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U.S. Commission on Civil Rights www.usccr.gov

U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir

African Americans African American History and Culture

(The Smithsonian)

www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_Si/History_and_Culture/ AfricanAmer ican_History.htm

African American Research (National Archives)

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/african-american African Americans

blackseek.comBlack Collegian Online

www.black-collegian.com

MelaNET (The UnCut Black Experience)

www.melanet.comOfficial Kwanzaa Web Site

www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org

Rainbow/PUSH Coalition

www.rainbowpush.orgSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

www.sclcnational.org

Asian Americans

and Pacific Islanders Asian American Net

www.asianamerican.net

Asians and Pacific Islanders

www.nea.org/tools/LessonPlans.html [enter “Asian Americans”]Chinese Immigration Records

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/chinese-immigration.htmlDensho: The Japanese American Legacy Project

www.densho.org

The Fred Korematsu Story “Of Civil Wrongs and Rights”(by Eric Paul Fornier)

www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/ofcivilwrongsandrights/index.html

Hmong Home Page

www.stolaf.edu/people/cdr/hmongInternment Archives

www.internmentarchives.com Japanese American Citizens League

www.jacl.org

Japanese American Historical Society

www.njahs.org

The following is a sample of the thousands of Web sites thatoffer information on race, ethnicity, religion, and other relatedtopics. They have been grouped by broad areas because mostsites touch on a number of areas and subjects. Web sites havebeen selected that have stable URLs and are in English (or aremultilingual and include English). Most of these Web sites, inturn, have links to other useful information.

General All of Us Are Related, Each of Us Is Unique (Syracuse University)

allrelated.syr.edu,

Death Penalty Information Center

www.deathpenaltyinfo.orgEqual Employment Opportunity Commission

www.eeoc.gov

Ethnic Media: New America Media

news.newamericamedia.org/newsFBI Uniform Crime Reports (data on hate crimes)

www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm#hateHate Crimes Laws

www.adl.org

Hurricane Katrina

http://understandingKatrina.ssrc.orgLutheran Immigration and Refugee Service

www.lirs.org

Migration Newsmigration.ucdavis.edu/mn/

Minorities in Medicine (Association of American Medical Colleges)

www.aamc.org/students/minorities

The Prejudice Institute

www.prejudiceinstitute.orgRace Traitor (constructing Whiteness)

www.racetraitor.org

Refugees and Immigrants: Lutheran Immigration and Refugee

Service

www.lirs.orgRefugees and Immigrants: U.S. Committee for Refugees and

Immigrants

www.refugees.orgSouthern Poverty Law Center (tolerance education)splcenter.org and www.tolerance.org

U.S. Census Bureau

www.census.gov

U.S. Census Bureau Revisions to the Standards for the

Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity (Office of

Management and Budget)

www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/race/Ombdir15.html

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

www.uscis.gov

Internet Resource Directory

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Japanese American National Museum

www.janm.org

Japanese American Records (National Archives)

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/japanese-americans.htmlLittle India (magazine)

www.littleindia.comLittle Saigon Net

www.littlesaigon.com

Nation of Hawai’i

hawaii-nation.orgNational Japanese American Memorial Foundation

www.njamf.com

Southeast Asia Resource Action Center

www.searac.org

Hispanics and Latinos Afro Cubans as well as Cuba and the Caribbean

www.afrocubaweb.com

Hispanic American Records

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/hispanic-americans.htmlInternational Boundaries Research Unit

www.dur.ac.uk/ibru

Julian Samora Research Institute (Michigan State University)

www.jsri.msu.eduLatin American National Information Center

lanic.utexas.edu

Mexican American Studies and Research Center (University of

Arizona)

masrc.arizona.eduMexican Migration Project

mmp.opr.princeton.edu

Mexico–U.S. Binational Migration Study Report

www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir/binational.html

National Council of La Raza www.nclr.org

Nijmegen Centre for Border Research

www.ru.nl/ncbrPew Hispanic Center

pewhispanic.orgPuerto Ricans and the American Dream

prdream.com

Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund

www.prldef.org

Jews and Judaism American Jewish Committee

www.ajc.org

Anti-Defamation League

www.adl.orgHebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)

www.hias.org

Jewish American History Research

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/jewish-american.html Jewish Culture

myjewishlearning.com

Judaism and Jewish Resources

shamash.org

Muslims and Arab

Americans American–Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

www.adc.org

American Muslim Perspective

ampolitics.ghazali.net Arab American Institute

www.aaiusa.org

Council on American–Islamic Relations

www.cair.comMuslim American Public Affairs Council

www.mpac.org

South Asian American Living Together

www.salt.org

Native Americans American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) Virtual

