quyết định làm việc tại dnnn
TRANSCRIPT
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Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.Q1- 2010
Trang 44
CC NHN T NH HNG N QUYT NH LM VIC TI DOANH NGHIP NH NC
Trn Th Ngc Duyn, Cao Ho Thi Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, HQG-HCM
(Bi nhn ngy 11 thng 10 nm 2009, hon chnh sa cha ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2009)
TM TT: Nghin cu c thc hin nhm xc nh cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh
lm vic ti doanh nghip nh nc (DNNN), trn c s cc nghin cu ca Timothy A. Judge v cc
cng s [3], [4, [5], [10] kt hp cc nghin cu ca David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v Robert F.
Otondo [7] v Levon T. Esters v Blannie E. Bowen [8].D liu kho st trn 253 lao ng c trnh
cao ng, i hc v sau i hc ti TP. H Ch Minh. Kt qu cho thy c c 8 nhn t nh hng n
quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN bao gm c hi o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn t chc, s
ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi trng t chc,
chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng, gia nh v bn b. Tt c tm nhn t ny u c quan h ng
bin vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN vi cc gi thuyt c ng h mc ngha 5%. M
hnh nghin cu gii thch c 47.9% cho tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t ni trn vi quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN.
T kha: quyt nh lm vic, doanh nghip nh nc, ngi tm vic, TP. H Ch Minh.
1. GII THIU
L thuyt v qun tr nhn s cho rng lc
lng lao ng lun ng vai tr quyt nh
trong vic duy tr v pht trin t chc. Thu ht
cc c nhn cht lng vo lm vic l mc
tiu c nhiu t chc hng n (Highhouse
& Hoffman [1]; Rynes & Barber [2]). Tuy
nhin, thc t ang din ra ti cc DNNN TP.
HCM hin nay l s bin ng kh ln ca lc
lng lao ng. Thng k ca B Ni V v
B Lao ng-Thng binh-X hi cho thy
trong 5 nm tr li y (2003-2007), c nc
c hn 16.000 lao ng thuc khi doanh
nghip nh nc ri sang lm vic cho khu vc
t nhn. Mc d vy, s liu thng k ca Vin
Nghin cu pht trin TP. H Ch Minh cho
thy lao ng ti DNNN TP. H Ch Minh
trong cc nm gn y vn khng ngng tng
ln. D bo n nm 2010, s lao ng trong
cc DNNN c th t khong 579.488 lao ng,
chim 18,20% tng s lao ng ti TP. H Ch
Minh v tng 49.022 lao ng so vi nm 2005
[17]. iu ny cho thy mt thc t ang din
ra ti cc DNNN TP. HCM hin nay l s
bin ng kh ln ca lc lng lao ng. Nu
khng c nhng gii php thch hp, bin ng
nhn s c th khin DNNN phi tr gi rt cao
trong hot ng ca mnh. Do , vic xy
dng mt m hnh xc nh cc nhn t nh
hng n quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN qua
xut mt s gii php nhm thu ht v
duy tr ngun nhn lc l vic lm cn thit v
thit thc hin nay i vi cc DNNN.
Nghin cu c thc hin vi mc ch
xem xt cc nhn t chnh nh hng n quyt
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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 13, S Q1 - 2010
Trang 45
nh chn cng vic ti DNNN ca lao ng c
trnh cao ng, i hc v sau i hc ti TP.
H Ch Minh. Phm vi nghin cu gii hn cho
cc cng ty nh nc, cng ty c phn nh
nc v DN c c phn, vn gp ca nh nc
t 51% tr ln. Kt qu ca nghin cu c th
c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc
DNNN trong qu trnh qun l v thu ht lao
ng c trnh vo DNNN, c s hoch
nh mt chng trnh nh hng nhn s
hiu qu.
2. C S L THUYT
Trn th gii, cc nghin cu v quyt nh
chn cng vic v la chn t chc c ch
nhiu trong cc nm gn y.
Timothy A. Judge v cng s [3] trong
nghin cu v nh hng ca h thng la
chn ln quyt nh tm vic nhn thy
quyt nh chn cng vic ph thuc vo nhn
thc ca ng vin v s cng bng ca quy
trnh la chn, mc tr cng, c hi thng tin,
s lun chuyn/thay i trong cng vic. Ngoi
ra, mt s yu t nh trnh hc vn, kinh
nghim lm vic, gii tnh cng c nh hng
n quyt nh chn cng vic ca ngi tm
vic.
Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [4]
vi nghin cu v tm quan trng ca mc tr
cng v quyt nh tm vic: hnh nh cho s
ph hp gia con ngi v t chc, nhn thy
nhng t chc cung cp mc tr cng cao,
phc li linh hot, tr lng theo c nhn v
chnh sch tr cng c nh s thu ht c
nhiu ngi tm vic hn.
Timothy A. Judge v Robert D. Bretz [5]
cho rng mc tr cng, c hi thng tin, chnh
sch cng vic/gia nh, h thng phn thng-
phc li v h thng cc quy tc hot ng linh
hot nh hng n quyt nh nhn cng vic
ca ngi tm vic.
Christopher J. Collins [6] cho rng s hiu
bit v t chc, danh ting v hnh nh t chc
c nh hng ng k n d nh v hnh vi
xin vic ca ngi tm vic.
i vi David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v
Robert F. Otondo [7] th d nh ng tuyn ca
ngi xin vic vo t chc chu nh hng bi
cc yu t hnh nh, thng tin v cng ty v
thng tin v cng vic.
Theo Levon T. Esters v Blannie E. Bowen
[8] th gia nh v bn b l cc c nhn nh
hng nhiu nht n quyt nh chn cng
vic ca sinh vin tt nghip ngnh nng
nghip. C hi ngh nghip, trnh hc vn,
kinh nghim lm vic, s thch ngh nghip,
cc li tc trong ngnh l cc yu t nh hng
n quyt nh chn hay khng chn vic lm
trong ngnh nng nghip.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s nghin cu lin
quan n quyt nh chn cng vic v la
chn t chc. Quinetta M. Roberson,
Christopher J. Collins v Shaul Oreg [9] cho
rng cc thng tin tuyn dng lm ni bt s
nhn bit v cc c trng ca t chc v s
ph hp gia con ngi-t chc nh hng tt
n d nh np n ca ng vin vo t chc.
Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [10] ch
ra rng nhn thc v s ph hp gia con
ngi-t chc ca ngi tm vic c d bo
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bi s ph hp gia gi tr ca c nhn vi
nhn thc ca h v gi tr ca t chc, nhn
thc ny d bo c d nh tm vic v thi
i vi cng vic ca h trong tng lai.
Nghin cu ca Scott Highhouse, Filip Lievens,
Evan F. Sinar [11] cho thy c ba thnh phn
chnh nh hng n s thu ht ca mt t
chc i vi ng vin, l s hp dn chung,
d nh lm vic cho t chc v uy tn cng ty.
Nguyn Ngc Khnh [12] cho rng c ba yu
t chnh nh hng n s hi lng ca quyt
nh lm vic ca k s ti cc cng ty khu
Cng Ngh Cao TP. HCM l c hi o
to/pht trin, i ng v ng nghip trong t
chc.
Tm li, kt qu cc nghin cu c trnh
by trn cp n cc yu t nh hng n
quyt nh chn cng vic v la chn t chc
ca ngi tm vic. c th l hnh nh, uy
tn t chc, chnh sch v mi trng lm vic
ca t chc, s ph hp gia c nhn v t
chc, mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng, c
hi o to v thng tin, s thch thc/a dng
trong cng vic, thng tin tuyn dng hay gia
nh, bn b, trnh hc vn, kinh nghim
lm vic, gii tnh,.. Mi nghin cu c th bao
gm mt, hai hay tt c cc yu t trn. Tng
hp cc nhm yu t ny l c s hnh thnh
m hnh nghin cu ca ti.
3. CC GI THUYT V M HNH
NGHIN CU
3.1. Cc gi thuyt nghin cu
Cn c vo cc nghin cu c thc
hin trc y , kt hp vi vic tm hiu thm
thng tin t bo ch, tp ch chuyn ngnh v
trong tnh hnh thc t ti Vit Nam, c bit l
ti DNNN, nghin cu xut 8 gi thuyt
vi 31 bin i din nh hng n quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN.
3.1.1 Thng hiu v uy tn t chc
C hai thnh phn ca thng hiu t chc,
l s ph bin bao gm s tha nhn v ghi
nh t chc v hnh nh bao gm s nhn thc
v nh gi v t chc (Collins & Stevens,
2002; Keller, 1993) (trch t [7]). S ph bin
l kh nng ngi tm vic c th nh c tn
ca t chc trong tr nh ca h. Hnh nh lin
quan n nhn thc, thuc tnh v s lin tng
v thng hiu t chc trong tr nh ca ngi
tm vic (Keller, 1993) (trch t [7]).
Theo David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto v
Robert F. Otondo [7], hnh nh ca t chc c
nh hng n d nh ng tuyn ca ngi
xin vic vo t chc. Chapmen et al (2005)
(trch t [7]) cho rng hnh nh t chc l mt
trong s cc yu t quan trng nht ca s thu
ht ngi tm vic. Blamer v Gray (2003)
(trch t [7]) cng cho rng thng hiu t
chc nh hng n s thu ht ban u i vi
ngi tm vic. Theo Scott Highhouse, Filip
Lievens v Evan F. Sinar [11] th uy tn t chc,
biu hin qua danh ting t chc to dng
trong lng nhng ngi tng nghe v t
chc, c nh hng n s thu ht ca t chc
i vi ng vin. Christopher J. Collins [6]
cng cho rng s hiu bit v t chc, danh
ting v hnh nh t chc c nh hng ng
k n d nh v hnh vi xin vic ca ngi
tm vic.
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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 13, S Q1 - 2010
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Nh vy, cc nghin cu trn cho thy
cc c nhn thng thch v mong mun c
lm vic ti cc t chc c hnh nh v uy tn
tt. Do , gi thuyt H1 c pht biu nh
sau:
Gi thuyt H1: Cm nhn v thng hiu
v uy tn t chc ca ngi tm vic cng cao
th mong mun lm vic cho t chc cng cao.
3.1.2 S ph hp gia c nhn v t chc
S ph hp gia c nhn v t chc l nh
ngha chung v l kh nng tng thch gia
con ngi v t chc, din ra khi t nht mt
bn cung cp cc nhu cu ph hp vi bn cn
li (Kristof, 1996) (trch t [9]). Cable v Judge
(trch t [9]) cho rng nhn thc v s ph hp
c nhn-t chc l d bo quan trng cho d
nh la chn cng vic ca ngi tm vic.
Ngi tm vic c xu hng b thu ht, la
chn v li t chc, ni mi trng lm vic
ph hp nht vi cc c im ring ca bn
thn h. Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge
[10] nhn thy nhn thc v s ph hp gia
con ngi-t chc ca ngi tm vic c d
bo bi s ph hp gia gi tr ca c nhn vi
nhn thc ca h v gi tr ca t chc. Ngi
tm vic thch la chn t chc ni m cc c
im c nhn ca h tng ng vi cc c
im ca t chc (Cable & Judge 1994,
Chatman 1989, 1991, Judge & Brezt 1992)
(trch t [10]). Do , gi thuyt H2 c pht
biu nh sau:
Gi thuyt H2: Nhn thc v s ph hp
gia c nhn v t chc ca ngi tm vic
cng cao th quyt nh np n vo t chc
ca ngi tm vic cng cao.
