rabbit production adapting to climate change - a review · fermentation of livestock and animal...
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Rabbit Production Adapting to Climate
Change - A ReviewNguyen Van Thu
Can Tho University, Vietnam
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RABBIT PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL
CLIMATE 2019 AND 4TH ARPA CONFERENCE
Aug 5 – 6, 2019 Tamarind Square Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
1
Introduction
☻Increasing human population and climate change (caused
by GHG) in the World are interrelated (global warming)
☻ Climate change caused negative effects of food
production and human life
☻Grain production, usage issues and increasing price, and
roles of rabbit as the herbivores
☻ Rabbit with the advantages of different production
systems, efficient meat production, avoided existing
outbreaks, low pollution and GHG emissions
☻ Promising potential of rabbit adapting to climate
change for future production with a better environmental
benefit is analyzed2
Table 1. Number of undernourished people (million) in the world, 2010–2018
Year 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018*
Annual
Change, %
WORLD 822.3 785.4 796.5 811.7 821.6 -0.011
AFRICA 199.8 217.9 234.6 248.6 256.1 3.52
Sub-Saharan Africa 180.6 202.4 218.5 232.1 239.1 4.05
Eastern Africa 118.6 119.3 126.9 129.8 133.1 1.53
ASIA 572.1 518.7 512.3 512.4 513.9 -1.27
Eastern Asia 178.4 138.1 137.8 138.1 137 -2.90
Southern Asia 293.1 286.1 278.3 276.4 278.5 -0.623
L. AMER. & CARIB. 40.7 39.1 40.4 41.7 42.5 0.553
Latin America 32.6 31.5 32.9 34 34.7 0.805
South America 21.1 20.6 22.2 23.2 23.7 1.54
OCEANIA 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 4.61
NORTH AMER & EU, n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r.
Hungry people in the world and
the food and energy crisis
3
Human nutrition in the world
and the food and energy crisis
► Protein is necessary for key body functions including
(development and maintenance of muscles).
►A high demand for increased animal production and
animal products across the world
►Water is the main resource required for agriculture, but this
has been depleted
►Most fossil resources are now too deep to be economically
mined for irrigation, reducing some of the major areas of crop
production
►Animal feed mainly comes from crop byproducts, with
some competition to human beings and others, i.e., machines 4
► Greenhouse gases (GHGs) occur naturally such as water vapor,
CO2, CH4, N2O, and Ozone, while hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
►Methane is emitted when organic decomposes, i.e., enteric
fermentation of livestock and animal wastes, and methane
emissions from production and transport of fossil fuels.
► Species extinction, seasons length changed, cause coastal
flooding, and more frequent and severe storms, have negative
effects on human activities, life and the environment, such as
agricultural production, outbreaks, and disasters (Nguyen Van
Thu, 2015) .
Greenhouse gas emissions and
climate change
5
Global CHG Emissions by Country6
Sources for CH4 production 7
8
9
10
Negative effects by sea water rise 11
12
Landslide
13
Storms
14
Floodings
15
Table 2. World livestock population (thousand) from 2013-2017
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Annual
Change, %
Buffaloes 193,070 194,458 196,363 199,391 200,968 0.818
Cattle 1,434,769 1,442,098 1,468,146 1,488,966 1,491,687 0.793
Chickens 20,953,583 21,118,014 21,693,865 22,562,532 22,847,062 1.81
Goats 954,716 966,843 1,000,510 1,025,636 1,034,407 1.67
Pigs 976,363 985,189 986,368 978,466 967,385 -0.184
Rabbits 300,631 299,560 296,588 296,678 308,945 0.553
Source: FAOSTAT (2019) adapted by Nguyen Van Thu (2019)
Livestock production, crucial to supply animal protein human beings.
Livestock production
16
► Relationship between GHG emissions and climate change and sea
level rise has now been accepted and cannot be ignored in agriculture
► Sea level increases lead to fertile delta being removed, and weather
patterns certainly change, more intense droughts or flooding rains.
► Crop and animal production systems adapted to drought, flooding,
and saline water in Vietnam and Bangladesh.
► Grain-based animal production will become increasingly expensive,
due to competition resources for food, feed, and fuel
►Animal production based on herbivores, extensive development from
byproducts of agriculture or land not dedicated to food or biofuel
production (Leng 2008).