Library

www.aihec.orgBureau of Indian Affairs

www.doi.gov/bia

National Congress of American Indians

www.ncai.orgNational Indian Youth Council

www.niyc-alb.org

Native American Records

www.archives.gov/genealogy/heritage/native-american/index.html

Native Web

www.nativeweb.org

Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian

www.nmai.si.edu

Ethnic Groups and Other

Subordinate Groups Administration on Aging

www.aoa.gov Polish Americans: American Institute of Polish Culture

www.ampolinstitute.org

Catholics for a Free Choice

www.cath4choice.orgColage: People with a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender or

Queer Parent

www.colage.orgDesign for All Foundation (disability)

www.designforall.orgDisability Social History Project

www.disabilityhistory.org

Ellis Island Immigration Museum

www.ellisisland.orgEthnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Thomas J. Archdeacon

at University of Wisconsin)

history.wisc.edu/archdeacon/404tja

German Americans (German Embassy site)

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Bogardus scale Technique to measure social distance toward different racial and ethnic groups. (70)

borderlands The area of a common culture along the bordebetween Mexico and the United States. (223)

braceros Contracted Mexican laborers brought to the UnitedStates during World War II. (240)

brain drain Immigration to the United States of skilled workersprofessionals, and technicians who are desperately needed intheir home countries. (94, 230)

chain immigration Immigrants sponsor several other immigrant who, on their arrival, may sponsor still more. (88, 294)

Chicanismo An ideology emphasizing pride and positive identityamong Mexican Americans. (243)

civil disobedience A tactic promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr.based on the belief that people have the right to disobey unjustlaws under certain circumstances. (187)

civil religion The religious dimension in American life thamerges the state with sacred beliefs. (135)

class As defined by Max Weber, people who share similar levelof wealth. (15, 208)

colonialism A foreign power’s maintenance of political, socialeconomic, and cultural dominance over people for an extendedperiod. (20)

color-blind racism Use of race-neutral principles to defend theracially unequal status quo. (58)

color gradient The placement of people on a continuum fromlight to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial groupings byskin color. (221, 248, 374)

conflict perspective A sociological approach that assumes that thesocial structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tensionbetween competing groups. (17)

contact hypothesis An interactionist perspective stating thaintergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice. (70, 388)

creationists People who support a literal interpretation of thebiblical book of Genesis on the origins of the universe and arguethat evolution should not be presented as established scientificthought. (141)

crossover effect An effect that appears when Native Americanchildren who previously scored high on tests now score belowaverage in intelligence when tests are given in English rather thantheir native languages. (163)

cultural capital Noneconomic forces such as family backgroundand past investments in education that are then reflected inknowledge about the arts and language. (314)

culture of poverty A way of life that involves no future planningno enduring commitment to marriage, and no work ethic; thisculture follows the poor even when they move out of slums orbarrios. (241)

curanderismo Hispanic folk medicine. (254)

Parenthetical numbers refer to the pages on which the term isintroduced.

abolitionists Whites and free Blacks who favored the end ofslavery. (180)

absolute deprivation The minimum level of subsistence below which families or individuals should not be expected to exist. (62)

acting White Taking school seriously and accepting the authorityof teachers and administrators. (200)

affirmative action Positive efforts to recruit subordinate groupmembers, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educa-tional opportunities. (73)

