race, place and repertoire change in u.s. lynching, 1830-1930
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Race, Place and Repertoire Change in U.S. Lynching, 1830-1930. Richard Hogan Paper presented at Social Science History Association Meetings, Vancouver, Canada, November 2012. Preliminaries. The Problem: romanticizing Old West to legitimate lynching as vigilantism - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Race, Place and Repertoire Change in U.S. Lynching, 1830-1930
Richard HoganPaper presented at Social Science History Association Meetings, Vancouver, Canada,
November 2012
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Preliminaries
• The Problem: romanticizing Old West to legitimate lynching as vigilantism
• The goal: rewrite Western and Southern histories: interests and actors and epochs; repertoire change and learning to lynch
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Guiding Assertions
• Vigilantism is contentious gathering in defense of class interests not adequately defended by local authorities
• Lynching tends to be confounded with vigilantism but tends to differ– Status versus class interests– Public ritual of private justice– Terrorize and torture “other”
• Both are Part of Old Repertoire
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Old and New Repertoires of Contention in U.S., 1652-1996
Patronized
Autonomous
OrientationTo
Powerholders
Scope of Action
Local National
anti-proprietor revolts: 1652-1691militia rebellions: 1676-1691festivals: Stamp Act of 1765tax revolts: 1765-1794food riots: 1713-1837tenants’ rebellions: 1745-1766squatters’ rebellions: 1782-1850slave rebellions: 1663-1860vigilantism: 1771-1865LYNCHING 1830-1930
expulsion:1765-1861boycotts: 1765-presentcooperatives: 1870-present
strikeelection rallypublic meeting
demonstrationsocial movement
OLD
NEW
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Social Change in the U.S., 1620-1945
Colonial America: 1620-1765
Colonial Revolt: 1765-1815
National Period: 1815-1861
Revolutionary Period: 1861-1945
Consolidation and Increase in Scale: 1945-present
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Two Simple Questions
• How and why does lynching emerge in 1830 as an alternative to frontier vigilantism, plantation flogging, and paramilitary runaway slave patrols?
• How and why does lynching change between 1830 and 1930?
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Simple Answers• Lynching is innovation at the margin of
vigilantism and terrorism– Defense of class and status interests– Inspired by political opportunities– transformation of U.S. institutions, 1830-1930
• Specific form shaped by– Nature of republican capitalism then and there– Cultural baggage brought along– Experience of institutional transformation
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Simple Distinction
• Frontier Vigilantism– White men– Somewhat public meeting: gathering of citizens– Private posse, judge, jury, execution– Leave the body hanging to warn would-be outlaws
• Southern Lynching– white on black– Public spectacle of disguised members of KKK– No attempt to mimic due process– Torture and barbarism
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The Messy Details of History
• There seem to be distinct vigilante and lynching behaviors– Vigilantism in West before 1876– Lynching in South after 1890
• But these vary from State to State and seem to converge over time– vigilantism becomes more or less racial and
barbarous in general– Before and after Civil War/Reconstruction
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Data
• Michael Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice (U. IL, 2011)
• Stephen J. Leonard, Lynching in Colorado (U. CO, 2002)
• Michael Pfeifer, Lynching Beyond Dixie (U. IL, forthcoming)
• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, “Reports of Outrages” (Gov. Bullock’s correspondence, GA archives, 1868)
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Black Vigilante Lynching Victims Reported for South, 1824-1862, by Date and Method (N=56)
Time Burning Hanging Shooting Unknown N
1824-1849 67% (12) 17% (3) 11% (2) 5% (1) 18
1850-1862 37% (14) 61% (23) - (0) 3% (1) 38
Total 46% 26 46% 26 4% (2) 4% (2) 56
Source: Pfeifer (2011), Appendix
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Vigilante Lynching Victims from Colorado, 1859-1919
Years Victims White Anglo (%)
1859-1865 28 25 (89%)
1866-1875 77 65 (84%)
1876-1885 59 48 (81%)
1886-1919 30 15 (50%)*
Total 194 153 (80%)
Source: Leonard (2002), Appendix A
* Other victims included four blacks, one Chinese, five Italians, and five Mexicans.
