racial inequality, social policy and prisons: 1980-2000 glenn c. loury, merton p. stoltz professor...
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Racial Inequality, Social Policy and Prisons: 1980-2000
Glenn C. Loury, Merton P. Stoltz Professor of the Social Sciences
Brown University
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A Radical Transformation of Policy
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States’ Prison Spending Grows faster than Higher Ed
According to a 2002 report of the Justice Policy Institute (Washington, DC):
• “During the 1980s and 1990s, state spending on corrections grew at 6 times the rate of state spending on higher education, and by the close of the 1990’s, there were nearly a third more African American men in prison and jail than in universities or colleges.”
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Coloring the Terms of Membership:
Reinventing the Divided Citizenry in an Era of Neoliberal Paternalism
Joe Soss
&
Sanford F. Schram
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Public Policy and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Distributive Disparities: who gets more or less, and why
Civic Disparities: how groups are positioned in relation to one another and vis-à-vis major societal institutions
The Social Question: How can solidarity (or inclusive and equal membership) be achieved in a society divided by ethnic identities as well as material inequalities?
How do public policies organize governance and define
terms of membership for different social groups?
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Civic Incorporation as a Goal of Poverty Policy
Europe • Unemployment and welfare dependence as problems of
“social exclusion”• Labor activation as a strategy for incorporation into the
societal “mainstream”
United States (The New Paternalism)• Social dysfunction, behavioral pathology, and personal
disorganization as sources of societal marginality
• “Telling the Poor What to Do” (Help and Hassle) – Directive, supervisory, and punitive policies– Supports to enable preferred behavior
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Race and Civic Disparities in the History of Public Aid
Mothers’ Pensions• White Republican Motherhood, Assimilation of
Immigrants, Exclusion of Blacks and Latinas
Social Security Act of 1935 (ADC)• White male breadwinner: full citizen incorporated into
national social insurance• State and local public aid: regulating labor markets,
gender roles, and racial caste
War on Poverty (1960s)• Meaningful legal citizenship for racial minorities• Racial conflict promoted and undermined poverty efforts
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-.5
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Pol
icy
Pop
ulat
ion
Rel
ativ
e to
199
0
1990 1995 2000y ear
Receiv ing Cash Assistance Incarcerated
The New Poverty Governance: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000
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Result Is Disparate Positioning in the TANF Program: Exposure to Program Features by Race of Family, 2001
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Work Requirement Family Cap Time Limit Full Sanction Devolution
White TANF Families Black TANF Families
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Effects are Cumulative:Stringency of Policy Regime by Race of Family, 2001
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24.8479
34.6916
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50.4214
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0-1 Strong Reforms 2 Strong Reforms 3-5 Strong Reforms
White BlackHispanic
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Not Just Rule Exposure, Also Local Implementation
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Black HispanicWhite
1. Racial Disparities in Sanctioning across Length of Spell2. Race-Specific Mediation by Local Political Environment
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Mid-1960s: a policy long racialized in practice becomes racialized in media coverage and in the public mind
Correlation: r = .03 (1950-65) r = .68 (1966-96)
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Race Matters: The Effect of Black Caseload Percentage on Welfare Policy Choices in an “Average State”
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0 20 40 60 80Black Percent of AFDC Recipients
Family Cap Time LimitFull-Family Sanction Second-Order Devolution
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A Huge Racial Disparity of Policy Impact
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Size/Racial Composition of Overall Correctional System
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Growing Extent of Correctional Supervision
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Racial Disparity in Incarceration: 1982-2001
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Incarceration and HIV Transmission
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What if no racial disparity in incarceration? (Men)
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What if Black Incarc. fixed at 1980 Level? (Men)
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What if no racial disparity in incarceration? (Women)
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What if Black Incarc. fixed at 1980 Level? (Women)
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Impact of W.O.D. on Imprisonment
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Drug Arrests in Chicago
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How Effective Has the W.O.D. Been?
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Drug Prices, Emergency Treatment and Incarceration Rates: 1980-2000
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The Social Integration GapFigure 1: Isolation of Blacks and New Immigrant Groups
Average weighted by group population for a constant set of cities.
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1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
Iso
lati
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Black
Italian
Russian
Austrian
Hungarian
Ward Data Tract Data