Afrocentric perspective An emphasis on the customs of Africancultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and

behavior of Blacks in the United States and around the world.(27, 179)

ageism Prejudice and discrimination against the elderlyolderadults. (395)

amalgamation The process by which a dominant group and asubordinate group combine through intermarriage to form a newgroup. (24)

androgyny The state of being both masculine and feminine,aggressive and passive. (348)

anti-Semitism Anti-Jewish prejudice or discrimination. (328)

apartheid The policy of the South African government intendedto maintain separation of Blacks, Coloureds, and Asians from thedominant Whites. (385)

apartheid schools All-Black schools. (200)

arranged marriage When one’s marital partner is chosen by oth-ers and the relationship is not based on any preexisting mutualattraction. (289)

assimilation The process by which a subordinate individual orgroup takes on the characteristics of the dominant group. (24)

asylees Foreigners who have already entered the United Statesand now seek protection because of persecution or a well-foundedfear of persecution. (109)

authoritarian personality A psychological construct of a personalitytype likely to be prejudiced and to use others as scapegoats. (52)

bilingual education A program designed to allow students to

learn academic concepts in their native language while they learna second language. (97)

bilingualism The use of two or more languages in places of workor education and the treatment of each language as legitimate. (97)

biological race The mistaken notion of a genetically isolatedhuman group. (10)

blaming the victim Portraying the problems of racial and ethnicminorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s respon-sibilities. (17, 283)

blended identity Self-image and worldview that is a combinationof religious faith, cultural background based on nationality, andcurrent residency. (265)

Glossary

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de facto segregation Segregation that is the result of residentialpatterns. (199)

deficit model of ethnic identity One’s ethnicity is viewed by oth-ers as a factor of subtracting away the characteristics correspond-ing to some ideal ethnic type. (262)

de jure segregation Children assigned to schools specifically tomaintain racially separated schools. (186)

denomination A large, organized religion not officially linked with the state or government. (134)

desi Colloquial name for people who trace their ancestry toSouth Asia, especially India and Pakistan. (288)

Diaspora The exile of Jews from Palestine. (334, 380)

differential justice Whites being dealt with more leniently thanBlacks, whether at the time of arrest, indictment, conviction, sen-tencing, or parole. (211)

disability Reduced ability to perform tasks one would normallydo at a given stage in life. (398)

discrimination The denial of opportunities and equal rights toindividuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary

reasons. (48, 61)displaced homemakers Women whose primary occupation hadbeen homemaking but who did not find full-time employmentafter being divorced, separated, or widowed. (359)

domestic partnership Two unrelated adults who have chosento share one another’s lives in a relationship of mutual caring, who reside together, and who agree to be jointly responsiblefor their dependents, basic living expenses, and other commonnecessities. (405)

dry foot, wet foot Policy toward Cuban immigrants that allowsthose who manage to reach the United States (dry foot) toremain but sends those who are picked up at sea (wet foot) backto Cuba. (228)

dual or split labor market Division of the economy into two areasof employment, the secondary one of which is populated primar-ily by minorities working at menial jobs. (68)

dysfunction An element of society that may disrupt a social sys-tem or decrease its stability. (16)

Ebonics Distinctive dialect with a complex language structurefound among many Black Americans. (179)

emigration Leaving a country to settle in another. (19)

environmental justice Efforts to ensure that hazardous sub-stances are controlled so that all communities receive protectionregardless of race or socioeconomic circumstances. (72, 172)

ethnic cleansing Forced deportation of people accompanied bysystematic violence. (22)

ethnic group A group set apart from others because of its nation-al origin or distinctive cultural patterns. (8)

ethnicity paradox The maintenance of one’s ethnic ties in a waythat can assist with assimilation in larger society. (139)

ethnocentrism The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others. (45)

ethnonational conflicts Conflicts between ethnic, racial, reli-gious, and linguistic groups within nations, which replace conflictsbetween nations. (372)

ethnophaulism Ethnic or racial slurs, including derisive nick-names. (36)

evacuees Japanese Americans interned in camps for the dura-tion of World War II. (312)

exploitation theory A Marxist theory that views racial subordina-tion in the United States as a manifestation of the class systeminherent in capitalism. (52)

familism Pride and closeness in the family that result in placingfamily obligation and loyalty before individual needs. (252)

feminine mystique Society’s view of a woman as only her chil-dren’s mother and her husband’s wife. (352)

feminization of poverty The trend since 1970 in which womenaccount for a growing proportion of those who live below thepoverty line. (359)

