radiation safety. definitions roentgen roentgen – 2.58 x10 4 coulombs/kg air rad rad – radiation...
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RADIATION SAFETYRADIATION SAFETY
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DefinitionsDefinitions RoentgenRoentgen
– 2.58 x102.58 x1044 coulombs/kg air coulombs/kg air RAD RAD
– Radiation Absorbed Dose- Density Radiation Absorbed Dose- Density dependant (to convert roentgens to dependant (to convert roentgens to rads you must include a density rads you must include a density factor)factor)
REMREM– Roentgen Equivalent Man Roentgen Equivalent Man
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REMREM
RAD * Q factor = REMRAD * Q factor = REM GRAY * Q factor = SievertGRAY * Q factor = Sievert
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DefinitionsDefinitions Gray = 100 RADGray = 100 RAD Sievert = 100 REMSievert = 100 REM
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DefinitionsDefinitions Curie = 3.7 * 10Curie = 3.7 * 101010 dps dps
– cps vs dpscps vs dps Becquerel = 1 dpsBecquerel = 1 dps
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DefinitionsDefinitions Linear Energy Transfer (LET)Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
– Energy given up per unit distance Energy given up per unit distance traveledtraveled
Specific Ionization (SI)Specific Ionization (SI)– Ion pairs formed per distance Ion pairs formed per distance
traveledtraveled– Note a high LET or SI gives greater Note a high LET or SI gives greater
radiotoxicityradiotoxicity
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LET or SILET or SI
++
+ +
+
+_
_
_
_
_
_
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DefinitionsDefinitions Background RadiationBackground Radiation
– 1-2 msieverts/year1-2 msieverts/year Erythema DoseErythema Dose
– 1 gray to the skin1 gray to the skin LD50LD50
– 5 gray whole body exposure5 gray whole body exposure
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DefinitionsDefinitions ALARAALARA
– As Low As Is Reasonably AchievableAs Low As Is Reasonably Achievable– Because we don’t Because we don’t
know know
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ALARA ContinuedALARA Continued
While the regulatory limit is 50 While the regulatory limit is 50 msievert per year (about 12.5 msievert per year (about 12.5 msievert/quarter) At BYU I will msievert/quarter) At BYU I will investigate any quarterly dose investigate any quarterly dose above 100 mrem (1 msievert)above 100 mrem (1 msievert)
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DefinitionsDefinitions Gamma ray Gamma ray
– Origin NucleusOrigin Nucleus– Low mass, charge Low mass, charge – Low LETLow LET
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DefinitionsDefinitions X-ray just like gamma but origin X-ray just like gamma but origin
is an electronis an electron Beta ParticlesBeta Particles
– Mass and charge = electronMass and charge = electron– high LEThigh LET
KERMA = kenitic energy released KERMA = kenitic energy released per unit massper unit mass
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DefinitionsDefinitions Electron captureElectron capture Beta DecayBeta Decay Alpha DecayAlpha Decay
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Total Effective Dose EquivalentTotal Effective Dose Equivalent Cumulative Committed Effective Cumulative Committed Effective
Dose EquivalentDose Equivalent Deep Dose EquivalentDeep Dose Equivalent
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects AcuteAcute ChronicChronic
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects
Direct chemical damage due to Direct chemical damage due to ionization of important biological ionization of important biological moleculesmolecules
Most damage is done by radical Most damage is done by radical formation – the most common is formation – the most common is the hydroxyl radicalthe hydroxyl radical
HH22O + radiation O + radiation >> H H+ + + OH + OH (unpaired electron)(unpaired electron)
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects AcuteAcute
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects Erythema (skin gets red) 1 grayErythema (skin gets red) 1 gray Bone Marrow and white blood cells Bone Marrow and white blood cells
destroyed (about 5 gray or 500 RAD) destroyed (about 5 gray or 500 RAD) this is the LD50. Ionizing radiation is a this is the LD50. Ionizing radiation is a “metabolic poison” it preferentially “metabolic poison” it preferentially damages rapidly metabolizing cells.damages rapidly metabolizing cells.