Climate change and livestock
production
17
Table 3. Rabbit population development of different parts of the
World (2013-2017)
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Annual
change, %
World 300,631 299,560 296,588 296,678 308,945 0.54
South Latin
America 4,289 4,204 4,331 4,141 4,248 -0.19
Asia 255,813 256,107 249,276 250,378 263,082 0.55
Europe 23,414 23,256 23,361 23,199 23,039 -0.33
Africa 15,684 14,559 18,181 17,511 17,124 1.68
Source: FAOSTAT (2019) adapted by Nguyen Van Thu (2019)
World rabbit population
18
Rabbit population in representative
countries
Table 4. Rabbit population development in representative countries
of the continent (2013-2017)
Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Annual
change, %
Italy 6,418 6,524 5,734 5,722 6,109 -1.01
France 825 837 871 761 679 -4.30
Brazil 210 220 215 186 179 -3.46
China 223,453 222,746 216,034 217,216 230,139 0.58
Vietnam 714 758 855 821 965 5.20
Egypt 4,597 3,448 6,495 6,165 5,600 3.58
Algeria 1,650 1,650 1,647 1,666 1,681 0.37
Nigeria 4,151 4,370 4,599 4,622 4,588 1.90
19
►More than one-third of the world’s
methane emissions to be generated by
rumen bacteria in farm animals such as
cows, sheep and goats.
►Methane is 20 times more powerful than
carbon dioxide, should be reduce this 900
billion ton annual release of methane
(Innovative News 2010).
► Non-ruminant species such as horse,
rabbit, guinea pig, also fed by forages,
they produce much less GHG emissions
due to the fiber mainly digested in the
ceacum (Nguyen Van Thu, 2015). 20
Non-ruminant
herbivores
► Climate change is increasing the incidence of viral disease among
farm animals, expanding the spread of some microbes that are also a
known risk to humans (Medicalxpress, 2009).
► Vector-borne diseases are especially susceptible to changing
environmental conditions due to the impact of temperature, humidity,
and demographics on the vectors.
► Climate change on the emergence and re-emergence of animal
diseases confirmed by a majority of the World Organization for Animal
Health (OIE) (PigProgress 2009).
► Experts agree that there is evidence that climate change explains the
recent spread of bluetongue virus observed in Europe since 1998
(Purse et al., 2005).
Animal disease outbreaks
21
CIDRAP, 2019
► Bird flu outbreaks of A
(H5N1) virus in 1997 in China
from Asia to Europe and Africa.
► In 2013, human infections
with the influenza A
(H7N9) virus were reported in
China.
► Nepal reported highly
pathogenic H5N1 outbreaks,
while Iraq reported highly
pathogenic H5N8, and
Cambodia with H7N4 in 2018.
Bird flu outbreaks
22
► African swine fever (ASF) is
a highly contagious
haemorrhagic viral disease of
domestic and wild pigs with up
to 100% case fatality rate.
► Serious economic and
production losses in China,
Vietnam, Mongolia, Laos, etc.
(OIE, 2018 and FAO, 2019b).
Besides blue ear outbreak is
also a heavy loss for pigs.
African swine fever
23
Terdsak, et al., (2018) reported
During 2008–2015, a total of 140 FMD outbreaks occurred
in eight provinces of Thailand.
Outbreaks occurred on cattle and buffalo farms. In contrast,
only intensive pig farms reported.
Foot and mouth disease outbreak
in cattle, buffaloes and pigs
24
Carbon sequestration through
grass and other plants for rabbit
► Rabbit is a herbivore species, its staple
feeds are forages such as grass, legumes and
other tree leaves.
► Terrestrial sequestration is the
enhancement of CO2 uptake by soils and
plants. One hectare (2.47 Acres) of tropical
grass can capture as much as 60,000 kgs
(133,000 lbs) of CO2 /year.
► Planting grass/forages can be very
beneficial, not only capturing CO2, but also,
increasing biodiversity, decreasing
temperature, controlling erosions, improving
quality of the soil (FAO, 2010) 25
ItemTreatment
± SE/PWH0 WH20 WH40 WH60 WH80 WH100
WH intake - 7.33a 13.0b 18.3c 23.6d 19.7e 0.41/0.001
CP 8.18a 8.42ab 8.51b 8.53b 8.50b 6.81c 0.001/0.001
NDF 32.5a 32.0a 31.4ab 30.8ab 29.8b 22.4c 0.572/0.001
ME,
MJ/rabbit/d0.57ab 0.58a 0.59a 0.61a 0.60a 0.50b 0.024/0.007
DWG, g 18.9a 19.3a 19.6a 19.0a 16.2c 14.0c 0.955/0.001
FCR 3.75ab 3.68a 3.63a 3.76ab 4.37b 4.25ab 0.196/0.009
Eco return,
VND24,521 24,620 26,279 24,409 16,819 13,265
Table 5. Feed and nutrient intakes (gDM·animal-1·day-1), and growth
performance of rabbits fed different levels of water hyacinth (WH)
in a feeding trial (NV Thu ang NTK Dong, 2009)
WH: water hyacinth; WH0: basal diet; WH20, WH40, WH60, WH80 and WH100: WH replaces Para grass
at levels of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, respectively, of the amount of Para grass consumed 26
Digestive system of rabbit
27
• Weak and thin
muscle
• 49% of digestive
tract
• DM content is
20% (200g DM
/kg)
• pH = 5.4-6.8
• More fiber intake
becomes bigger
Characteristics of ceacum
28
- Use of nitrogen source go to ceacum for
microbial protein and ammonia
- CH4 not yet produced before weaning
With ceacal microbes Without ceacal microbes
- Ammonia and true protein
- Essential AA
- VFAs, CH4, CO2 và H2
Urea, AA, peptide, N
(mucoprotein, enzymes, cell
wall)
Ceacal fermentation
29
Methanogenesis in caecum
► Rabbit is a herbivore species with
low greenhouse gas production as
compared to ruminants (Nguyen Van
Thu, 2010).
