RADAR TECHNOLOGY

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

1958 FIRST GATSOMETER (NON RADAR)

Two rubber tubes were laid across the road at a fixed distance.

The measured time was converted to speed, using a conversion table.

2

LEGISLATIONS/GUIDELINES

Since the 70s the

1st local /country

specific regulations

and specifications for

enforcement equipment

were introduced in

Western Europe

followed by the OIML

guidelines in the 90ties.

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1970 RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA, 13 GHZ

4

Wide radar beam 15-20 degrees

Long range upto a few hundred meters

No fixed measurement angle

Accuracy depends highly on the operator

Mechanical tuning fork for selftest

DETECTION AREA RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA

5

300 metres

THE DOPPLER PRINCIPLE

The Doppler Principle

Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be

changed in frequency in direct proportion to the

relative motion between the transmitter and the

reflection object.

If the energy source and the reflecting object are

moving towards each other, the reflected

Frequency will be higher.

RETURNED

TRANSMITTED

If the energy source and the reflecting object are

moving away from each other, the reflected

frequency will be lower.

RETURNED

TRANSMITTED

The Doppler frequency

is the result of the radar

signal that is reflected.

It has a direct relation

between the transmitted

frequency from the

radar and the received

frequency from a

moving vehicle.

When the vehicle drives towards the radar the reflecting frequency will be higher.

The Doppler Principle

Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be

changed in frequency in direct proportion to the

relative motion between the transmitter and the

reflection object.

If the energy source and the reflecting object are

moving towards each other, the reflected

Frequency will be higher.

RETURNED

TRANSMITTED

If the energy source and the reflecting object are

moving away from each other, the reflected

frequency will be lower.

RETURNED

TRANSMITTED

When the vehicle drives away from the radar the reflecting frequency will be lower.

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1971 RADAR MK II AND MK III, 13 GHZ

Single transceiver; no

direction sensing

Small radar beamwidth

approx. 5

Fixed measurement

angle across the road

resulting in a small

measurement zone

Accuracy depends on

radar and only partly on

the operator

Mechanical and

electronic tuning fork

possible for selftest

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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

8

No direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam

B. Entering the radar beam

C. Continuous measurement

D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation

1971 RADAR PRINTS MK II, III

Various printed circuit boards are used in these radar system.

9

1974 RADAR MK IV, 13 GHZ

Direction sensing

Radar beam approx. 5

Fixed measurement angle

Detection of multiple vehicles

in the radar beam

The accuracy depends for a

major part on the radar and

only for a small /minor part on

the operator.

System could be used in

unmanned mode

Mechanical selftest with tuning

fork not possible.

Introduction of electronic

tuning fork for selftest

10

1974 MK IV MICROWAVE PARTS, 13 GHZ

Micro wave part and slotted

wave guide antenna use a

transmitter and two

receivers.

This results in a system that

is able to detect the direction

of passing vehicles.

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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

12

Direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam

B. Entering the radar beam

C. Continuous measurement

D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation

1975 RESULT PHOTO MK IV RADAR WHILE MOVING

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1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

14

Same microwave system

as Mk IV.

For signal processing a

-processor is used

resulting in high accuracy

of measured speed and

trigger point of the

offending vehicle even in

multiple lanes

System can run with and

without operator and is

used mainly for unmanned

applications

No mechanical tuning fork

possible

Internal electronic tuning

fork for seltest

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

15

Direction sensing

Fixed measurement angle

Radar beam approx. 5

Distinction between passenger cars and trucks (individual speed thresholds)

High accuracy of speed measurements

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

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Signal processing for Doppler signal and calculation of speed, direction, multiple vehicles detection and trigger for camera using -processors

1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

17

Higher frequency because

of new regulations

New microwave part uses

2 detection diodes to

detect the direction of

travel of the traffic

Measures speed of

passing vehicles,

senses direction,

checks signal quality,

detects multiple vehicles

in the radar beam

Self test with electronic

tuning fork, starting from

microwave part

34 GHz RADAR CAMERA SYSTEM

RADAR DEVICES 18

Some manufacturers use

the 34 GHz frequency

Not all countries allow use

of 34 GHz, because of

other applications

RADAR DEVICES 19

1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

With direction sensing

1990 RADAR 24 INSTALLATION IN FIP

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1990 RADAR 24 ON TRIPOD

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1990 RADAR 24 BUILT-IN A VEHICLE

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2004 RADAR 24 PLANAR

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Much lower power output; conform ETSI 300-440 and FCC

Replaces the radar 24 wave guide antenna

Same performance and accuracy

Same 24 GHz frequency

Same fixed angle across the road as the wave guide version

RADAR 24 RESULT PHOTOS

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RADAR 24 FIP WITH SECONDARY METHOD

The speed of the vehicle can be calculated by measuring the travelled distance between on the 1st and 2nd image.

A fixed interval setting must be set.

RADAR DEVICES 25

With road markers for secondary speed calculation in unmanned use.

PARABOLIC RADAR 13 GHZ AND 24 GHZ

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13 GHz

24 GHz

For use above the road; single lane monitoring

PARABOLIC RADAR PLANAR

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For use above the road;

single lane monitoring

Flat design is more

compact

ETSI 300-440 en FCC

compliant

PARABOLIC RADAR FOR OVERHEAD USE

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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

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2005 LOOPLESS TRIGGER RADAR

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LTR SET-UP FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LANES

LTR angle settings are

flexible and are set for each

individual LTR for each

individual lane, depending

on height position, distance

to centre of the lane, etc.

