation
http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/gifs/v2.79-06.climo.gif
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Blair 1942
Mean Annual Pressure Belts and Generalized Winds
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Tritton 1988
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Reserve Books
Craig, Vaughan & Skinner (2001): Resources of the Earth, Ch 11 HC 21 C72 2001
Deming, D. (2002) Introduction to Hydrogeology. McGraw-Hill, NY. GB1003.2 D46 2002
Domenico & Schwartz (1990): Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology Encyclopedic, up-to-date book. Extensive reference list.GB1003.2 D66 1990 Fetter (2001): Applied Hydrogeology. Introductory hydrogeology text emphasizing basic terminology & principles. GB1003.2 F47 2001
Freeze & Cherry (1979): Groundwater. GB1003.2.F73 Clearly written and authoritative treatment of groundwater hydrology.
Hubbert (1940): The Theory of Ground-Water Motion and Related Papers Classic book defining Darcy’s Law in terms of the hydraulic potential..
TC176 H83 196
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Hydrogeology The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of subterranean water Mead (1919)
The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water, the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituentsby the flow
Domenico & Schwartz (1990)
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Hydrogeology The study of the laws of occurrence and movement of subterranean water Mead (1919)
The study of the laws governing the movement of subterranean water, the mechanical, chemical, and thermal interaction of this water with the porous solid, and the transport of energy and chemical constituentsby the flow
Domenico & Schwartz (1990)
Inadequate Definitions: Ground water cannot be divorced from other parts of hydrologic cycle Ground water is a significant component of stream flow Ground water is an essential economic & environmental resource Fluid/rock interactions are essential to most crustal processes