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Lynching Outside South by Race 1837-1889 and 1890-1943 (N=578)
Race 1837-1889 1890-1943 Total
Percent N Percent N Percent N
Black 9% 36 28% 45 14% 81
White 77% 321 61% 97 73% 418
Other 15% 61 11% 18 14% 79
Total 100% 418 100% 160 100% 578
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
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Lynching Outside South by Method before 1890 and after 1889 (N=578)
Method* Before 1890 After 1889 Total
Percent N Percent N Percent N
Hanging 84% 351 66% 105 79% 456
Shooting 7% 31 14% 23 9% 54
Unknown 6% 24 8% 13 6% 37
Other 3% 12 12% 19 5% 31
Total 100% 418 100% 160 10% 578
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
* coded as most barbaric (in descending order: mutilation, burning, strangulation, beating, flogging, hanging, shooting) when more than one method was used)
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Lynching by Race in Arizona and Indiana
Race Indiana Arizona
percent N Percent N
Black 27% 18 - 0
Latino - 0 33% 19
Native American - 0 7% 4
White 73% 48 60% 34
Total 66 57
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
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Lynching by Race in Arizona and Indiana before 1877
Race Indiana Arizona
percent N Percent N
Black 17% 4 - 0
Latino - 0 76% 13
Native American - 0 6% 1
White 83% 20 18% 3
Total 66 17
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
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Lynching by Race in Arizona and Indiana after 1876
Race Indiana Arizona
percent N Percent N
Black 33% 14 - 0
Latino - 0 15% 6
Native American - 0 8% 3
White 67% 28 78% 31
Total 42 40
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
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Lynching Victims by Region and State (N=578)
Region State N Region State NMidwest Total 298 North East Total 10
IA 61 ME 1 IL 45 NJ 1 IN 66 NY 4 MI 7 PA 4 MN 22 West Total 264 NB 30 AZ 57 ND 10 ID 22 OH 28 MT 45 SD 12 NV 24 WI 17 OR 5
Border South Total 5 UT 15 AK 3 WA 40
DE 2 WY 56 Other HI 1
Source: Pfeifer (forthcoming)
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Taking Stock
• Antebellum Southern lynching moves toward vigilantism (hanging)
• Non-South vigilantism moves toward lynching(becomes racial and barbarous)
• Each State is different– Indiana horse-thief protection towards KKK– Arizona terrorist colonialism toward vigilantism - Midwest and Western States vary
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Lessons to Learn
• Variation across time and place makes validity and reliability of estimates problematic
• Further we move from data the more problematic this becomes
• So let’s get close to Georgia outrages– Reported by Freedmen’s Bureau to Governor– Covering January to November election of 1868– Indicates mix of crimes, vigilantism, lynching
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Crimes Imputed from Outrages Reported in Georgia, January-November 15, 1868 (N=355)
Crime Percent NMurder 28% 101Beating 26% 91Shooting 24% 85Stabbing 7% 26Whipping 5% 19Shooting At 5% 17Other* 5% 16Total 100% 355
Source: Bureau of Refugees, Freedman (1868)
* “Other” includes threatening with weapon (5), kidnapping (4), unknown (wounded: 3), hanging (not killed: 2), attempted murder (2)
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Race of Perpetrator (N=425)
Race percent NBlack 6% 26White 66% 280Unknown 28% 119Total 100% 425
Source: Bureau of Refugees, Freedman (1868)
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Percent Arrested by Race of Perpetrator (N=425)
Arrested Not Arrested Total
Race Percent N Percent N
Black 58% 15 42% 11 26
White 15% 41 85% 239 280
Unknown 7% 8 93% 111 119
Total 15% 64 85% 361 425
Source: Bureau of Refugees, Freedman (1868)
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Percent Arrested by Race for Murders (N=119)
arrested not arrested Total
race Percent N Percent N
Black 71% 12 29% 5 17
White 7% 4 93% 53 57
Unknown 11% 5 89% 40 45
Total 18% 21 82% 98 119
Source: Bureau of Refugees, Freedman (1868)
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Rationale for Outrages (N=355)Rationale percent N
Political 29% 103
Blank/missing 25% 87
Unknown 19% 67
Unprovoked 11% 39
Social 10% 35
Economic 7% 24
Total 100% 355
Source: Bureau of Refugees, Freedman (1868)
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Deconstructing Outrages
• Outrages: 355 victimizations (and 425 perpetrators, including groups)
• Vigilantism: no arrest or other effort by authorities to sanction the perpetrators (N=302 victimizations)
• Lynching: murder by three or more perpetrators, including groups (N=45 victimizations)
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Predicting Contention and Elections
• ZINBE model predicts outrages, vigilantism, and lynching– Petit-Bourgeois artisans and farmers, black schools,
enduring Republican partisanship mitigate against outrages
– slack resources and April vote for Republican governor inspire outrages
• Outrages, vigilantism, and lynching should tend to discourage November vote for U. S. Grant
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ZINBE Models Predicting Outrages, Vigilantism, and Lynching (N=120)
Predict Outrages Predict Vigilantism Predict Lynching
Predictor Coeff. s. e. Coeff. s. e. Ceoff. s.e.
Mfg/pop -127.39* 65.121 -194.14** 80.62 -285.58** 130.66
Farms /pop -19.39*** 7.227 -19.91** 8.35 -7.52 13.17
Wealth/pop 4.86** 1.889 4.41** 2.11 5.76 4.66
Rep. Gov. 2.05* 1.065 2.12* 1.19 7.26*** 2.72
U.S. Grant -1.56* .854 -2.08** .960 -5.06*** 1.88
BlkSchlKds -.003** .001 -.002* .001 -.003 .004
Constant 1.494* .851 1.59 .986 -2.11 1.89
Inflation Factor
Black Pop -.000** .000 -.001 .001 -.000* .000
Constant .825 .531 1.75* 1.02 -2.11 1.89
ϰ2=26.56*** ϰ2=24.90*** ϰ2=15.53**
* p<.1 ** p<.05 *** p<.01 (two tails)
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OLS Models Predicting U. S. Grant Vote in November 1868 in GA Counties, using Outrages, Vigilantism, or Lynching (N=129)
Outrages Vigilantism Lynching
Predictor Coeff. s. e. Coeff. s. e. Coeff. s.e.
farms/pop -1.05** .448 -1.06** .444 -1.01** .433
black/pop -.932*** .282 -,914** .281 -.870*** .280
blkpop2 1.17*** .358 1.15*** .357 1.07*** .357
cottonbelt -.127*** .038 -.128*** .038 -.125*** .038
RepGovVt .685*** .090 .689*** .090 .700*** .089
Ot/Vg/Lyn -.003 .003 -.004 .003 -.020** .010
Constant .209** .081 .205** .081 .191** .080
Adj. R2 .43*** .44*** .44***
* p<.1 ** p<.05 *** p<.01 (two tails)
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So What?
• Validity: What is lynching (as opposed to outrage or vigilantism)?
• Reliability: Racial violence by any other name?• Significance– Outrage and vigilantism as popular (racist and
patriarchal) justice– Lynching as terrorism: the Radical Republicans
were right; the KKK did steal the election
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Savannah Editor on KKK (7/1/1871)
deprecate living
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Savannah Editor (12/10/1870)
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Questions?
• Thanks for your patience
• Y’all come back now, y’hear