Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)

Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI

1

Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)

Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI

2

Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)

Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI

3

F. A. Cucinotta and M. Durante. Space Radiation Element Evidence Report on: Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis. In Human Research

Evidence Book 2008, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX 2008.4

What amount of fatal cancer risk is acceptable?

REID

• Risk of Exposure-Induced Death

• Fatal cancer REID is 3%at upper 95% confidenceinterval

• Permissible exposurelimits are for risk, notdose.

5

How is the risk calculated?

The model is based on epidemiological data from low LET, acute exposures.

6

REID values for 1-y missions in deep space at the average solar minimum for 20g/cm2 of aluminum shielding.

Cucinotta, Kim, Chappell, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties - 20127

Career Dose Limits (Sv)

Age at first exposure, (yr)

Space agency Sex 30 35 45 55

NASA (USA) Female 0.47 0.55 0.75 1.1

Male 0.62 0.72 0.95 1.5

JAXA (Japan) Female 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1

Male 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2

ESA (Europe) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Roscomos (Russia) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

CSA (Canada) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Durante & Cucinotta, Rev. Mod. Phys 83, 1245. 20118

Lifetime risks for 940 d Mars Design Reference mission for average solar minimum

%REID, Cancer %REID, Circulatory %REID, Combined

45-y Females

U.S. Average 5.32 [0.95, 14.3] 1.48 [0.57, 3.05] 6.57 [1.38, 14.8]

Never-Smokers 3.56 [0.51, 8.87] 1.55 [0.58, 3.20] 4.98 [1.77, 10.6]

45-y Males

U.S. Average 3.52 [0.66, 8.23] 1.53 [0.64, 3.05] 4.94 [1.91, 9.78]

Never-Smokers 2.75 [0.63, 6.52] 1.62 [0.68, 3.12] 4.28 [1.86, 8.22]

Table 1, truncated9

Cucinotta, F.A. and Durante, M. Lancet Oncol. 7: 431–35 (2006). Original image by Frank McDonald

Particle Tracks in Nuclear Emulsions

HZ=1

LiZ=3

BZ=5

CZ=6

SiZ=14

HeZ=2

CaZ=20

50 mm

TiZ=22

FeZ=26

BeZ=4

High Linear Energy Transfer (LET)Densely Ionizing

10

NASA Space Radiation Laboratory

11

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

M.M. Weil, et al, PLoS.One., 9: e104819, 2014.

0 1 2 3 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

D o s e in G y

Tu

mo

r In

cid

en

ce

(%

)

300M eV /n2 8

S i

600 M eV /n5 6

F e

1 3 7C s g a m m a ra y s

7 2 S P E P ro to n s

12

Dose (Gy)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Inc

ide

nc

e o

f A

ML

(%

+/-

S.E

.)

0

5

10

15

20

Weil et al Radiat. Res. 172, 213-219 (2009)

Myeloid Leukemia

1 GeV/n 56Fe137Cs g-rays

13

Modified from Upton AC, Randolph ML, Conklin JW, Melville GS, Conte

FP, Sproul JA. 1970. Radiat. Res. 41:467

Radiation-Induced Myeloid Leukemia in RF Mice

DOSE (Gy)

1 3 5 7

INC

IDEN

CE

(%) 0.8 Gy/min

0.56 to 0.037 mGy/min

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PROTRACTION EFFECT ON BONE-SARCOMAINDUCTION OF 224Ra IN CHILDREN AND ADULTSHEINZ SPIESS and CHARLES W. MAYS

in Radiation Carcinogenesis. (C. L. Sanders et al., Eds.) pp. 437-450.USAEC Symposium Series 29, CONF-720505, 1973

• 897 patients mostly with bone tuberculosis orankylosing spondylitis treated with repeatedinjections of 224Ra (alpha emitter, 3.62-day half life),53 developed bone sarcomas

• Injections were generally made a weekly intervalsspanning a few weeks to 2.5 years, some patients hada single injection

• For a fixed dose the bone sarcoma incidence washigher with protraction

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• Protraction over 15 months instead of 5 monthsdoubles bone sarcoma risk

16

Inverse dose rate effect in uranium miners

BEIR VI17

Chronic Neutron ExposureMammary Tumors

10 mGy/day

Ullrich,R.L. Radiat.Res, 97: 587-597, 1984.18

THE NEUTRON RADIATION FACILITY AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

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4720

Interindividual Differences in Susceptibility to Radiogenic Cancers

• Germline mutation/polymorphism

• Somatic mutations• Pre-neoplastic cells

• Dormant microtumors

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Second Cancers Following Radiotherapy for Hereditary Retinoblastoma

Wong et al. (1997) Cancer Incidence After Retinoblastoma. JAMA 278:1262-67.

Photo courtesy of Gail Tomlinson

The Biology of Cancer (Garland Science 2007)

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Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma

Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)

Atahan, I.L. (1998) Basal cell carcinomas developing in a case of medulloblastoma associated with Gorlin's

syndrome. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 15(2): 187 - 191 23