fish-ins Native American tribes’ protests over government inter-ference with their traditional rights to fish as they like. (158)

fringe-of-values theory Behavior that is on the border of conductthat a society regards as proper and is often carried out by subordi-nate groups, subjecting those groups to negative sanctions. (329)

functionalist perspective A sociological approach emphasizinghow parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. (16)

fusion A minority and a majority group combining to form anew group. (24)

gender roles Expectations regarding the proper behavior, atti-tudes, and activities of males and females. (349)

genocide The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire peopleor nation. (22)

gerrymandering Redrawing districts bizarrely to create politi-cally advantageous outcomes. (214)

glass ceiling The barrier that blocks the promotion of a quali-fied worker because of gender or minority membership. (78, 357)

glass escalator The male advantage experienced in occupationsdominated by women. (80)

glass wall A barrier to moving laterally in a business to positions

that are more likely to lead to upward mobility. (79)globalization Worldwide integration of government policies,cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade,movements of people, and the exchange of ideas. (20, 106)

gook syndrome David Riesman’s phrase describing Americans’tendency to stereotype Asians and to regard them as all alike andundesirable. (292)

hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca to be completed at least once in aMuslim’s lifetime. (264)

halakha Jewish laws covering obligations and duties. (340)

Haoles Native Hawaiians’ term for Caucasians. (297)

hate crime Criminal offense committed because of the offend-

er’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic or national origin group,or sexual orientation group. (64)

hijab A variety of garments that allow women to follow the guide-lines of modest dress. (268)

Holocaust The state-sponsored systematic persecution and anni-hilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators.(330)

Holocaust revisionists People who deny the Nazi effort to exter-minate the Jews or who minimize the numbers killed. (332)

hometown clubs Nonprofit organizations that maintain closeties to immigrants’ hometowns in Mexico and other Latin American countries. (223)



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416 Glossary

outgroup vices Ingroup virtues that become unacceptable whenpracticed by outsiders. (329)

panethnicity The development of solidarity between ethnic sub-groups as reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American.(13, 220, 285)

pan-Indianism Intertribal social movements in which severaltribes, joined by political goals but not by kinship, unite in a com-

mon identity. (157) pass laws Laws that controlled internal movement by non- Whites in South Africa. (385)

pay equity The same wages for different types of work that are judged to be comparable by such measures as employee knowl-edge, skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions; alsocalled comparable worth. (356)

Pentecostalism A religion similar in many respects to evangelicalfaiths that believes in the infusion of the Holy Spirit into servicesand in religious experiences such as faith healing. (255)

peoplehood Milton Gordon’s term for a group with a sharedfeeling. (342)

pluralism Mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect

that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffer-ing prejudice or discrimination. (25)

powwows Native American gatherings of dancing, singing,music playing, and visiting, accompanied by competitions. (157)

prejudice A negative attitude toward an entire category ofpeople such as a racial or ethnic minority. (48)

principle of third-generation interest Marcus Hansen’s conten-tion that ethnic interest and awareness increase in the third gen-eration, among the grandchildren of immigrants. (119)

Québécois The French-speaking people of the province ofQuebec in Canada. (377)

quilombo Slave hideaways in Brazil. (379)

racial formation A sociohistorical process by which racial catego-ries are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed. (12, 178)

racial group A group that is socially set apart because of obviousphysical differences. (7)

racial profiling Any arbitrary police-initiated action based onrace, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person’s behavior.(57, 271, 284)

racism A doctrine that one race is superior. (12)

redlining The pattern of discrimination against people tryingto buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods.(69, 210)

refugees People living outside their country of citizenship forfear of political or religious persecution. (108)

relative deprivation The conscious experience of a negative dis-crepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.(62, 189)

remittances The monies that immigrants return to their coun-tries of origin. (105, 223)

repatriation The 1930s program of deporting Mexicans. (239)

resegregation The physical separation of racial and ethnicgroups reappearing after a period of relative integration. (23)

restrictive covenants Private contracts or agreements that dis-courage or prevent minority-group members from purchasinghousing in a neighborhood. (184)

reverse discrimination Actions that cause better-qualified Whitemen to be passed over for women and minority men. (76)

