radar - tangent link
TRANSCRIPT
RADAR
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO MARITIME
SECURITY
KHALID S. ALSUWAIEYH
RSNFEW INSTRUCTOR
NFS, ALJUBAIL
Radar History
• 1842 Christian Andreas Doppler. described how he observed frequency of light and sound waves was affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector.
• 1865 James Clerk Maxwell Describe The Electromagnetic Waves And their Propagation.
• 1886 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the electromagnetic waves.
• 1921 The invention of the Magnetron as an efficient transmitting tube by Albert Wallace Hull.
• 1922 A. H. Taylor and L.C.Young locate a wooden ship for the first time.
• 1930 L. A. Hyland, locates an aircraft for the first time.
• 1931 A ship is equipped with radar. A parabolic dishes with horn radiators were used.
• 1936 The development of the Klystron by Metcalf and Hahn. This will be an important component in radar units as an amplifier or an oscillator tube.
• 1939 at the beginning of WW2 Different radar equipments are developed in the USA, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Italy, and Japan.
Radar History
In 1903-1934German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer
who first used them to build a simple ship detection
device intended to help avoid collisions in fog
Numerous similar systems, which provided
directional information to objects over short ranges,
were developed over the next two decades.
The development of systems able to produce short
pulses of radio energy was the key advance that
allowed modern radar systems to come into existence
Radar History
• The original cavity
magnetron built by Randal
and Boot, in 1940 which
provided a leap forward in
radar design
Radar History
In the 1934–1939 period, eight nations developed independently, and
In great secrecy systems of this type:
1-Great Britain
2-Germany
3-The United States
4-The USSR
5- Japan
6-The Netherlands
7-France
8- Italy
Radar History
A Chain Home radar
Operating at 22-25 MHz
with maximum range of
40 miles
one of the first
comprehensive radar
systems
Radar History
The German Freya radar
(1938)
Worked at 250 MHz, 120
miles range and smaller
than its Chain Home
counterpart
Radar History
Ship at sea where the first target to be detected by
radar.
This leads us to our subject in today’s lecture
The radar contributions in maritime security.
Radar Contributions in Maritime Security
In 1939, the battleship New York (BB-34)
Received the US first radar, the XAF developed
by Naval Research Lab NRL
Aircraft carrier
Cruisers RADAR system
Destroyer multi
RADAR system
Madina ( F 2000S class )
Al Farouq ( PGG class )
Radar Contributions in Maritime Security
• The successful optimization of the detection performance
of maritime surveillance radars requires a detailed
knowledge and understanding of both forward and
backscattering from the ocean surface. Such an
understanding enables the development of suitable signal
processing techniques.
Radar Contributions in Maritime Security
• The quality of the antenna is something very
important in a radar system.
• To limit jamming efficiency it is necessary to have
a well designed antenna. The main radar antenna
types are :
• Slotted wave guide antenna,
• Parabolic antenna,
• Cosecant-squared antenna,
• Cassegrain antenna,
• Array antenna.
ANTENNA TYPE (Broadside array)
ANTENNA TYPE (Parabolic Antenna)
ANTENNA TYPE (Truncated parabolic)
ANTENNA TYPE (Cosecant-squared)
RAN 10-S (IT)SEA TIGER
ANTENNA TYPE (Cassegrain Antenna)
TYPE 909 (UK)
ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array)
ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array)
Radar Contributions in Maritime Security
The cost and power requirements of such systems need to
be lowered.
Their deployment must also take into account the coastal
environment, and they must integrate properly in the
landscape. They should interface seamlessly with existing
infrastructure supporting operations undertaken.
RADAR CIRCUITS
Sensitivity Time Control (STC) :
• STC is used to vary the gain or sensitivity of receiver as
the range of radar varies.
• STC is designed to reduce close sea returns and clutter.
• STC is a “no cost” EP which can be used to reduce
jamming at short range and prevent saturation.
Sensitivity Time Control
S
SVideo after FTC
PPIWithout FTC
PPIWith FTC
R
R
ACTIVE ANTI-SHIP MISSILE
• The missile itself is fitted with a transceiver/receiver radar.
• These seekers are tracking radar that can independently
engage targets after the launch, without further assistance.
They are called "fire and forget" missiles.
