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Sex Differences

chromosomal sex

ENVIRONMENT

gonadal sex

hormonal sex

morphological sex

differences in physiology and behavior

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Reproduction

Hormonal control of reproductive processes

Female reproductive function

Fertility

Pregnancy, parturition, and lactation (?)

Male reproductive function

Development

Sex determination and differentiation

Chromosomal-gonadal-hormonal-morphological

Behavioral Endocrinology

Aggression

Pair Bonding

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal ControlHPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal ControlHPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology

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primary follicle

Corpus luteum formationovulation

graafian follicle

preantral follicle

secondary follicle

Primordialfollicle

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Pause

until fertilization

Graafian Follicle

Pre-antral follicle

Secondary

follicle

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time 28 days

Follicular Phase Luteal Phase

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal Control

HPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology

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Hormonal Control of the menstrual cycle

1. Follicular development

2. Conversion of androgens to

estrogens (granulosa cells)

3. Induce Inhibin secretion from

granulosa cells

1. Androgen Synthesis (thecal cells)

2. Moves primary oocyte out of

meiosis I

3. Luteinization of follicular cells

4. Ovulation

GnRH

LH FSH

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LH

T E2

E2FSH

T TE2

thecal

cell

granulosa

cell

LH FSH

Steroidogenesis: follicular phase

inhibin

?

T

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HPG axis

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HPG axis

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Steroidogenesis: late follicular,

early luteal phase

Corpus luteum formation

LH

Luteinize:

Change function,

start producing progesterone

P4+E2

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HPG axis

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Menstrual Cycle

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal Control

HPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology

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The Pill Carl Djurassi

Invented the first oral contraceptive in 1951

FDA approved in 1957

Two types

Combination of estrogens and progestins

Progestins only (depo proverashot)

Actions:

Benefits

Risks

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal Control

HPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology

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Pathophysiology

Amenorrhealack of menstrual cycle

Primary amenorrhea Secondary amenorrhea

Pregnancy

Menopause

Premature menopause

Strenuous exercise

Anorexia Nervosa

Premenstrual Syndrome

Endometriosis

Excessive Androgen Production

Can be due to ovarian or adrenal problem

Infertilityand treatment

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Causes of infertility

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Ovary stimulation

Normal ovary with graafian follicle Hyperstimulated ovary

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Hormonal Control of Follicle Stimulation

The pill

Pill suppresses ovulation

stimulation monthmonth before stimulation

Lupron

Lupron shuts down your own LH and FSH secretion

(suppresses your own hormones)

hCG: starts ovulation

egg retrieval

embryo transfer

Synthetic FSH stimulates follicles

Gonal-F

Pregnancy

test

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bean 1

bean 2

8-cell stage embryos

Multi-cell stage

bean 1? bean 2?

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% live births per transfer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

25 30 35 40 45 50

age

%succ

ess

own eggsdonor eggs

Note: these women are all pre-menopausal

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Types of IVF

75%Use your own eggs collected thatcycle

13%Use frozen embryos collected

from you previously

8%

Use fresh eggs or embryos from

donor 3%

Use frozen embryos from donor

1%

Gestational carrier

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Female Reproduction: fertility

Anatomy

Ovarian cycle

Hormonal Control

HPG axis

Contraceptives

Pathophysiology