3.1.3 Chnh sch v mi trng t chc
Chnh sch l nhng chun tc c th
thc hin ng li, nhim v; c thc hin
trong mt thi gian nht nh, trn nhng lnh
vc c th no . Timothy A. Judge v Robert
D. Bretz [5], cho rng c mi lin kt tch cc
gia chnh sch ca t chc v quyt nh nhn
cng vic. Greenberg (trch t[5]) cho rng cc
chnh sch v i ng, phc li, bo him v
cc li tc trong ngnh l yu t quan trng
gip gn kt ngi lao ng vi t chc v
cng l mt trong nhng yu t thu ht ngi
tm vic np n vo t chc.
Mi trng lm vic l nhng vn lin
quan n nhn thc ca nhn vin v an ton
v sinh ni lm vic nh vn phng lm vic,
bn gh lm vic, phng hp, phng y t m
bo v sinh, my mc, trang thit b h tr
cng vic c m bo an ton (Trn Kim Dung,
2005) (trch t [12]). Khi ngi tm vic cm
nhn mi trng lm vic c v sinh, an ton,
trang thit b lm vic y th h c xu
hng mong mun c lm vic trong mi
trng hn.
Da vo nhm yu t v chnh sch v mi
trng t chc trn, gi thuyt H3 c pht
biu nh sau:
Gi thuyt H3: Chnh sch t chc v mi
trng lm vic ca t chc cng tt th mong
mun lm vic cho t chc ca ngi tm vic
cng cao.
3.1.4 Mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng
Mc tr cng l nhng g lin quan n
nhn thc ca ngi kim vic v khon thu
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Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.Q1- 2010
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nhp m h nhn c t t chc bao gm:
lng, thng, ph cp. Ngi kim vic lun
mong mun c bit r nhng thnh phn lin
quan n mc tr cng trong t chc.
Daniel M. Cable v Timothy A. Judge [4]
cho rng mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng c
nh hng n quyt nh chn cng vic.
Nhng t chc cung cp mc tr cng cao,
phc li linh hot, tr lng theo c nhn v
chnh sch tr cng c nh s thu ht c
nhiu ngi tm vic hn.
Theo Lakhani (1988 )v Yellen (1984)
(trch t [4]), cc c nhn thng thch chn
cng vic c mc tr cng cao v mc tr cng
cao s thu ht s lng cc ng vin nhiu hn.
Tng t, Gerhart v Melkovich (1990) (trch
t [4]) cho rng mc tr cng l yu t nh
hng trc tip nht n s thu ht i vi
ngi tm vic. Theo nhn thc ca ngi tm
vic th h mong mun nhn c s chi tr
cng bng, tng xng vi nhng g h ng
nhn c. Do , gi thuyt H4 c pht
biu nh sau:
Gi thuyt H4: Mc tr cng ca t chc
cng cao v hnh thc tr cng cng tng
xng th cng thu ht c nhiu ngi tm
vic hn.
3.1.5 C hi o to v c hi thng tin
C hi o to v c hi thng tin l
nhng g lin quan n nhn thc ca ngi
tm vic v c hi pht trin, thng tin trong t
chc. Theo cc nghin cu ca Rynes (1992),
Rynes v Lawer (1983), Rynes, Schwab v
Heneman (1983), Schwab, Rynes v Aldag
(1987) (trch t [3]), mc tr cng v c hi
thng tin nh hng n s la chn cng
vic. Judge v Bretz (1992), Jurgensen (1978)
(trch t[5]), cng cho thy nhn thc v mc
tr cng v c hi thng tin nh hng n s
thu ht ca t chc i vi ngi tm vic. C
hi thng tin, o to, pht trin cng c nhiu
theo nhn thc ca ngi tm vic th kh nng
mong mun lm vic cho t chc ca h cng
cao. Do , gi thuyt H5 c pht biu nh
sau:
Gi thuyt H5: Nhn thc v c hi o
to, pht trin v thng tin trong cng vic
cng cao th quyt nh chn cng vic ca
ngi tm vic cng cao.
3.1.6 S thch thc/thay i trong cng vic
Theo Timothy A. Judge, Donna Blancero,
Daniel M. Cable & Daniel E. Johnson [3], s
thch thc/thay i trong cng vic c nh
hng trc tip n quyt nh chn cng vic
ca ngi tm vic. Ngi tm vic lun mong
mun thay i cng vic hin ti tm n
mt cng vic mi mang li nhng thch thc,
th v v ph hp hn v kh nng v tnh cch
theo nhn thc ca h. Bi thng thng, cc
nhn vin c trnh lun cn c kch thch
bi cc thch thc trong cc cng vic mang
tnh sng to, hoc h mong mun s c th
n nhng ni c s kch thch , c th l
mt b phn khc, ngnh cng nghip khc
hoc cng ty khc. Do , gi thuyt H6 c
a ra l:
H6: Nhn thc ca ngi tm vic v mc
thch thc, th v v a dng trong cng
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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 13, S Q1 - 2010
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vic cng cao th quyt nh chn cng vic
ca h cng cao.
3.1.7 Thng tin tuyn dng
Theo Belt v Paolillo (1982), Rynes (1991)
( trch t [9]), quyt nh np n vo t chc
ca ngi tm vic thng da trn n tng v
s thu ht ca t chc. c bit, vi mt lng
nh cc thng tin ban u, cc ng vin thng
c xu hng da trn cm nhn v thi i
vi t chc np n (Rynes, 1991) ( trch t
[9]). Mc chi tit ca thng tin tuyn dng
cung cp, nh hng n d nh ng tuyn
ca ngi tm vic vo t chc (Barber v
Roehling 1993, Gatewood et al 1993, Herriot
v Rothwell 1981) (trch t [9]). iu ny cng
ph hp vi nghin cu ca David G. Allen,
Raj V. Mahto v Robert F. Otondo [7], d nh
ng tuyn ca ngi xin vic chu nh hng
bi cc yu t hnh nh, thng tin v cng ty v
thng tin v cng vic. Do , gi thuyt H7
c pht biu nh sau:
Gi thuyt H7: Thng tin tuyn dng cng
lm ni bt cc c tnh ca t chc v cng
vic th cng thu ht c nhiu ngi tm vic
hn.