ACTIVE MISSILE
HARPOON
SEMI-ACTIVE ANTI-AIR MISSILE
• Radar: Semi-active guidance needs only one pulsed radar
tracking and illuminating the target and a data link (DT),
which provides a phase reference for the seeker in the
missile.
• The missile seeker antenna bistatically tracks the
reflections from the target
SEMI-ACTIVE MISSILE
NAVAL GUNS
Vickers 4.5 IN MK6Type 904
NAVAL GUNS
Castor 2CCreusot-Loire 100 mm
NAVAL GUNS (Phalanx 20 mm CWIS)
NAVAL GUNS (Goalkeeper CIWS )
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
An integrated maritime surveillance (IMS) system, based
on high-frequency radar.
IMS provides low-cost, 24-hour, real-time, over-the-
horizon surveillance of large ocean areas, out to the 200
nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
The system can be used to coordinate search and rescue
operations, and to combat smuggling, drug trafficking,
illegal dumping of pollutants, and other undesirable
activities.
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
The major challenges in using high frequency radars are:
1- Operating within the crowded EM spectrum.
2- Maintaining effective operation in high
environmental noise, ocean clutter,
ionospheric clutter and other undesirable
sources of interferences.
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
• Numerous national and multinational initiatives in
maritime surveillance have been initiated, with the goal of
having knowledge of all coastal and open-seas activities
relevant to national security. As part of this effort.
• Multi-sensor fusion of data from maritime surveillance
assets provides a consolidated surveillance picture for
anomaly detection.
Airborne maritime radar
Maritime security aircraft
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
The Global Hawk system is a high altitude endurance
unmanned aerial vehicle developed under the United
States Air Force Advanced Concept Demonstrator
program primarily as a reconnaissance system for use
against fixed and mobile targets.
The Global Hawk system deployed to Australia focus on
maritime surveillance.
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
• The Australian deployment was the culmination of two
years collaboration between the United States and
Australia that included modifications to the radar sensor
and system control.
Global Hawk maritime surveillance
UAV maritime surveillance system
Maritime Security
• Maritime security is concerned with the prevention of intentional
damage through sabotage, subversion, or terrorism. Maritime
security is one of the three basic roles of the Coast Guards in all
countries have gradually developed in response to a series of
catastrophic events, which began many years ago.
• There are three main maritime security activities conducted by the
Coast Guard:
• Port Security.
• Vessel Security.
• Facility Security.
Port Security
• The Port Security requirements requires security measures
for ports in order to reduce the risks and to mitigate the
results of an act that threatens the security of personnel,
facilities, vessels, and the public.
• The regulations draw together assets within port
boundaries to provide a framework to communicate,
identify risks, and coordinate resources to mitigate threats
and consequences. These measures must ensure that the
total port security posture is accurately assessed, and that
security resources are appropriate to meet these programs.
Port Security
• We must identify critical assets within a port,
develop a prioritized list of those most susceptible
to acts of sabotage, and plan for adequate security
measures to meet specific needs.
Vessel Security
• Coast guard Code regulate vessel security.
• The regulations require the owners or operators of vessels
to designate security officers for vessels, develop security
plans based on security assessments, implement security
measures specific to the vessel’s operation, and comply
with current Marine Security levels.
Facility Security
• A facility is defined as: any structure or facility of any
kind located in, on, under, or adjacent to any waters
subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. and used, operated,
or maintained by a public or private entity, including any
contiguous or adjoining property under common
ownership or operation. Some examples of facilities are:
• Barge fleeting facilities.
• Container terminals.
• Oil storage facilities.
• Passenger vessel terminals.
Radar Contributions to Maritime Security
Activities in the sea related to border surveillance,
including fight against drug trafficking and illegal
immigration as well as search-and-rescue operations
require for the authorities to detect at a long distance
(typically: over the horizon) the presence of small vessels.
The performance of existing radar systems need to be
improved to that effect, or to be combined with other
technologies.
References
1- Radar Handbook Skolnik
2- Radar Principles Edde
3- US Navy Fact Files US Navy
4- Port and Maritime Security Online
5- Jane's fighting ships
6- Jane's Radar and EW equipment
7- EW course NFS Jubail
Any
questions
???