radio graphic examination

TITLE: RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROC. NO.: SOGEC-RT- 01REV. NO. : REV. DT.: ISS.DT.: 09-March-2005 of 35

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SCOPE

2. REFERENCED CODES AND / OR STANDARDS

3. QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL

4. RADIATION SOURCES

5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6. IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS

7. PENETRAMETERS

8. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

9. DIRECTION OF RADIOTAION & GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

10. SAFETY

11. EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

12. RECORDS

13. ATTACHMENT


1. SCOPE

1.1 This procedure establishes the uniform requirements for radiographic examination of weldments. The materials intended are carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. The thickness covered by this procedure shall be up to 2.5 inches inches of sting. These requirements are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.

2. REFERENCED CODES AND / OR STANDARDS

2.1 ASME Sec. V Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code – Non- Destructive Examination.

2.2 SNT – TC -1A & ANSI/ASNT CP -189 ASNT Recommended Practice for NDT personnel qualification and certification.

2.3 ASTM-Metal test methods ad analytical procedures Vol:03.03 Nondestructive testing. 2.3.1. ASTM E-747/97 Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing (wire Penetrameters)

2.3.2. ASTM E-94/00 Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing 2.4 DIN 54 109 Image Quality of Radiographs

2.5 ASME Sec I Rules for Construction of power Boiler

2.6 ASME B31.1 Power Piping

2.7 ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping.

2.8 ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols.

2.9 ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.

2.10 ASME Sec VIII, Div.1 Boiler and pressure vessels code.

2.11 ASME Sec IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications

2.12 API 1104 Standard for welding pipelines and related facilities

2.13 API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage.

2.14 AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code – Steel

2.15 ARAMCO-GI 448.010 Radiographic Examination


3. QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL

3.1 All radiographic examination personnel shall be qualified and certified in accordance, conforming to the latest edition of Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A and ANSI/ASNT CP-189.

3.2 For all Saudi Aramco projects, the radiographs shall be examined and interpreted by personnel certified to perform RTFI by Saudi Aramco.

4. RADIATION SOURCES

4.1 Selection of the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding the weld being examined (material composition and thickness). The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated by attaining the required image quality indicator (IQI) sensitivity and complying with all other requirements stipulated herein (film density and area of interest, density tolerances, etc.). The source shall be either X-ray or Gamma-ray.

4.2 The X-Ray machine used shall have adequate voltage and radiation output. The focal spot size shall not exceed 2.5mm X 2.5mm.

4.3 The Gamma-Ray Isotopes shall have an effective source size of 3 mm or less. Only Ir-192 Isotope shall be used as a source of Gamma-Ray.

4.4 The minimum permissible thickness for which radioactive isotopes may be used is as follows:

Material Iridium 192 Cobalt 60Steel 0.75 in. 1.5 in.Copper or High Nickel 0.65 in. 1.30 in.Aluminum 2.50 in. N/A

The minimum thickness limitation may be reduced when the radiographic techniques used demonstrate that the required radiographic sensitivity has been obtained.

5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radiography shall be performed prior to or after heat treatment.

5.2 Surface preparation :


5.2.1 The welds shall be prepared only to the extent necessary that the resulting radiographic image due to any irregularities shall not mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity. The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with base material or may have reasonably uniform crowns. If the weld is ground flush with the adjustment base material, arrows or “V’s” shall be placed ¼ inch away from the edge of weld opposite to the film location markets at the extremities of the film in the area of examination (See attachment 1).

5.3 Film & Screen Requirements.

5.3.1. Selection of films shall be determined by such factors such as the required quality level, materials etc. The films selected shall be capable of demonstrating the required image quality indicator (IQI) sensitivity. They shall be either type 1 or 2. The common commercial brand of films used shall be :

Type 1 : Agfa D4 Type 2: Agfa D& Kodak MX or M Kodak AX Fuji1 x % Fuji I X 80 Dupont NDT 55 Dupont NDT 65

5.3.2. Intensifying screens of lead-foil type or cassette screen type shall be used. The screens shall have a minimum thickness of 0.125mm (0.005”). They shall be of the same approximate dimensions as the film being used and shall be in direct intimate contact with the film during exposure. The screens used shall be handled carefully to avoid dents, scratches, grease or dirt. Screens rendering non-relevant indications on radiographs shall be visually examined and discarded if physical damage is observed. Exception to 5.3.2 is permitted when “Ready Pack” or “Roll Pack” with integral screens is used.