Gi tract -10 to 20 gray whole body Gi tract -10 to 20 gray whole body (death certain)(death certain)
CNS is destroyed at 50 gray and aboveCNS is destroyed at 50 gray and above
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects ChronicChronic
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects CancerCancer MutationsMutations TeratogensTeratogens
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects DNA DamageDNA Damage RNA DamageRNA Damage Enzyme DamageEnzyme Damage
NOTE: Damage to DNA is NOTE: Damage to DNA is amplified through transcription amplified through transcription and replicationand replication
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Dose Response
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.5 1 1.5
Exposure (sieverts)
exce
ss c
ance
rs (
life
tim
e)
Series1
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects Linear No Threshold Theory states that Linear No Threshold Theory states that
if the dose is doubled the risk of toxic if the dose is doubled the risk of toxic effects (due to ionizing radiation) is effects (due to ionizing radiation) is doubleddoubled– Not definitively demonstrated at low dosesNot definitively demonstrated at low doses– Not applicable to acute dose, applicable to Not applicable to acute dose, applicable to
stochastic or random events like cancerstochastic or random events like cancer– Always RBE (rem or sievert)Always RBE (rem or sievert)
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Biological EffectsBiological Effects Internal vs External Hazard Internal vs External Hazard
(epithelial barrier)(epithelial barrier) Some nuclides can only hurt you Some nuclides can only hurt you
if they get inside you. Examples if they get inside you. Examples low energy beta emitters such as low energy beta emitters such as 3535S, S, 33H, H, 1414C and alpha emittersC and alpha emitters
RadiotoxicityRadiotoxicity– LET, Target Organ, Effective Half LifeLET, Target Organ, Effective Half Life
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Interactions (Photons)Interactions (Photons) Compton scattering Compton scattering Photoelectric effectPhotoelectric effect Pair ProductionPair Production Half Value LayerHalf Value Layer
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Interactions (Beta Interactions (Beta Particles)Particles) BremsstraahlungBremsstraahlung IonizationIonization RangeRange
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Interactions (Beta Interactions (Beta Particles)Particles) Bremsstraahlung (x-rays)Bremsstraahlung (x-rays)
– Increased by high atomic number Increased by high atomic number materialsmaterials
– Increased by high energy electronsIncreased by high energy electrons
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Nuclide CharacteristicsNuclide Characteristics
Tritium Tritium 33HH Very Low energy –Beta emitterVery Low energy –Beta emitter Cannot be detected with Geiger Cannot be detected with Geiger
CounterCounter LSC and Gas proportional countersLSC and Gas proportional counters 12 year half-life12 year half-life 6 keV6 keV
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Nuclide CharacteristicsNuclide Characteristics
35S and 14C35S and 14C Low Energy BetaLow Energy Beta 10 percent 2pi efficiency10 percent 2pi efficiency 87 day half-life87 day half-life 50 keV, range in air 22 cm50 keV, range in air 22 cm
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Nuclide CharacteristicsNuclide Characteristics
32P32P High energy – bremsstraahlungHigh energy – bremsstraahlung GM detector gives high efficiencyGM detector gives high efficiency 14.29 days half life14.29 days half life 700 keV energy, range in air 6 700 keV energy, range in air 6
metersmeters LET is inversely proportional to LET is inversely proportional to
energy energy
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Nuclide CharacteristicsNuclide Characteristics
• 125I 125I • Gamma emitter low energy Gamma emitter low energy
(electron capture)(electron capture)• Target organ – thyroidTarget organ – thyroid• 60 day half-life60 day half-life• Solid scintillation is best detection Solid scintillation is best detection
methodmethod
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Nuclide CharacteristicsNuclide Characteristics
33P Low energy beta emitter 27 33P Low energy beta emitter 27 day half lifeday half life
14C low energy beta emitter 5000 14C low energy beta emitter 5000 year half lifeyear half life
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal DecayDecay SewerSewer ShipShip