3.1.8 Gia nh v bn b
Theo ngin cu ca Levon T. Esters v
Blannie E. Bowen [8] th b m v bn b l
cc c nhn nh hng nhiu nht n quyt
nh chn cng vic. Do , gi thuyt H8
c pht biu nh sau:
Gi thuyt H8: nh gi ca gia nh v
bn b v t chc cng tt th mong mun lm
vic cho t chc ca ngi tm vic cng cao.
3.1.9 Bin nhn khu hc
Timothy A. Judge v cng s [3] nhn thy
cc bin nhn khu hc nh trnh hc vn,
kinh nghim lm vic v gii tnh c nh
hng n quyt nh chn cng vic ca
ngi tm vic. Levon T. Esters v Blannie E.
Bowen [8] cho rng trnh hc vn v kinh
nghim lm vic l cc yu t nh hng n
quyt nh chn hay khng chn vic lm trong
ngnh nng nghip. Tng t, Daniel M. Cable
v Timothy A. Judge [4] cng kt lun tui tc,
chng tc v gii tnh l cc yu t nhn khu
nh hng ng k n quyt nh chn cng
vic.
Da vo nhm yu t v nhn khu hc
trn, cc bin nhn khu nh tui tc, gii tnh,
trnh hc vn, kinh nghim lm vic c
s dng lm cc bin iu khin trong m hnh
nghin cu. Ngoi ra, phn tch s khc bit
trong hnh vi la chn cng vic ca tng lp
ngi lao ng thuc cc thnh phn doanh
nghip khc nhau, bin loi hnh doanh nghip
ang lm vic c a thm vo phn loi.
3.2. M hnh nghin cu
Da trn c s 8 nhm nhn t nh hng
n quyt nh chn cng vic v la chn t
chc cng 7 bin nhn khu hc nu trn, m
hnh nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng n
quyt nh lm vic ti DNNN vi 8 gi thuyt
tng ng trn c xut Hnh 1 nh
sau:
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Hnh 1. M hnh nghin cu
M hnh nghin cu Hnh 1 c xy
dng da trn m hnh nghin cu ca
Timothy A. Judge v cc cng s [3], [4], [5],
[10] bao gm cc nhn t s ph hp gia c
nhn-t chc; chnh sch v mi trng t
chc; mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng; c
hi o to v thng tin; s thch thc trong
cng vic kt hp vi cc nhn t uy tn v
thng hiu t chc, thng tin tuyn dng t
nghin cu ca David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto
v Robert F. Otondo [7] v yu t gia nh &
bn b t nghin cu ca Levon T. Esters v
Blannie E. Bowen [8] trn c s c tm hiu v
tham kho thm thng tin t bo ch, tp ch
chuyn ngnh v internet trong tnh hnh thc
t ti Vit Nam, c bit l ti DNNN.
Ngoi ra, m hnh nghin cu cng a
vo 7 bin nhn khu nhm mc ch phn tch
s khc bit ca hnh vi la chn cng vic ti
DNNN gia cc nhm ngi lao ng theo tui,
gii tnh, kinh nghim lm vic, trnh hc
vn, tnh trng hn nhn, loi hnh DN ang
lm vic v hnh thc DNNN mong mun lm
vic nht.
4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Nghin cu c thc hin qua hai bc
nh tnh v nh lng. Nghin cu nh tnh
dng k thut phng vn su vi 25 ngi lao
ng ti TP.HCM nhm kim tra mc r
rng ca t ng v kh nng hiu cc pht biu
cng nh tnh trng lp ca cc pht biu trong
thang o. Ni dung da vo thang o ca cc
H8+
H2+
Quyt nh
chn cng vic
ti DNNN
Mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng
Uy tn v thng hiu t chc
S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc
Chnh sch v mi trng t chc
C hi o to v thng tin
Thch thc trong cng vic
Thng tin tuyn dng
Gia nh v bn b
H1+
H3+
H4+
H5+
H6+
H7+
Nhm yu t nhn khu hc: - Gii tnh - Tui - Trnh hc vn - Kinh nghim lm vic - Tnh trng hn nhn - Loi hnh DN hoc ang lm vic - Loi hnh DNNN mong mun lm vic
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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 13, S Q1 - 2010
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nghin cu trc [3], [4], [6], [8], [9], [11],
[12]. Da trn nhng thng tin trong nghin
cu nh tnh, nghin cu nh lng c
thc hin thng qua phng vn bng bng cu
hi.
Mc ch ca nghin cu l nhm xc nh
cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh chn
cng vic ti DNNN, v th khi thit k bng
cu hi, tc gi c mt ch cho ngi c
hi ngay u bng cu hi l: ng/B hy lin
tng n mt DNNN c th, c th l DNNN
ng/B ang lm vic hoc mong mun s lm
vic trong tng lai ngi tr li ch tp
trung vo DNNN v c mt nim chung v
DNNN trc khi bt u tr li. V th, vi cc
i tng khng c mong mun lm vic cho
DNNN, ngay t u s khng tr li bng cu
hi ny.
Mu c ly theo phng php thun tin,
phm vi ly mu l lao ng ti TP. H Ch
Minh c trnh cao ng, i hc v sau i
hc ang lm vic ti DNNN hoc ang xin
vic v c d nh tm kim mt cng vic ti
DNNN trong tng lai. Theo , 550 bng cu
hi c pht i bao gm 200 mu pht
bng giy v 350 mu bng email. S mu thu
hi c l 266 mu, t t l 48%. Sau khi
kim tra c 15 mu khng t yu cu ch yu
do thng tin tr li khng y hoc ni dung
tr li b trng lp, mu cui cng c chn
a vo kho st l 253.