Under no circumstances shall screens which emit visible light be used.

5.4 Processing Requirements

5.4.1. All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other artifacts to be extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the object being radiographed. Such artifacts include but are not limited to:

5.4.1.1. Fogging5.4.1.2. Processing defects such as water or chemical marks.5.4.1.3. Scratches, finger marks, crimps, static smudges or tears. 5.4.1.4. Loss of detail due to poor film contact.5.4.1.5. False indications due to defective screens.

5.4.2. Processing manual (According to SE-94)


5.4.2.1. Preparation –

No more film should be processed than can be accommodated with a minimum separation of ½ in. (12.7mm). Hangers are loaded and solutions stirred before starting development.

5.4.2.2. Start of Development

Start the timer and place the films into the developer tank. Separate to a minimum distance of ½ in. (12.7 mm) and agitate in two directions for about 15 s.

5.4.2.3. Development

Normal development is 5 to 8 min. at 680F (200C).

5.4.2.4. Agitation

Shake the film horizontally and vertically, ideally for a few seconds each minute during development. This will help film develop evenly.

5.4.2.5. Rinsing

Rinse the films with vigorous agitation in clear water.

5.4.2.6. Fixing

The films must not touch one another in the fixer. Agitate the hangers vertically for about 10s and again at the end of the first minute, to ensure uniform and rapid fixation. Keep them in the fixer until fixation is complete (that is, at least twice the clearing time), but not more than 15 min. in relatively fresh fixer. Frequent agitation will shorten the time of fixation.

5.4.2.7. Fixer Neutralizing –

Use a hypo eliminator or fixer neutralizer between fixation and washing.

5.4.2.8. Washing –

Washing is very slow below 600F (160C).When washing at temperatures above 850F (300C), acre should be exercised not to leave films in the water too long. The films should be washed in batches without contamination from new film brought over from the fixer. If pressed for capacity, as more films are put in the wash, partially washed film should be moved in the direction of the inlet.

5.4.2.9. Wetting Agent –

Dip the film for approximately 30s in a wetting agent added clear water.

5.4.2.10. Drying –

Take precaution to tighten film on hangers, so that it cannot touch in the dryer. Too hot a drying temperature at low humidity can result in uneven drying and should be avoided.

5.5 Viewing Facilities for Radiographs :


Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equipment used to view radiographs for interception shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the designated wire to be visible foe the specified density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with interception.

5.6 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image adjacent to the designated wire of the wire penetrameter and the area of interest shall be 2.0 minimum. Composite viewing of multiple film exposures is not permitted. Either a calibrated densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for determining the film density.

5.7 Back Scatter

A lead symbol “B” with minimum dimensions of ½ inch in height and 1/16 inch in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if back scatter radiation is exposing the film. If a light image of the “B” appears on a darker background of the film, the radiograph is rejectable and shall be reshot after ensuring adequate backscatter protection. The appearance of a dark image of letter B shall be disregarded, unless the dark image could mask or be confused and is acceptable.

6. IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS

6.1. General

A system of Radiographic identification shall be used to produce a permanent and traceable record of radiographs to individual welds. The radiograph shall contain the plant or job number, line or equivalent number, weld number, the date on which the radiograph was shot and welder’s symbol. Subsequent radiographs made by reasons of a repaired area shall be identified with a letter “R” and a number following the “R” indicating first, second, etc., sequence of repair radiographs when the same weld is repaired more than once.

6.2 Location

Location markers shall be placed outside the weld area. The radiographic image of the location markers for the coordination of the part with the area of interest shall appear on the film without interfering with the area of interest and with such an agreement that it is evident that complete coverage was obtained. The location markers shall be placed at approximately equal intervals not exceeding 15 inches (See attachment 1).

6.2.1. Double-wall Technique: when using a double-wall technique and the welds in both walls is viewed for acceptance, and the entire image of the object being radiographed is shown on the radiograph, only one location marker shall be used. The marker used for this type of technique shall be either numbers or letters. They shall be placed on the source or on the film side.

6.2.2. Series of Radiographs: For welds that require a serious of radiographs to cover the full length or circumference of the weld, the complete set of location markers shall be applied at


one time, wherever possible. A reference or zero position for each series shall be identified on the component. For pipe or tube welds greater than 3 ½” Ø a number belt shall be used. The number belt shall consist of lead numbers between ¼” and ½” in height.