ChemicalsChemicals
Management 2-6156 Management 2-6156 (characterization)(characterization)
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal DecayDecay
– Half life less than 90 daysHalf life less than 90 days– Remove all labelsRemove all labels
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal SewerSewer
– 100 microcuries of tritium100 microcuries of tritium– 100 microcuries of 35S100 microcuries of 35S– 100 microcuries of 14 C100 microcuries of 14 C– 100 microcuries of 32P100 microcuries of 32P– No IodineNo Iodine
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Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Remove all labelsRemove all labels List NuclideList Nuclide Note quantityNote quantity
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal Liquids must be in Plastic leak Liquids must be in Plastic leak
proof containersproof containers Solids should be in a closed Solids should be in a closed
plastic bagplastic bag List laboratoryList laboratory
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Waste DisposalWaste Disposal Never mix hazardous chemical Never mix hazardous chemical
wastes with radioactive wastes wastes with radioactive wastes without RSO Approvalwithout RSO Approval
Never mix short half life nuclides Never mix short half life nuclides with long half life nuclides without with long half life nuclides without RSO approvalRSO approval
Get approval from the RSO before Get approval from the RSO before using radioactive isotopes in using radioactive isotopes in animalsanimals
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DosimetryDosimetry TLD badges for TLD badges for
external hazard external hazard materialsmaterials
Significant Significant Quantities Quantities – Over 2 millicuries Over 2 millicuries
in one packagein one package– Over 3 millicuries Over 3 millicuries
in one monthin one month
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DosimetryDosimetry
Thermoluminescent DosimetryThermoluminescent Dosimetry– Heat Heat
Wear the badge on or near your Wear the badge on or near your lapellapel
Wear ring badge with TLD crystal Wear ring badge with TLD crystal to the inside (exposed) portion of to the inside (exposed) portion of your handyour hand
Wear fetal badge near stomachWear fetal badge near stomach
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IodinationsIodinations E 238 BNSN E 238 BNSN Perform thyroid assay before, Perform thyroid assay before,
following and 24 hrs laterfollowing and 24 hrs later Use RSO’s survey meterUse RSO’s survey meter Keep results in your book and Keep results in your book and
send them to the RSOsend them to the RSO
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BioassayBioassay
If you handle 5 mCi or more you If you handle 5 mCi or more you will do bioassayswill do bioassays
Bioassays required for all Bioassays required for all iodinationsiodinations– Solid ScintillatorSolid Scintillator– Urine (early morning – 1 ml count Urine (early morning – 1 ml count
one minute)one minute)
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Leak CheckLeak Check All new material should be leak All new material should be leak
checked prior to usechecked prior to use Call the RSO if a leak is detectedCall the RSO if a leak is detected
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ProtectionProtection Time, Distance, Shielding and Time, Distance, Shielding and
QuantityQuantity Use Personal Protective Use Personal Protective
EquipmentEquipment– Gloves, goggles, lab coatGloves, goggles, lab coat
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Eating and DrinkingEating and Drinking Never eat, drink or apply makeup Never eat, drink or apply makeup
in a laboratory authorized for use in a laboratory authorized for use of radioactive isotopesof radioactive isotopes
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RegulationsRegulations R313-15 and R313-18, 10 CFR 20, R313-15 and R313-18, 10 CFR 20,
LicenseLicense Allowable Exposure 5 Rem/YearAllowable Exposure 5 Rem/Year Pregnancy 500 Pregnancy 500
mrem/pregnancymrem/pregnancy
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RegulationsRegulations
The University has an obligation to The University has an obligation to the pregnant woman and her the pregnant woman and her unborne baby. But this obligation unborne baby. But this obligation begins with a formal (written) begins with a formal (written) declaration of the pregnancy.declaration of the pregnancy.
