Review for Quiz #2

Substance Abuse vs. Dependence

What is the difference between the two?

Substance use – repeated use of a substance despite the fact that is is causing or compounding social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems. Amount is not crucial; it’s the fact that your patter of

use disrupts your life.

Substance dependence (addiction) – more severe. Has both behavioral and biological aspects (loss of

control over the use of the substance. Tolerance is often present.

Is he experiencing substance abuse or

dependence? Joseph has been going on drinking binges for

two months. He has been missing work and coming in late for work (to sleep off the hangovers) and he has been more argumentative with his friends and coworkers. He does not seem to realize how the drinking is interfering with his life. At this point, he has not developed tolerance or withdrawl symptoms.

What type of substance use does he have?

Recap on different drugs

Depressants – decrease rate of activity in CNS.Alcohol, Opiods, Sedatives,

barbiturates

Stimulants – increases rate of CNS.Nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine,

ecstacy

Hallucinogens – induce sensory distortions or hallucinations. LSD,Marijuana

Note: *Know the drugs under each category

3 types of schemas

Schemas – set of beliefs and feelings about something. (stereotypes, prejudices, and generalizations)

3 types:Role schema – how people in certain

roles should behavePerson schema – how a particular

individual is expected to behave. Self- schema – the set of beliefs,

feelings and generalizations we have about ourselves.

3 types of self

Parts of the Self: Physical, Social, and Personal.

Physical – sense of physical being

Social – social roles one plays

Personal - One’s private, continuous sense of being oneself in the world.

4 identity statuses - Marcia

Identity foreclosure – adopted a commitment to beliefs or action without undergoing identity crisis

Identity moratorium – In an identity crisis; intense examination of alternatives.

Identity achievement – resolved identity crisis and have stable set of beliefs and action plan.

Identity diffusion – neither arrived at or committed as to who they are or stand for and have not had crisis.

**There will be examples on the quiz. Be able to know which one they fall in.

Primary vs. Recency effect

Based on social perception.

Primacy Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions.

Recency Effect: The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression.

Body language and social relationships

What are the ways to use body language to improve your social relationships?

Use physical gestures that are consistent with your words

Be aware of what other people are telling you with body language

Pay attention to your own body language as a way of helping to make the desired impressions on other people

Pay attention to your own body language as a way of learning about yourself.

Fundamental attribution model

What is it? Tendency to assume that others act due to free will despite evidence suggestive of the importance of their situations.

Actor-Observer Effect: The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to internal, dispositional factors such as choice or will. (ex. Breakups/relationships)

Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors.

*Make sure to understand these concepts and how they would look like.

Elaboration Likelihood model of

persuasion2 different routes persuasion works

Central route – focus on the quality of the product, give concrete information.

Peripheral route – associate the product with appealing images.

Note: *If people don’t have skill or knowledge to understand concepts, they tend to revert back to the peripheral route.

Different tools of persuasion used by

advertisersRepeated exposure

Counter arguments

Emotional appeal

Persuasive communicators

Music

Mood

Element of surprise.

*Know what these might look like.

Sales ploys

Foot-in-the-door – compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request.

Low Balling – extremely attractive terms/items are offered to induce a commitment. Once person is committed, the terms are revised.

Bait-and-Switch – baiting customer with low prices, but merchandise is inferior. Then sales person switches them to a higher-priced item of more acceptable quality.

3 types of group influences

Obedience to Authority

Conformity

Mob mentality

Milgram’s study

Alerted us to the real and present danger of the tendency of people to obey authority figures, even when it involves immoral actions.

Had two roles – teacher and learner

Teacher’s punished learner’s errors by using electric shock.

Mob mentality

Deindividuation – state of reduced self-awareness and lowered concern for social evaluation.

Factors: Anonymity Diffusion of responsibility – presence of

others diffuses any sense of individual responsiblity

Arousal due to noise and crowding Attending to social norms of group rather

than moral values.

Alturism

Is a form of pro-social behavior, which is behavior that benefits the welfare of others.

Example: Someone puts their life at risk without thinking to save another’s life

Factors influencing if someone helps

If there are other people around

Mood

Empathy

Gender – women tend to help more than men

Similarity to person in need

There is clear sense that emergency exists

5 Axis of DSM-IV-TR

Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes/Psychological Disorders that Impair Functioning

Axis II: Personality Disorders

Axis III: Medical Conditions

Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental factors

Axis V: Global assessment functioning (GAF)

Adjustment disorder

Adjustment disorder: A maladaptive reaction to an identified

stressor occurs shortly following exposure to the

stressor Characterized by academic, occupational,

or social problems that exceed those normally caused by stressor.

Resolved if person learns how to cope or stressor is removed

Anxiety Disorders

Phobias Specific Phobia Social Phobia Agoraphobia

Panic Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Acute Stress Disorder

* Make sure to know examples of each classification of disorders

Dissociative Disorder and Somatoform

DisordersDissociative Disorders: A class of

psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness or self-identity.

Somatoform Disorders: A class of psychological disorders in which people have physical complaints that cannot be explained medically or attribute their physical problems to grave causes despite lack of medical evidence

Mood disorders

Major Depression Lack of energy Loss of self-esteem Changes in eating Changes in sleeping Suicidal thoughts Difficulty concentrating Loss of interest in things that find pleasurable

Bipolar Disorder Presence of depressive symptoms and manic

phase

Schizophrenia

3 types

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Catatonic Schizophrenia

* Be able to know the differences in characteristics between each type.

Personality Disorders

Cluster A – odd or eccentric behavior Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal

Cluster B – Overly dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviors Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Antisocial

Cluster C – Anxious and fearful behavior Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive

Time for “Who Wants to Be A Millionaire”