riff-raff theory Also called the rotten-apple theory; the beliefthat the riots of the 1960s were caused by discontented youthsrather than by social and economic problems facing all African Americans. (189)

rising expectations The increasing sense of frustration that

legitimate needs are being blocked. (190)Sansei The children of the Nisei—that is, the grandchildren ofthe original immigrants from Japan. (310)

scapegoating theory A person or group blamed irrationally foranother person’s or group’s problems or difficulties. (51, 329)

secessionist minority Groups that reject assimilation and pro-mote coexistence and pluralism. (140)

second shift The double burden—work outside the home fol-lowed by childcare and housework—that is faced by many womenand that few men share equitably. (363)

segregation The physical separation of two groups, oftenimposed on a subordinate group by the dominant group. (23)

self-fulfilling prophecy The tendency to respond to and act onthe basis of stereotypes, a predisposition that can lead one to vali-date false definitions. (18)

sexism The ideology that one sex is superior to the other. (348)

sexual harassment Any unwanted and unwelcome sexual advanc-es that interfere with a person’s ability to perform a job and enjoythe benefits of a job. (357)

sinophobes People with a fear of anything associated withChina. (91)

slave codes Laws that defined the low position held by slaves inthe United States. (177)

slavery reparations Act of making amends for the injustices ofslavery. (187)

social capital Collective benefits of durable social networks andtheir patterns of reciprocal trust. (314)

social distance Tendency to approach or withdraw from a racialgroup. (70)

sociology The systematic study of social behavior and humangroups. (15)

sovereignty Tribal self-rule. (160)

sovereignty movement Effort by the indigenous peoples ofHawai’i to secure a measure of self-government and restorationof their lands. (298)

stereotypes Unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about allmembers of a group that do not take individual differences into

account. (18, 54)stratification A structured ranking of entire groups of peoplethat perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society. (15)

suffragists Women and men who worked successfully to gain women the right to vote. (351)

sundown towns Communities in which non-Whites were system-atically excluded from living. (185)

symbolic ethnicity Herbert Gans’s term that describes emphasison ethnic food and ethnically associated political issues ratherthan deeper ties to one’s heritage. (121)

tongs Chinese American secret associations. (307)



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total discrimination The combination of current discrimination with past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs.(62)

tracking The practice of placing students in specific curriculumgroups on the basis of test scores and other criteria. (200, 251)

transnationals Immigrants who sustain multiple social relation-ships that link their societies of origin and settlement. (107, 223)

tsu Clans established along family lines and forming a basis forsocial organization by Chinese Americans. (307)

underemployment Working at a job for which the worker isoverqualified, involuntary working part time instead of full time,or being intermittently employed. (204)

victim discounting Tendency to view crime as less socially signifi-cant if the victim is viewed as less worthy. (211)

victimization surveys Annual attempts to measure crime ratesby interviewing ordinary citizens who may or may not have beencrime victims. (217)

Viet Kieu Vietnamese living abroad, such as in the United States.(293)

visible minorities In Canada, persons other than Aboriginal orFirst Nation people who are non-White in racial background. (378)

visitability Building private homes to be accessible for visitors with disabilities. (401)

wealth An inclusive term encompassing all of a person’s materiaassets, including land and other types of property. (71, 202)

White primary Legal provisions forbidding Black voting inelection primaries; in one-party areas of the South, these lawseffectively denied Blacks their right to select elected officials(181)

White privilege Rights or immunities granted as a particula

benefit or favor for being White. (38) world systems theory A view of the global economic system adivided between nations that control wealth and those that pro vide natural resources and labor. (20, 150, 249, 372)

xenophobia The fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners. (90)

yellow peril A term denoting a generalized prejudice toward Asian people and their customs. (283)

Yiddishkait Jewishness. (340)

Yonsei The fourth generation of Japanese Americans in theUnited States; the children of the Sansei. (310)

Zionism Traditional Jewish religious yearning to return to thebiblical homeland, now used to refer to support for the state oIsrael. (334, 381)

zoning laws Legal provisions stipulating land use and the architectural design of housing, often used to keep racial minoritiesand low-income people out of suburban areas. (210)

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