D liu thu thp c s dng nh gi
thang o v kim nh cc gi thuyt. Thang o
v tin cy ca cc bin quan st c nh
gi bng h s Cronbachs Alpha v phng
php phn tch nhn t khm ph. Yu cu
thang o c chp nhn l loi b cc bin c
tng quan bin tng nh hn 0.3 v h s
Cronbachs Alpha nh hn 0.6. Bc cui
cng l kim nh m hnh bng phng php
hi quy a bin vi mc ngha 5%. Cc phn
tch trn c thc hin vi s h tr ca phn
mm Excel, Eviews v SPSS.
Cu trc bng cu hi bao gm 2 phn.
Phn 1 l phn thng tin v cc nhn t trong
m hnh nghin cu, d liu c thu thp
thng qua cm nhn ca ngi c phng vn
v cc nhn t c cho l c nh hng n
quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN theo
thang o Likert 7. Phn 2 l thng tin c nhn
nh: gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, kinh
nghim lm vic, tnh trng hn nhn, loi hnh
DN hoc ang lm vic, loi hnh DNNN
mong mun lm vic, tt c c o bng
thang o ch danh.
5. PHN TCH V THO LUN KT
QU
5.1 Thng k m t
Mu nghin cu c chn cui cng bao
gm 253 lao ng ti TP. H Ch Minh, trong
gm 153 nam (60.5%) v 100 n (39.5%).
V tui, c 40 ngi tr li tui 20-25
(15.8%), 162 ngi tui 26-30 (64%), 40
ngi tui 31-40 (15.8%) v 11 ngi trn
40 tui (4.3%). V trnh hc vn, 69%
ngi c phng vn c trnh i hc (176
ngi), 20.9% c trnh sau i hc (53
ngi), 9.5% cn li c trnh cao ng (24
ngi). V kinh nghim lm vic, trong tng s
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253 i tng c phng vn, 116 ngi c
kinh nghim lm vic t 3-5 nm, chim 45.8%
mu thu c, 54,2% cn li ca mu bao gm
53 ngi c kinh nghim lm vic di 3 nm
(20.9%), 51 ngi kinh nghim lm vic t 5-
10 nm (20.2%), 20 ngi c kinh nghim lm
vic trn 10 nm (7.9%) v 13 ngi l sinh
vin mi tt nghip t cc trng cao ng, i
hc (5.1%). V trnh chuyn mn, 124
ngi c hi ang lm vic trong cc ngnh
k thut, chim t l 49%, 103 ngi ang lm
vic trong cc lnh vc kinh t, qun tr, chim
t l 40.7% v 10.3% cn li (26 ngi) ang
lm vic trong cc lnh vc nh gio dc, y
dc, nng nghip. V tnh trng hn nhn,
66% mu kho st tng ng vi 167 ngi
c phng vn cha lp gia nh.
Trong tng s 253 kt qu, 55,7% (141
ngi) ang lm vic trong khu vc kinh t nh
nc (gm 63 ngi hoc ang lm vic ti
cng ty 100% vn nh nc v 78 ngi
hoc ang lm vic ti cng ty c c phn/vn
gp nh nc ) v 44,3% (112 ngi) ang xin
vic c mong mun c lm vic ti mt
DNNN trong tng lai (bao gm 13 ngi l
sinh vin mi tt nghip v 99 ngi ang hoc
tng lm vic ti cng ty t nhn/c vn u
t nc ngoi).
Cui cng, khi c hi v loi hnh
DNNN mong mun lm vic nht trong s ba
loi hnh DNNN nghin cu cp l cng ty
nh nc, cng ty c phn nh nc v DN c
c phn/vn gp nh nc (t 51% tr ln),
43.9% ngi tr li mong mun c lm vic
cho cng ty c phn nh nc (111 ngi),
41.5% ngi tr li thch lm vic cho DN c
c phn/vn gp nh nc (105 ngi), v
14.6% cn li tr li thch lm vic cho cng ty
nh nc nht (37 ngi).
Phn tch tng quan gia cc bin c lp
v bin ph thuc cho thy phn ln cc bin
c lp u c tng quan vi bin ph thuc
vi ngha mc chp nhn (p < 0.01 hoc p
< 0.05). Kt qu ny chng t mc ph hp
ca cc nhm yu t ny vi cng tc phn tch
nhn t s c thc hin phn tip theo.
5.2 Phn tch nhn t
Kt qu phn tch nhn t c tng hp
v trnh by Bng 1.
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Trang 53
Bng 1. Kt qu phn tch nhn t khm ph tng hp
Thnh phn nhn t
Tn cc bin quan st c lp C hi
o to,
thng
tin
Thng
hiu v
uy tn t
chc
S ph
hp c
nhn-t
chc
Mc tr
cng
Chnh
sch v
mi
trng
t chc
Chnh
sch v
thng
tin
tuyn
dng
Hnh
thc tr
cng
Gia
nh v
bn b
- Ngi lm vic t ho khi l nhn vin ti
DNNN .703
- Hu nh c nhiu ngi mun lm vic cho
DNNN .613
- DNNN l t chc c uy tn lm vic .744
- DNNN c tim nng pht trin tt .678
- Trch nhim x hi ca DNNN i vi cng
ng l tt .567
- DNNN ph hp vi ti trong vic tm kim 1
ni lm vic tim nng .730
- Gi tr v vn ho DNNN ph hp vi gi tr
v nhn cch c nhn .720
- Tnh cch ph hp vi cc nhim v ca cng
vic ti DNNN .809
- Mi trng lm vic thn thin .804
- Mi trng lm vic m bo cc tiu chun
an ton lao ng. .734
- Phc li (bo him x hi, y t, tht nghip,
tr cp x hi) tt .678
- Cng vic c mc lng cao .721
- Cng vic c mc thng cao .845
- Cng vic c ph cp a dng .754
- Mc tr cng da trn nh gi hiu qu cng
vic c nhn .475
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Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.Q1- 2010
Trang 54
- Mc tr cng th hin gi tr v tr cng vic
trong t chc .743
- Mc tr cng gia tng theo k nng v bng
cp yu cu .829
- Cung cp c hi lm vic v tr mong mun .591
- C nhng c hi tt cho vic pht trin ngh
nghip .801
- C nhiu c hi o to tt cho vic nng cao
k nng v kin thc .761
- To c hi nhn vin hc hi nhiu iu
mi phc v cng vic .783
- Cng vic c nhiu thch thc .624
- Thng tin tuyn dng cung cp y thng
tin v cng vic .778
- Thng tin tuyn dng cung cp y thng
tin v t chc .879
- Quy trnh tuyn chn cng bng .473
- Ngi thn(b/m/v/chng/anh em) nh gi
cao vic lm ti DNNN .861
- Bn b nh gi cao vic lm ti DNNN .758
Cronbachs Alpha 0.850 0.803 0.846 0.770 0.735 0.755 0.730 0.763
Eigenvalues 8.704 2.145 1.974 1.604 1.362 1.158 1.011 1.004
bin thin c gii thch (%) 32.237 7.944 7.311 5.941 5.043 4.289 3.743 3.717
bin thin c gii thch tch ly (%) 32.237 40.181 47.492 53.433 58.476 62.766 66.509 70.226
M hnh nghin cu ban u bao gm 8
nhm nhn t c lp vi 31 bin quan st
c cho l c nh hng n quyt nh lm
vic ti DNNN, sau khi loi b bin tt27 ca
thang o v s thch thc/a dng trong cng
vic giai on nh gi tin cy cc thang
o, 30 bin cn li ca cc thnh phn c lp
c a vo phn tch nhn t.