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RegulationsRegulations SecuritySecurity
– Locked Up –double locksLocked Up –double locks– Under personal supervision of an Under personal supervision of an
authorized individualauthorized individual
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RegulationsRegulations
Required NoticeRequired Notice– DRC04 must be postedDRC04 must be posted– Dosimetry Report annually.Dosimetry Report annually.
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InstrumentationInstrumentation Ionization ChamberIonization Chamber Gas proportional counterGas proportional counter Geiger Mueller counterGeiger Mueller counter
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Laboratory SurveysLaboratory Surveys Survey your laboratory each day Survey your laboratory each day
that isotopes are in usethat isotopes are in use Log the survey valuesLog the survey values Identify the survey meter and Identify the survey meter and
personperson
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InstrumentationInstrumentation
_ +
Gas Filled Chamber
Electronics
+ _+ _
+ _
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InstrumentationInstrumentation Solid ScintillatorSolid Scintillator
– Most sensitive for photons (required Most sensitive for photons (required if you use 125I)if you use 125I)
Liquid ScintillationLiquid Scintillation– 4 4 ππ geometry geometry– Tritium detectionTritium detection
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InstrumentationInstrumentation EfficiencyEfficiency
– Geometry - surface area of a sphere Geometry - surface area of a sphere =4=4ππ r r22
– CoincidenceCoincidence– WindowWindow
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InstrumentationInstrumentation
Calibration must be completed at Calibration must be completed at least annually.least annually.– Photon detectors must be sent outPhoton detectors must be sent out– Beta survey instruments may be Beta survey instruments may be
calibrated by Risk Managementcalibrated by Risk Management
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Laboratory SurveysLaboratory Surveys
Check hands, telephone, bench, Check hands, telephone, bench, floor in front of bench, soles of floor in front of bench, soles of shoes, computer keyboard, shoes, computer keyboard, centrifuges, door handlecentrifuges, door handle
Survey at the end of each day Survey at the end of each day that rad material is used.that rad material is used.
Be prepared to calculate surface Be prepared to calculate surface contaminationcontamination
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Laboratory SurveysLaboratory Surveys
DocumentationDocumentation– DateDate– Instrument SNInstrument SN– Battery checkBattery check– Check Source countCheck Source count– ID of person completing the surveyID of person completing the survey– Survey resultSurvey result– Anything above background is Anything above background is
positivepositive
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Laboratory SurveysLaboratory Surveys
Important variablesImportant variables– Nuclide energyNuclide energy– Distance from the surfaceDistance from the surface– Speed of detector movementSpeed of detector movement– Audible is more sensitive than Audible is more sensitive than
instrument readinginstrument reading
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DocumentationDocumentation Receipt logsReceipt logs Disposal logsDisposal logs Survey logsSurvey logs
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DocumentationDocumentation CertificationCertification User AuthorizationUser Authorization Facility AuthorizationFacility Authorization Training listTraining list
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EmergenciesEmergencies Call 2-2222 if no risk of life or Call 2-2222 if no risk of life or
healthhealth Call 911 if risk of life or healthCall 911 if risk of life or health
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Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures
Get Help - Emergencies call 911 Get Help - Emergencies call 911 on a campus phone on a campus phone
If help is needed immediately call If help is needed immediately call 2-22222-2222
Radiation Safety Officer 2-4468Radiation Safety Officer 2-4468
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Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures
First priority Human life and safetyFirst priority Human life and safety Second priority limit the spread Second priority limit the spread
(consistent with first priority)(consistent with first priority)– Clean the spill upClean the spill up– Block off the areaBlock off the area– Survey for contamination on yourself Survey for contamination on yourself
and the ‘clean areas around you’ pay and the ‘clean areas around you’ pay particular attention to your shoes. particular attention to your shoes.