radiation physics note / 放射線物理ノートnisiyama/radiation_physics.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
-
2017. 12. 25 1
http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/radiation_physics.pdf
http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/radiation_physics_slide.pdf
-
(electromagnetic wave) electromagnetic radiation (particles) corpuscular radiation charged particles uncharged particles --- (ionizing radiation) directly ionizing radiation indirectly ionizing radiation (non-ionizing radiation) ()()(
2
2017. 12. 25
-
3
2017. 12. 25
-
c13.0108m 4.0107m 3.01084.01077.5Hz7.5/s
Hz
Ehhc/1.9910-25[Jm]/ 1.24[eVm]/12.4[keV]/ Duane-Hunt
eV V 1.602 10-19[C][V]1.602 10-19[J]
4
30kmc1
11
1m
LED
http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/ElectroMagneticRadiation.pdf
2017. 12. 25
-
X
Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen
1895118
Crookes
X
10-810-14m
3.0108m/sec
= (m)(sec-1)(3.0108m /sec)
= (J)(6.6310-34Jsec)
5 2017. 12. 25
-
6 2017. 12. 25
-
D=kZIV2 k I 1%99% 19 (74W)
1mmAl 70kV 1.5mmAl (15cm)
7 2017. 12. 25
-
8 2017. 12. 25
-
][4.12][1040.12
][10602.1
]/[10998.2][10626.6
7
19
834
maxmin
min
maxmax
kVmV
C
smJs
e
chV
chVeE
chhE
min
Duane-Hunt minVmax=12.4 minVmaxkV
K LI LII LIII
1 H 0.014
11 Na 1.080 0.055 0.034 0.034
20 Ca 4.038 0.399 0.352 0.349
29 Cu 8.980 1.100 0.953 0.933
53 I 33.164 5.190 4.856 4.559
74 W 69.508 12.090 11.535 10.198
79 Au 80.713 14.353 13.733 11.919
82 Pb 88.001 15.870 15.207 13.044
92 U 115.591 21.753 20.943 17.163
3pM3sM
[keV]
9
(1991/3
2017. 12. 25
-
50keV 1.02MeV =========================================================
IP
10
K
2017. 12. 25
-
I0I I=I0e
-dkZ33 --- Z / ex.
Zh
hh
A
Z
MeVkeV
h
Z
hZ
cc
c
coh
coh
ccoh
02.1[MeV]
productionpair
5.0
3030
scatteringCompton
K
effect ricprotoelect
scatteringcoherent
tcoefficienn attenuatio mass
tcoefficienn attenuatiolinear
3
2
11
(1991/3 (2007/2)
2017. 12. 25
-
c c
827
14
)7(
)14(
f(Z)
3
3
3
3
3
f
f
Za
bZf
bZa
c
c
ZeffZeff
c=ZaE3/2
c=Zb/(E2-1.02E)
[g/cm3]
7.64 0.00129 N,O,C H 1
5.96.5 0.91 C,H,O N,S He 2
7.42 1 H,O Li 3
7.47.6 1 H,O,C N,S,K,P,Na,Mg,Ca Be 4
12.313.8 1.85 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg B 5
13.5 2.4 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg C 6
15.5 2.9 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg N 7
13 2.7 Al O 8
22 4.5 Ti F 9
82 11.34 Pb Ne 10
Na 11
C,H,O,N,Mg,Ca,K,S,P,Fe Mg 12Zeff Al 13
Si 14
P 15
S 16
Cl 17
Ar 18
K 19
Ca 20
Mayered2.943.45(2007/02)
42.788.012.0
)(
94.2 94.294.2
2
94.294.2
OHZ
Zi
f
ZfZ
eff
i
i
iieff
Evans, 1955 (Attix, F.H. and Roesch, W.C., eds.:Radiation
Dosimetry. Vol. I : Fundamentals. Academic Press Inc., New
York, 1968.)
c=: Z=125*E3/2-3c=: Z=1900/(E
2-1.02E+6)+2
768
1412-16
0
10
20
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
120
100
80
60
40
20
00.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
14
7
60kV70kV
0.01 0.05 0.1
c=
Zeff
[MeV]
Zeff
12 2017. 12. 25
-
D
D=kZV2
k
D/(IV)=kZVIV
D1 D1 D2D1D2 1/4 Hc=D2/D1Hc>1 I=I0e
-d
cf.
(1991/3
IP
13
2017. 12. 25
-
exposure, X [C/kg]X=dQ/dm
dQdm
Kerma, K Gy[J/kg]K=dE/dm
dm
absorbed dose, D Gy[J/kg]D=de/dm
dedm
equivalent dose, HT Sv[J/kg]HT=wRDT,R DT,RTR
wR
HTRwRDT,R
Effective Dose, E Sv[J/kg]E=wTHT wT
X [C/kg] X,
exposure R
1R=2.58x10-4C/kg
D Gy [J/kg]
absorbed dose rad
HT Sv [J/kg]
equivalent dose rem
HT=wRDTR
wR :
E Sv [J/kg]
effective dose rem
E=wTHT
wT :
A Bq [/]
activity Ci
1Sv=100rem1Gy=100radWR=1
14
D=HT
2017. 12. 25
-
(A)(dt)(dN)dN/dt
Bq[1/sec]
(RI)
---
---
---
EC: Electron Capture ---
(IT: Isomeric Transition)
SF: Spontaneous Fission
N=N0e-t
N:t
N0t=0
T:N=1/2N0T
3H
- 12.33 14C - 5730
22Na + 2.603 40K + - 12.7
60Co - 5.26 6Ga 3.3
99mTc 6.02 131I - 8.02
137Cs - 30.07 201TI X 73
222Rn 3.82
226Ra 1620
235U 7.04 238U 44.7
t
tt
eAA
eNNeNN
ANdt
dN
0
00
A1
Tt
T
eT
AAAA
TeNN
e
21ee
21log2
0
t21log
0
t-
0
00
log
t
A
A0
A0/2
T t
A
A0
A0/2
T
Tp Tb
Teff
bp
bp
eff
bpeff
TT
TTT
TTT
111
15 2017. 12. 25
-
GM TLD
GM
Si, Ge
16 2017. 12. 25
-
ICRU
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
UNSCEAR
United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiations
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
1895
1896
1897 J.J.
1898
1899
1900
1904
1905 1908
1909 1911
1905 1913
1913
1916
1918
1917 1919
1918 1923
1924
1927
1927
1932
1935
1937
1970 CT,MRI
17 2017. 12. 25
-
/
(1991/3 (2007/2) (), , ();
11 (2004/10) 5(2013/9/25) (2008/9) X(2000/9/1)
; 2
(2004/07) 3(2001/03) 2011/9/7 1990(1991)
2012.11.21
2017.11.15
http://www.jrias.or.jp/books/cat/sub1-01/101-14.html
ICRP PDF http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp
ICRPPDF http://www.rerf.jp/general/whatis/index.html http://www2.kek.jp/kids/ (KEK) http://www.rist.or.jp/atomica/ ATOMICA RIST http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shuppan/sonota/attach/1313004.htm http://eman-physics.net/ EMAN http://www.jira-net.or.jp/vm/top-page.html
JIRA http://radphys4.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~torii/lecture/radiolect14W.html
2014
18 2017. 12. 25