Sau khi tri qua mt s bc phn tch
trung gian vi nhng bin c h s ti nhn t
nh hn 0.45 b loi, kt qu phn tch nhn t
cc bin quan st thuc cc thnh phn c lp
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
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Trang 55
sau cng cn li 27 bin quan st vi h s ti
nhn t t 0.473 n 0.879 c trch thnh 8
nhm nhn t (xem Bng 1) bao gm c hi
o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn t
chc, s ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr
cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi
trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin tuyn
dng, gia nh v bn b. Trong , nhn t
mc tr cng v hnh thc tr cng c tch
thnh hai nhn t mi l nhn t mc tr cng
v nhn t hnh thc tr cng; hai nhn t c
hi o to, thng tin v nhn t s thch
thc/a dng trong cng vic gp chung vo v
c gi li tn l c hi o to v thng tin.
Ni dung cc bin quan st trong thang o s
thch thc/a dng trong cng vic lin quan
n vic ngi tm vic mong mun c vo
lm vic cho t chc ni cung cp cho h cc
cng vic mang li nhng thch thc, th v,
ph hp v kh nng v tnh cch, cng nh to
nhiu c hi h hc hi thm nhiu iu
mi phc v cng vic. y cng c xem l
cc c hi o to m h mong mun c c
khi np n vo t chc.
Tng t, phn tch nhn t cng c
thc hin vi 5 bin quan st ca nhn t ph
thuc Quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.
Kt qu phn tch nhn t Bng 2 cho thy
ch c mt nhn t duy nht c to ra i
din cho cc bin quan st thuc thang o
Quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.
Bng 2. Kt qu phn tch nhn t ca bin ph thuc
Nhn t Tn bin quan st
1
- DNNN l mt trong cc t chc c la chn u tin trong qu trnh tm vic
- Nhn li tham gia phng vn cng vic nu c DNNN mi
- N lc nhiu c vo lm vic ti DNNN
- Gii thiu DNNN n nhng ngi bn ang tm vic
- Chp nhn 1 cng vic c cung cp t DNNN
.801
.638
.817
.680
.797
Initial Eigenvalues 2.814
Cumulative % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings: 56.276%
5.3. Hi quy a bin
Nghin cu pht trin c 2 m hnh
hi quy. M hnh 1 bao gm 8 nhn t thu
c t phn tch nhn t khm ph phn
trn. M hnh 2 c pht trin t m hnh 1
bng cch thm cc bin tui, gii tnh, trnh
hc vn, kinh nghim lm vic v trnh
chuyn mn ln lt vo m hnh 1, qua kim
tra ch c bin trnh chuyn mn c l
ngha thng k nn c gi li trong m hnh.
Kt qu phn tch hi quy ca cc m hnh ni
trn c trnh by tm tt Bng 3.
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Bng 3. Kt qu phn tch hi quy a bin
M hnh 1 M hnh 2
Bin Beta Sig. Beta Sig.
C hi o to v thng tin .335 .000 .335 .000Thng hiu v uy tn t chc .368 .000 .365 .000S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc .303 .000 .305 .000Mc tr cng .113 .014 .115 .011Chnh sch v mi trng t chc .166 .000 .168 .000Chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng .204 .000 .214 .000Hnh thc tr cng .154 .001 .143 .002Gia nh v bn b .225 .000 .225 .000Chuyn mn ngnh k thut -.069 .380Chuyn mn ngnh kinh t -.183 .019R2-value .495 .513Adjusted R2-value .479 .493
Kt qu M hnh 1 ch ra rng tt c cc
bin c lp tc ng n quyt nh chn cng
vic ti DNNN nh c hi o to v thng
tin, thng hiu v uy tn t chc, s ph hp
gia c nhn-t chc, mc tr cng, chnh sch
v mi trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin
tuyn dng, hnh thc tr cng, gia nh v bn
b u c quan h ng bin vi quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN, cc h s hi quy
u c ngha thng k mc 1% v 5% ph
hp vi gi thuyt t ra. M hnh 2 vi vic
a thm bin thuc tnh trnh chuyn mn
vo, cc bin c lp trn vn c ngha v
mt thng k v ph hp vi gi thuyt ban u,
bin thuc tnh a vo cng c ngha v mt
thng k. Kt qu kim nh Wald khng nh
vic a 2 bin chuyn mn ngnh k thut v
chuyn mn ngnh kinh t vo phng trnh
hi quy l c ngha v mt thng k (Sig. <
0.05). iu ny cho thy bin trnh chuyn
mn c tc ng n quyt nh chn cng vic
ti DNNN.