32

LTR ALIGNMENT

RADAR DEVICES 33

Precise and accurate

alignment with webcam

Vx

A B C

Start measurement at A

Triggerpoint at B

End measurement C

Receding vehicle

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT The footprint length can vary from

roughly 6 to 25 meters depending

on different installation situations.

Vx

C B A

Approaching vehicle

Start measurement at A

Triggerpoint at B

End measurement C

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT

LTR SIGNALS

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A-speed

V-speed

Yellow = speed

Red = LTR signal

Green = trigger

Blue = distance

LTR MODULATION

The modulation has 4 discrete frequencies that are controlled

by the LTR software. The channels are fixed by the program

code (version). The difference in frequency varies from about 3

MHz to about 25 MHz. The oscillator is temperature stabilized.

37

LTR MODULATION

When operational, the DSP software is responsible for modulation and digitization.

The modulation plan provides 4 distinct frequencies.

The difference between these 4 frequencies is the basis for the distance measurement.

Example of a spectrum scan

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A spectrum analyzer shows the signals measured on the DSP board.

LTR MODULATION

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The purple curve is the modulation voltage

The yellow and cyan curves are the signals on the I and Q channel

The 90 degrees lag of the cyan signal is also visible

A change in direction of the target will show a lag in the yellow signal

DSP board signals

EXAMPLE LTR ON OVERHEAD MAST ARM

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LTR RESULTS RED LIGHT ENFORCEMENT

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LTR APPLICATIONS

42

Red light

Speed

Emergency lane

Buslane

City centre environment

zone

Access Control

Section control

..

2012 RT2 RADAR

43

Simultaneously measures own speed, overtaking speed and distance in moving mode

Measures speed and distance in stationary mode

Selftest starting at front end to check system

RT2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Type : Planar Patch Array Antenna beam : 5 horizontal, 20 vertical Squint angle : 20 Setting angle : parallel to road axis Measuring direction moving : receding (approaching is approval pending) stationary : approaching, receding or both Lane coverage : up to 4 lanes (stationary measurements) Positioning : aligned at road side for stationary measurements; : fixed radar position in car for moving measurements Transmission class : K-band Max. transmit power : 20 dBm (EIRP) ETSI 300-440 compliant with 250 MHz bandwidth Operating temperature : in operation -25 to +60

RADAR DEVICES 44

RT2 MOVING ENFORCEMENT

45

Measures its own

speed, and

simultaneously

measures the speed

of the overtaking

vehicle

Measures the

distance to the

offending vehicle

Own speed

Overtaking speed

RT2 DETECTION IN MOVING MODE

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Receding vehicle

(low speed difference)

Approaching vehicle

(high speed difference)

2013 RT3 TRACKING RADAR

Wide radar beam of

approx. 70 degrees

Speed detection

Direction sensing

Tracks up to 12

vehicles

simultaneously

Automatic angle

measurement for

speed calculation

Selftest starting at

front end

Automatic alignment

with traffic flow.

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RADAR FRONT END

48

Internal/external test

Internal self test

(electronic tuning

fork) direct on

mixer diodes.

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RADAR FMCW

50 MHz

Speed and ranging with an FMCW radar system

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RADAR ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Interferometry / monopulse

t t + t

Wavefront detectors

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Transmit frequency: 24.000 24.250GHz

24.050 GHz, 24.100 GHz, 24.125 GHz,

24.150 GHz and 24.200 GHz

Maximum transmit power: 20dBm (EIRP)

ETSI 300/400 en FCC compliant

Antenna beam horizontal: 70

vertical: 11

Detection range: >70m

Speed range: up to 300 km/h

Direction sensing: approaching/receding

Number of tracked vehicles : 12 (16 optional)

Number of lanes to be observed: up to 4

Separation of targets: by speed and/or distance

Installation height: 3 to 6m

Operating temperature: -25 to +60

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MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE

Speed raw single vehicle

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Speed tracked single

vehicle

MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE

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MULTIPLE VEHICLES

Speed raw multiple

vehicles

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MULTIPLE VEHICLES

Speed tracked multiple

vehicles

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MULTIPLE VEHICLES

Quality multiple

vehicles

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MULTIPLE VEHICLES

Power level multiple

vehicles

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MULTIPLE VEHICLES

Top view multiple

vehicles

RT3 MULTIPLE VEHICLE TRACKING RADAR

Wide angle, radar beam width of 70

Distance measurement

Angle measurement

Speed measurement

Speed measurement in 2 directions

State of the art technology

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60

SINGLE POLE INSTALLATION

RT3 RED LIGHT SITUATION

Detection line for camera trigger point

Position of the detection line depends on local regulations/legislation

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RT3 RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

62

The RT3 tracking radar provides lane indication

The RT3 tracking radar can identify the offending vehicle

RADAR DEVICES 63

TRACKING MULTIPLE VEHICLES

SUMMARY

Radar sensor has to be able to identify the vehicle for which it has measured the

speed .

To make identification possible it is necessary to use modulated radar systems.

Modulated radar technology in 24 GHz is already available today.

Used frequencies should be left unspecified but should meet local/ international

regulations.

Selftests with electronic tuning fork can be performed manually and/or

automatically.

A mechanical tuning fork is not possible because of complexity of radar signals.

Continuous wave radars can not identify the offending vehicle without the use of a

template.

Suggestion for the future is to only use radars that enable the system to identify

the offending vehicle.

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Q & A

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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