Number spacing shall be as follows :Nominal Pipe Diameter SpacingOver 31/2” Through 8” 1” (2.5 cm apart)8” and above 4” (10 cm) apart

6.2.3. Similar Welds: On similar type of welds on a single component, the sequence and spacing of the location markers shall conform to a uniform system that shall be positively identified and agreed by the client.

7. PENETRAMETERS

7.1 GeneralThe quality of all levels of radiographic testing shall be determined by a set of wire penetrameters that confirms to the requirements of method E-747 Article 22 Sec.5 (See Para 4.1.3) or hole type penetrameters that confirms to the requirements of E-1025.

The penetrameters to be used shall be of ASTM wire type for ASME job. The ASTM wire type penetrameter are available in four sets each containing 6 wires of various thickness. These are :

ASTM WIRE PENETRAMETERS

WIRE DIAMETERS, IN. (MM)Set A Wire Set B Wire Set C Wire Set D Wire0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.5) 160.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7 0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 170.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8 0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 180.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9 0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 190.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10 0.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 200.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21

Note : The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.

For jobs other than ASME, the penetrameters to be used shall be of DIN wire type of which there are three sets, each containing 7 wires of various thickness. These are :

1 ISO 7Diameter of Wire (mm)

3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80

Corresponding Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 76 ISO 12Diameter of Wire (mm)

1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25

Corresponding Number 6 7 8 9 10 11 1210 ISO 16Diameter of Wire (mm)

0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.1

Corresponding Number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Note : 1 in. = 25.4 mm

The selection of the hole type penetrates used shall be as below:


NominalMaterial Thickness

Range, in.

Penetrameter

Source Side Film SideHoly Type

DesignationEssential

HoleWire

Dia. in.Hole Type

DesignationEssential

HoleWire

Dia. in.Upto 0.25, inclOver 0.25 through 0.375Over 0.375 through 0.50Over 0.50 through 0.75Over 0.75 through 1.00Over1.00 through 1.50Over 1.50 through 2.00Over 2.00 through 2.50Over 2.50 through 4.00Over 4.00 through 6.00Over 6.00 through 8.00Over 8.00 through 10.00Over 10.00 through 12.00Over 12.00 through 16.00Over 16.00 through 20.00

1215172025303540506080100120160200

2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T2T

0.0080.0100.0130.0160.0200.0250.0320.0400.0500.0630.1000.1260.1600.2500.320

101215172025303540506080100120160


0.0060.0080.0100.0130.0160.0200.0250.0320.0400.0500.0630.1000.1260.1600.250

Note : 1 in. = 25.4 mm

For AWS requirements hole type penetrameter selection shall be as per the table below:


Range, in.


Range, in.

Source Side Film Side

Designation Essential Hole Designation EssentialHole

Upto 0.25 incl.Over 0.25 to 0.375Over 0.375 to 0.50Over 0.50 to 0.625Over 0.625 to 0.75Over 0.75 to 0.875Over 0.875 to 1.00Over 1.00 to 1.25Over 1.25 to 1.50Over 1.50 to 2.00Over 2.00 to 2.50Over 2.50 to 3.00Over 3.00 to 4.00Over 4.00 to 6.00Over 6.00 to 8.00

Upto 6.4 incl.Over 6.4 through 9.5Over 9.5 through 12.7Over 12.7 through 15.9Over 15.9 through 19.0Over 19.0 through 22.2Over 22.2 through 25.4Over 25.4 through 31.7Over 31.7 through 38.1Over 38.1 through 50.8Over 50.8 through 63.5Over 63.5 through 76.2Over 76.2 through 102Over 102 through 152Over 152 through 203

101215151720202530354045506080


71012121517172025303540455060


Notes:1. Single wall radiographic thickness (for tubular).2. Application to tubular structures only.


7.2 The material of penetrameters shall be of a similar radiographic density to that of the material being radiographed.

7.2.1. The quality levels required using wire penetrameters system shall be equivalent to 2-2T level of method E-142/or practice E-1025. Article 22 Sec. 5 for hole type penetrameters. The table T-276 Article 2 Sec. V (see next page) provides a list of various hole type IQIs and the diameter of the wires of corresponding EPS (Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity) with the applicable 2T holes in the IQI. This table shall be used for determining 2T quality levels otherwise specified by the client.

