Quoting and Paraphrasing

Integrating Sources

Use sources to support your argument (evidence)

Integrate sources by quoting and paraphrasing

Include in-text/parenthetical citations after every quote and paraphrase

Quotations: Overview• Quotations– Use quotations sparingly– Use quotations to maintain the language and

voice of original author– Don’t let a quote stand by itself. Always set-up or

integrate the quote• Incorrect: “I am a firm believer in a woman‘s right to

choose to abort, but there must be a sane limit to the ability to obtain an obscenely large number” (Anderson, 2009, p. 52).

• Better: Anderson (2009) claims, “I am a firm believer in a woman‘s right to choose to abort, but there must be a sane limit to the ability to obtain an obscenely large number” (p. 52).

– Provide an explanation or analysis. What does this quote mean? Why is it significant to your argument? Tie the quote back to your point.

Quotations: Styles• Ways to introduce a quote:– Signal phrase: • Anderson (2009) claims, “I am a firm believer in a woman‘s right to

choose to abort, but there must be a sane limit to the ability to obtain an obscenely large number” (p. 52).

– Colon: The first part of the colon is in your own words; the second part is the actual quote• Anderson (2009) supports women’s reproductive rights, but she also

wants the government to limit the number of abortions a woman can have: “There must be a sane limit to the ability to obtain an obscenely large number,” she maintains (p. 52). 

– Integrated/Select words: Pick the most important words and integrate them into your sentence.• Anderson (2009) supports women’s reproductive rights, but she also

believes in a “sane limit” of abortions to prevent women from having “an obscenely large number”(p. 52).

Quotations: Other Considerations

Use [square brackets] to:Add contextual clarity

Original: “I returned there yesterday, 2 hours after it happened.”

With brackets: “I returned [to the crime scene] yesterday, 2 hours after [the murder] happened.”

Keep the sentence grammatically correctOriginal: “I am very excited to see my family this month.”

Kelly claims she is “very excited to see [her] family this month.”

Be sure the bracketed words don’t change the meaning of the quoted material

Quotations: Other Considerations

Use the ellipsis (…) to:

Omit unnecessary words from a quote

Original: “Citing sources is so much fun.”

According to your writing instructor, “Citing sources is…fun.”

Be sure the omitted words don’t change the meaning of the quoted material

Original: “The new Superman movies are not better than the originals.”

Unfair: Jacobs claims, “The new Superman movies are … better than the originals.”

Quotations: Practice

By yourself or with a partner, use the source you were given to:

Practice writing each of the three quoting styles (signal phrase, colon, and integrated)

Cite the quoted material in-text (refer to APA handbook)

Citing the source in a references page (refer to APA handbook)

Paraphrasing: Overview

Paraphrase: expressing an author’s arguments, findings, or ideas in your own words

Allows you to incorporate research into your own sentence

All paraphrases will be different

Paraphrase can be shorter, as long as, or longer than original text

Paraphrasing

• Benefits of paraphrasing:– Allows you to retain your own voice

and style in your work– Helps you to understand the original

text– Puts difficult terms or ideas into

simple language– Allows you to synthesize material– Establishes your credibility

How to Write a Paraphrase

Change words in the passageUse synonyms; change verbs

Change sentence structureRearrange order of ideas presented in source text

Combine sentencesBe concise--combine multiple sentences into one

Unpack sentencesConvey in two or more sentences ideas presented in one

Examples

Original: “Whatever your color, whatever your genes, you’re not a criminal until you’ve committed a crime.”

Paraphrase: Regardless of your race or genetic background, you’re not considered a criminal until you’ve broken the law (Snyder 45).

Examples

Original: “Although communism and state socialism have failed to protect the environment, eco-terrorists are basically anti-business.”

Paraphrase: Eco-extremists oppose business even though communist and socialist governments have permitted environmental degradation (Moore 16).

Paraphrasing: Practice

Paraphrase the quote you used or the paragraph from which you quoted

Paraphrasing: Practice

Now that you can paraphrase a single text, the next step is to paraphrase by consolidating multiple texts and integrating these into paragraphs

See next slide for example

Developmental students already tend to feel marginalized because of the nature and classification of developmental classes (Rose, 1995). Students are aware that the class generally isn’t for college credit and may feel ashamed or excluded from the college community, which can be a detriment to novice writers. Initiating students into college writing by invoking a sense of pride, identity, and conviction in their writing can ignite greater engagement and learning development in our writers (Brooke, 1988; Murray, 1991). The problem with basic writing courses, though, is they tend to neglect students’ exploration of self and identity and focus instead on grammar rules and sentence‐level errors.

Paraphrasing: Practice

Practice consolidating sources by yourself or with a partner.

Read both texts.

Write a paragraph that incorporates information from both texts.

Include at least one paraphrase from each text.

Include at least one paraphrase that synthesizes the two texts.

Use quotes as needed – keep in mind this is a paraphrasing activity, though.

Use in-text citations as needed. Write references citations for each source.

Remember the paragraph structure we’ve been practicing:Topic sentence (supporting reason)

Evidence (information from research)

Warrant (explanation)

Paraphrase: Practice Revision

Next, find 2 additional sources on this topic.

Write 2 or more additional paragraphs. Integrate the 2 sources you found.

Use in-text citations and create references citations for each.