Cc h s hi quy trong hai m hnh ch ra
mc tc ng ring phn ca cc nhn t nu
trn n quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.
Theo , thng hiu v uy tn t chc c nh
hng ln nht n quyt nh chn cng vic
ti DNNN, k l c hi o to v thng tin,
s ph hp c nhn-t chc, gia nh v bn b,
chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng, chnh sch
v mi trng t chc, hnh thc tr cng v
mc tr cng. Gi tr R2 hiu chnh ch ra rng
M hnh 1 c th gii thch c 47.9% cho
tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t c lp ni
trn vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN
v M hnh 2 c th gii thch c 49.3% cho
tng th v s lin h ca 8 nhn t ni trn
cng thm nhn t trnh chuyn mn vi
quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN.
Ngoi ra, phn tch s khc bit ca
hnh vi la chn cng vic ti DNNN gia hai
nhm ngi lao ng, th nht ang lm vic
ti DNNN, th hai ang xin vic v c mong
mun c lm vic ti DNNN trong tng lai,
bin nhn khu hc hnh thc s hu doanh
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Trang 57
nghip ang lm vic c a vo m hnh
hi quy (pht trin t m hnh 1) di hnh
thc bin gi (dummy).
Tin hnh phn tch hi quy khi thm bin
hnh thc s hu DN lm vic gn nht vo
phng trnh hi quy ban u. Bin hnh thc
s hu DN lm vic gn nht c 4 thuc tnh l
DNNN, DN c c phn/vn gp nh nc, DN
t nhn/c vn u t nc ngoi v cha tng
i lm. Bin ny c phn li theo 2 hnh thc
chnh l ang lm vic ti khu vc kinh t nh
nc (cng ty nh nc, cng ty c c
phn/vn gp nh nc) v ang c mong
mun lm vic ti DNNN(DN t nhn/c vn
u t nc ngoi, cha tng i lm). V bin
ny ch c 2 thuc tnh nn khi a vo phn
tch hi quy ch cn dng 1 bin gi l i
tng kho st, trong : i tng kho st
= 1 nu ang lm vic trong khu vc kinh t
nh nc, 0 nu ang c mong mun lm vic
ti DNNN (ang lm vic ngoi khu vc kinh
t nh nc/cha tng i lm v c d nh
lm vic ti DNNN trong tng lai).
Kt qu phn tch hi quy Bng 4 cho
thy vic a bin i tng kho st vo m
hnh nghin cu l khng c ngha v mt
thng k (sig > 0.05) nn m hnh 3 khng
c la chn. iu ny cho thy khng c s
khc bit trong quyt nh chn cng vic ti
DNNN gia hai nhm i tng ny
Bng 4. Kt qu phn tch hi quy a bin khi xem xt n i tng kho st M hnh 3
Bin Beta Sig.
C hi o to v thng tin .335 .000 Thng hiu v uy tn t chc .362 .000 S ph hp gia c nhn-t chc .299 .000 Mc tr cng .115 .011 Chnh sch v mi trng t chc .167 .000 Chnh sch v thng tin tuyn dng .205 .000 Hnh thc tr cng .172 .000 Gia nh v bn b .224 .000 i tng kho st .066 R2-value .502 Adjusted R2-value .484
6. KT LUN V KIN NGH
6.1. Kt lun
Nghin cu xy dng v kim chng
m hnh cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh
lm vic ti DNNN vi 8 nhn t i din l c
hi o to v thng tin, thng hiu v uy tn
t chc, s ph hp gia c nhn-t chc, mc
tr cng, hnh thc tr cng, chnh sch v mi
trng t chc, chnh sch v thng tin tuyn
dng, gia nh v bn b. Kt qu cho thy c
mi quan h ng bin gia 8 nhn t i din
trn vi quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN,
cc h s hi quy u c ngha thng k
mc 1% v ph hp vi cc gi thuyt t ra.
Kt qu cng ch ra rng khng c s khc bit
trong quyt nh chn cng vic ti DNNN
gia nhm ngi ang lm vic ti DNNN v
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Trang 58
nhm ngi cha tng lm vic ti DNNN,
ang c d nh tm kim mt cng vic ti
DNNN trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, kt qu
nghin cu cng cho thy trnh chuyn mn
c nh hng n quyt nh chn cng vic
ti DNNN. Theo , cc c nhn c trnh
chuyn mn thuc lnh vc kinh t v qun tr
t c xu hng vo lm vic ti DNNN hn so
vi cc c nhn thuc cc ngnh cn li trong
nn kinh t.
M hnh nghin cu cng cho thy cc
nhn t nh hng n quyt nh lm vic ti
DNNN gii thch c 47.9% s bin ng
ca bin ph thuc quyt nh chn cng vic
ti DNNN ng thi khng nh mi quan h
gia cc nhn t nu trn vi quyt nh chn
cng vic ti DNNN.
6.2. Kin ngh
Kt qu ca nghin cu em li mt s
hm cho nh qun tr ti DNNN trong vic
thu ht v qun l ngun nhn s c trnh
ca mnh.
Da vo kt qu phn tch, c th thy c
n 8 nhn t tc ng trc tip n quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN hin nay. Trong ,
cc nhn t quan trng tc ng n quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN l thng hiu, uy
tn t chc, c hi o to, thng tin, s ph
hp gia c nhn- t chc, chnh sch, mi
trng t chc, gia nh v bn b. V vy,
thu ht v duy tr lao ng c trnh vo lm
vic cho DNNN, cc nh qun l ti DNNN
cn ch n mt s vn nh sau:
Khng ngng qung b, nng cao hnh
hnh nh, uy tn DNNN trn th trng thng
qua cc hot ng th hin trch nhim ca DN
i vi x hi v cng ng,
Thit lp mi trng lm vic tch cc, vi
s cng bng v minh bch trong mi hot
ng ca t chc, phn chia trch nhim v
thit lp quy trnh lm vic r rng, trnh tnh
trng chng cho trch nhim. Cc chng
trnh pht trin ngh nghip v thng tin cn
th hin c tnh cnh tranh v minh bch.