7.2.2. The penetrameter selection shall be based on the nominal wall thickness of the base material plus the reinforcement. Internal protrusions of single level welds, backing rings or strips shall be disregarded in the selection of the required penetrameter wire size. Reinforcement shall be based on estimated measurement and not actual measurement. In general the following shall apply.

7.2.2.1. Panoramic, single wall – single image and double wall – single image techniques, the required wire size shall be based on the one wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such reinforcement is not ground off.

7.2.2.2. Double Wall-Double view elliptical techniques, the required wire size shall be based on two-wall thickness plus two reinforcement where such reinforcement is not ground off.

7.2.2.3. Double wall-Double view superimposed techniques, the required wire size shall be based on two-wall thickness plus two reinforcements where such reinforcements are not ground off.

7.2.2.4. For welds without reinforcement, the required wire size shall be based on the nominal single wall thickness for double wall double viewing (Elliptical or superimposed Technique).

7.3 Placement of Penetrameters The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on source side of the weld so that the length of the wires is

perpendicular to the length of the weld. In those cases where the physical placement of penetrameter on the source side is not possible, the penetrameters shall be placed on the film side. If the penetrameter is placed on the film side, it shall always accompany a lead letter “F” at least as high as the penetrameter identification numbers. Only that portion of the weld adjacent to the film when the penetrameter is placed on the film side of the object being radiographed, shall be viewed for acceptance for the radiographic technique. This includes 3 ½” and under piping. The identification numbers and when used the lead letter “F” shall not be in the area of interest.


7.4 Number of Penetrameters

7.4.1. One IQI shall represent an area within which radiographic densities are not less than 15% from that measured through the body of the IQI. At least one IQI shall be present on the radiograph except as noted below.

7.4.2. When film density, in the area of interest, varies by more than minus 15% pr plus 30% from the density adjacent to the designated wire of a wire penetrameter within the maximum / minimum allowable density ranges specified in Para 5.6, then an additional penetrameter shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiographed shall be taken.

7.4.3. At least one penetrameter image shall appear on each radiographed except as outlined below:

7.4.3.1. For DWE/SWW or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to be interpreted is greater than 127mm (5 in), two penetrameters placed across the welds and perpendicular to the welds length shall be sued. One shall be at the center of the film to be interpreted. When the film length to be interpreted is 5 in. or less, one penetrameter shall be placed across the weld and perpendicular to the weld length at the center to be interpreted.

7.4.3.2. If more than one penetrameter is used because of density requirements, one shall be placed in the lightest area of interest and the other in the darkest area of interest. The intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density if the required wire is visible in each penetrameter.

7.4.3.3. For panoramic radiography involving a complete circumferential weld, four (4 equally spaced penetrameters at 900 intervals shall be places.

7.4.3.4. When the source is placed in the axis of the circumference and a portion of that circumference (four or more continuous locations) is radiographed during a single exposure, atleast 4 IQIs placed approximately equidistant apart shall be used.

7.4.3.5. Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are being radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, additional IQIs shall be placed on the longitudinal welds at the ends of sections most remote from the position of the source used to radiographed the circumferential weld.

7.4.4. For radiography performed in accordance with API-1104 and the technique is either DWSI or SWSI (non-panoramic) at least two penetrameters shall be used for each exposure. One penetrameter shall be located approximately in the centre of the film. The other shall be located with the smallest wire approximately 1 inch from either end of the area of interest. Radiography of repairs shall include a penetrameter for each repair or area of repair.


8. Radiographic Techniques

8.1. Single wall technique: Except as stated below radiography shall be performed using a technique in which the radiation passes through only one wall.

8.2. Double wall technique for circumferential welds: For circumferential welds 3 ½” O.D or less, a technique shall be used in which the radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance on the same film. Unless otherwise specified, either elliptical or superimposed projections shall be used.

8.2.1. For elliptical projections, where the weld is not superimposed, at least two views separated by 900 shall be taken. If design or success restrictions prevail from taking 900 separate views, agreement between the contracting parties shall specify the necessary weld coverage.

8.2.2. For Superimposed projections a minimum of three views shall be taken at approximately 00, 600 and 1200.

8.3. For circumferential welds greater than 3 ½” O.D. a technique shall be used in which only fro single wall viewing is performed. Sufficient exposures shall be taken to ensure complete coverage.