► Belenguer et al. (2011) indicated
that unlike fermentation in other
ruminant species, methanogenesis may
not be the major H2 sink in rabbit
caecal environment.
► methane formation could become
remarkable in vitro with a pH closer to
neutrality, to be favourable, supporting
the assertion that methanogenic
Archaea exist in caecal contents. 30
Methane emissions by rabbit
► Lower abundance of hydrogen-producing microbes and
methanogens, and increased homo-acetogenesis pathway in
the rabbit cecum may result in lower CH4 yield from the
rabbits.
► Ragna et al. (2011) stated that Guinea pigs produced
significantly more methane than rabbit
(0.13 ± 0.007 L/LW/d and 0.28 ± 0.11 L/LW/d), respectively.
►While in Zebu crossbred cattle, this was from 0.698 to
0.777 L/LW/d reported by Nguyen Van Thu et al. (2018).
31
Rabbit production adapting to
climate change
32
► The most countries affected by climate change are in tropical
developing countries such as Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, South Sudan,
Nigeria, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Cambodia, Philippines, Haiti, etc.
► They have the lower incomes compared to the others. Thus the
negative effects of climate change are even more serious than we think,
particularly in livestock production for animal protein supply.
► Ume et al. (2018) stated that in Africa, small holder rabbit farmers
have devised varied adaptation coping strategies in cushioning the effects
of climate change in their rabbit farms.
► Provision of sunshade, use of fan, position of hutches, use of plastic
bottle of frozen water, use of tolerant rabbit breeds, improved nutritional
management and destocking (Okorie, 2011).
33
► To identify the adaptation strategies used by the farmers
and factors influencing their choice of adaptation strategies in
the study area, since there is paucity of such knowledge.
► Despite rabbit project successes need to be widely
replicated across in Africa continent so that smallholders can
benefit, mostly by enhancing food security and income
generation (Oseni and Lukefahr, 2014).
► In Egypt, small-scale rabbit projects targeted the more
vulnerable households (e.g. recovery programs from natural
disasters in Haiti in 2010, as reported by Kaplan-Pasternak and
Lukefahr, 2011).
Rabbit production adapting to
disasters
34
► In Vietnam with the heavy loss by the bird flu outbreaks
(H5N1) from 2006 to 2009, during this time rabbit production
quickly increased (Nguyen Van Thu, 2019), despite H5N1
virus still spread causing the bird flu disease in many
provinces of Vietnam.
► Recently because of the ASF outbreaks with serious losses
of pork production and economy, rabbit production has been
encouraged for better development by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development to supply more meat for a
compensation
Rabbit production adapting to
disease outbreaks
Rabbit and advantages of its
biological characteristics
► The rabbit, a small herbivore placed after
chicken for meat, a great source of food and
profit generation with advantages of of forage-
based diet, efficient meat production, wide
temperature range, low water consumption,
less cost production and tasty and nutritious
meat
► Rabbit production, easy to apply modernized
and automatic systems with low water
consumption, environmental pollution and
producing areas.
► Lesser serious outbreaks, except the rabbit
haemorrhagic disease under control by vaccin35
► Organic livestock farming, a useful strategy to overcome the
challenges i.e. sustainability, food security, and food safety, while
matching with consumers´ tendencies on good animal welfare,
better health, environmental benefit, etc. (Alfredo, 2015).
► Livestock provide manure for source of fertility and an
excellent means of recycling nutrients within a crop rotation
organically.
► Organic rabbit farming easy to practice due to the herbage is
the least expensive. However a better understanding of herbage
intake to adjust the size of the green forage and feed
supplementation with cereal, legume mixtures or pelleted feeds.
Opportunities for the organic
farming with safe food products
36
▄ The rabbit could successfully adapt to the climate change,
due to its ability of efficient forage utilization, high meat
performance and reproductivity, good resistance to existing
serious outbreaks, low water use and pollution, wide range of
adapting to ambient temperature, and mitigating GHG
emissions.
▄ Rabbit production systems are better adaptation to low or
high technologies and different geography areas under climate
change conditions.
▄ More studies for improving rabbit performance, ability for
adaptating and mitigating climate change and profit under
harsh conditions of climate change
Conclusions
37
38