Chng trnh o to, hun luyn v pht trin
hp l nhm gip nhn vin c th nh hng
ngh nghip tt hn, hon thin bn thn,
khuyn khch nhn vin sng to/i mi trong
nhiu vn , to iu kin cho nhn vin pht
huy nng lc v kh nng qua nhng cng vic
mang tnh thch thc hay nhiu cng vic
khc nhau. xo b cm gic ang lm mt
cng vic khng c tng lai ca nhn vin,
nh qun l DNNN nn c mt k hoch pht
trin ring cho tt c cc cng vic.
To mi trng lm vic thn thin, nng
ng, vn ho doanh nghip vng mnh, qua
nng cao uy tn v thng hiu ca DNNN
trn th trng v to dng trong lng ngi
lao ng v mt DN vi cc gi tr vn ho c
trng, ph hp vi cc gi tr ca x hi.
Hoch nh mt chng trnh nh hng
nhn s hiu qu vi chnh sch tuyn dng
cng bng, thng tin tuyn dng m bo minh
bch, r rng, gip ngi lao ng c ci nhn
y v ton din ban u v t chc, qua
gia tng mc hp dn ca DN trn th
trng lao ng.
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Trang 59
Mt im cng ng lu l mc d kt
qu nghin cho thy hai nhn t mc tr cng
v hnh thc tr cng c tc ng thp nht
trong cc nhn t c nh hng n quyt nh
chn cng vic ti DNNN, nhng phn ln
ngi lao ng u mong mun nhn c s
chi tr cng bng, tng xng vi nhng g h
ng nhn c. Do , nh qun tr cng cn
lu to ra mi trng lm vic thu nhp
v b tr cng vic phi ph hp vi nng lc
ca nhn vin. C ch lng, thng linh ng,
hp l, xng ng vi cng vic v nh gi
ng hiu qu cng tc ca nhn vin. Bi tin
v li ch c th thu ht c nhn vin i vo
ca trc nhng cn c nhng th khc nu
gi cho h khng i ra ca sau. Nhn vin c
mt nhu cu mang tnh c bn ca con ngi
l c coi trng v t ho v cng vic ca
h. Cc chng trnh cng nhn v khuyn
khch gp phn p ng nhu cu ny. Mt
chng trnh cng nhn v thng thnh cng
khng cn phi phc tp hay xa x th mi c
hiu qu. Vic ny gp phn to dng mt
nhm mnh hn, on kt v ci thin mi
quan h trong cng ty.
Cui cng, kt qu nghin cu cho thy ch
c nhm yu t gia nh v bn b l nh qun
tr khng th tc ng trc tip ln c. Tuy
nhin, vic to dng, nng cao hnh nh, uy tn
DNNN trong lng nhng ngi tng nghe
v t chc, s nh hng n nhn thc tt ca
nhm yu t ny i vi DNNN, qua cng
gp phn nng cao s thu ht ca t chc i
vi ng vin.
Tm li, trn y ch l mt s kin ngh
trong qu trnh nghin cu rt ra c, c th
s khng ng cho tt c cc DNNN, song
phn no cng to nn mt ci nhn c th hn
cho cc nh qun tr ti DNNN vi cc gii
php nhm thu ht v qun l ngun nhn s
c trnh ti DNNN trong tnh hnh hin nay.
6.3. Gii hn ca nghin cu
Nghin cu s dng mu thun tin nn
hn ch kh nng tng qut ha. Nghin cu
ch gii thch c 47.9% vn nghin cu
khi nhn rng ra tng th. Nguyn nhn c th
do cn mt s yu t khc cha c a vo
m hnh nghin cu, kch thc mu cn nh
v phm vi nghin cu cn hp. Nghin cu
ch xem xt DNNN ni chung m cha ch
ti mt loi hnh DNNN hay thng hiu
DNNN c th. Hng nghin cu tip theo c
th m rng sang nghin cu cc nhn t nh
hng ln quyt nh chn cng vic ti mt
trong ba loi hnh DNNN k trn hoc cho mt
thng hiu DNNN c th. y cng l hng
m ra cho cc nghin cu tip theo v quyt
nh chn cng vic v la chn t chc. M
hnh nghin cu ny khng ch c p dng
i vi cc DN thuc khu vc kinh t nh nc
m cn c th pht trin ng dng vo cc loi
hnh DN thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc
trong nn kinh t hin nay.
FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB CHOICE DECISIONS
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Science & Technology Development, Vol 13, No.Q1- 2010
Trang 60
IN STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES
Tran Thi Ngoc Duyen, Cao Hao Thi University of Technology, VNU-HCM
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to identify factors influencing job choice decisions in
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), basing on researches developed by Timothy A. Judge and colleagues [3,
[4], [5], [10] , David G. Allen, Raj V. Mahto and Robert F. Otondo [7], Levon T. Esters and Blannie E.
Bowen [8]. Results are based on data surveyed on 253 job-seeker participants who graduated from
junior colleges, universities or postgraduate programs in HCM City and have the intention to pursue
employment in a state-owned company. The results indicated 8 main factors influencing job choice
decisions in the state-owned enterprises including training and promotional opportunities,
organizational prestige and brand, person-organisation fit, pay levels, pay systems, policies and
working environment, policies and information recruitment, parents and friends. All key factors had
significant positive relationship with job choice decisions in state-owned enterprises at the statistically
significant level of 5%. Research models accounted for 47,9% for the overall dependence of the eight
above-mentioned factors on job choice decisions in state-owned enterprises.
Keywords: job choice decisions, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), job-seeker, Ho Chi Minh City
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Highhouse, S. & Hoffman, J. R.,
Organizational attraction and job choice,
In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (eds.)
International Review of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, Manchester,
U.K.: Wiley, pp. 37-64, (2001).
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