9. Direction of Radiation & Geometric Unsharpness:

9.1. Direction of central beam of radiation shall be centered perpendicular toward the centre of the effective area of the film pr to a plane tangent to the center of the film, to the maximum extent possible except for the double wall exposure double wall viewing elliptical technique.

9.2. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable job order or contract, the geometric unsharpness shall not exceed the following limits ;

Material UgThickness (in.) Maximum (in.)Under 2 0.0202 Through 3 0.030Over 3 through 4 0.040Greater than 4 0.070

Geometric unsharpness shall be determined in accordance with

Ug =Ft/d

Where, Ug = Geometric unsharpness F = Size of the radiation sourceD = Distance from source o radiation to weld or object being radiographed.T = Distance from source side of weld or object radioghraphed to the film,

Find acceptance of radiographs shall be bases on the ability to see the designated penetrameter wire image. The unsharpness may be of less consequence as t/d ratio increases.

10. SAFETY:


10.1. General

All classified personnel shall wear a film badge and a fully charged pocket dosimeter whenever in a classified radiation area. In additional they shall always maintain an operable survey meter in the radiation area and use it to verify that the area is safe. They shall perform radiography in complete accordance with the Radiation Safety Manual. Copies of this procedure will be maintained at all sites where radiography is being performed and where radiographic isotopes are stored.

10.2. Radiation Area

The area where radiography is being performed shall be cordoned off (or otherwise barricaded) and signposted in Arabic and English to prevent accidental entry by unauthorized personnel (See attachment 2). An operator shall remain in view of the cranking unit of the exposure device at a safe distance while the exposure is being made, in order to retract the source in the vent of unauthorized entry into the radiation area.

10.3. Collimators

Collimators shall always be used when practical.

10.4. Safety Procedures

Detailed safety procedures for the use, handling and storage of radioactive materials are given in the general safety policies. Radiography personnel shall be familiar with all safety procedures.

11. EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

11.1. Radiographic Film Quality : All radiographs shall be free of mechanical, chemical, handling-related or other blemishes which could mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If any doubt exists as to be true nature of an indication exhibited by the film, the radiograph shall be rejected and reshot.

11.2. Radiographs shall be interpreted only in those areas in which penetrameters have established that a suitable radiographic technique has been used. Acceptance or rejection of a weld or part shall be based on Appendix B.

11.3. Client and/or company reserve the right to final interpretation and evaluation of radiographs.


12. RECORDS

The following radiographic records shall be maintained as agreed upon between the client and SOGEC

12.1. Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketch

12.2. Weld Repair Documentation

12.3. Film Used

12.4. Thickness of the Material

12.5. Source of film distance.

12.6. Film interpretation record shall contain as a minimum the following information.

12.6.1. Disposition of each radiograph (acceptable or rejectable).

12.6.2. If rejectable, cause for rejecting (slag, crack, porosity, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration etc.

12.6.3. Surface indication verified by visual examination (grinding marks, weld ripple, splatter, etc.)

12.7. Signature of the film interpreter.

13. ATTACHMENT

13.1. Sketch showing location markers and arrow markers.

13.2. Radiation warning sign board.

13.3. Sample Radiographic repot.


x x x

LOCATION

13.1.Sketch Showing Location Markers and Arrows markers

PLATE

ARROWS


DANGERRADIATION

KEEP OUT13.2 Radiation Warning Sign Boards


RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING REPORT


TECHNIQUE SHEET FORRADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

1. Gamma Ray Camera : Amersham/Sentinel 660A or 660B

2. Radiation Source and Source Size : Iridium-192,3 mm x 3 mm

3. Geometrical Arrangement : See Appendix – A

4. Films : Kodak Type 1 / II or Equivalent

5. Intensifying Screens : Lead Screens 0.125 mm (Front & Back)

6. Applicable Reference Code / Procedure : ASME Sec. V and ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1

7. Acceptance Standard : ASME sec. VIII Div. 1, API 1104, AWS D1.1, ASME B31.3 = as specified. For acceptance details see Appendix B.


Appendix A:(Page 1 of 2)

SINGLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Pipe OD

ExposureTechnique

Radiographic Viewing

Source-Weld Film Arrangement IQI Penetrameter Location Marker

PlacementEnd View Slide View Selection Placement

AnySingle-Wall

T-271.1Single-Wall

Exposure Arrangement A

T-276and TableT-276

Source SideT-277.1 (a)

Film SideT277.1(b)

Either Side

T-275.3T-275.1

(c)

AnySingle-Wall

T=271.1Single-Wall

Exposure Arrangement B

T-276and Table

T-276

Source Slide Team

Film Side T-277.1 (b)

Film Slide T-275.1(B) (1)

AnySingle-Wall

T-271.1Single Wall

Exposure Arrangement C

T-276And Table T-276

Source SlideT-277.1(a)

Film Side T277.1(b)

Source Slide

T-275.1(a) (3)


Appendix A:(Page 2 of 2)DOUBLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNICQUES

Pipe OD

ExposureTechnique

Radiographic Viewing

Source-Weld Film Arrangement IQI Penetrameter Location Marker

PlacementEnd View Slide View Selection Placement

Any

Double Wall: T-271.2 (a) atleast 3

exposures 120 deg. to each other

for complete coverage

Single-Wall

Exposure Arrangement D

T-276 and Table T-276

Source Side T-277.1 (a)

Film SideT-277.1 (b)

Film Side T-275.1 (b) (1)

Any

Double Wall

T=271.2 (a) atleast 3 exposures 120 deg. to each other

for complete coverage

Single-Wall

Exposure Arrangement E


Source Slide T-277.1 (a)

Film Side T-277.1 (b)

Film Slide T-275.1(b) (1)

3 ½ in or less

Double Wall

T-271.2 (b) (1) atleast 2 exposure at 90 deg.

to each other for complete coverage

Double Wall

(Ellipse): Read offset Source Side

and Film Side

Images

Exposure arrangement F

T-276And Table T-276

Source Slide T-277.1(b)

Either Side T-275.2

3 ½ in or less

Double wall T-

271.2 (b) (2) atleast 3 exposure at 60 deg.

or 120 deg. to each

other for complete coverage

Double Wall: Read Superimposed Source Side and Film Side

Images

Exposure arrangement G


Source Side T-277.1 (b)

Either Side T-275.2


Appendix B:(Page 1 of 15)

1 ASME SEC. I. SEC VIII DIV.I, ASME B31.1, API 650

1.1 Acceptance / Rejection Criteria summary (Elongated Indications)

Below mentioned table provides a cross-referenced comparison of the acceptance and rejection criteria of ASME Section I, ASME B31.1, and ASME Section VIII Div. I, API 650.

Acceptance / rejection criteria for ASME /ANSI B31.1 is refered by code to ASME Section I. The following table defines the levels of acceptability unless otherwise indicated.

IndicationsASME Sec IASME B31.1

ASME Sec VIII, DIV.1 Para UW-51, API 650

ASME Sec VIII, Div. 1Para UW-52

Crack None None NoneLack of Fusion None None NoneIncomplete Penetration None None None

Elongated

Acceptable Limits:¼” for t upto ¾”? t for t from ¾” to 2 ¼”¾” for t > 2 ¼”

Acceptable Limits:¼” for t upto ¾”? t for t from ¾” to 2 ¼”¾” for t > 2 ¼

Rejectable if length > ? t where t is the thickness of the weld.

Any group of aligned indication

Rejectable if sum of length > t in a length of 12t except when the distance between successive indications is 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection

Rejectable if aggregate length > t in a length of 12t except when the successive indications exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection.

Acceptable if the sum of the longest dimensions of all such indications is less than t in a length of 6t & the longest indications are separated by 3L where L is the length of the longest indication. The maximum length of acceptable indication shall be ¾”. Any such indication shorter than ¼” shall be acceptable for plate thickness.

Porosity & Rounded Indications

Refer to section 1.2 of this Appendix B.


Rounded indications are not a factor unless 100 % examination is required.

TungstenRefer to Section 1.2 of this Appendix B.


Rounded tungsten inclusions are to be evaluated as rounded indications per UW-51. Elongated and aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.



1.2 Acceptance Criteria – Rounded Indications

As specified in the ASME Section 1, appendix A250; ASME code section VIII Div.1. Appendix 4; ASME B31.1 (by reference to sec 1); and API 650 (by reference to Sec. 1); and API 650 (by reference to Sec. VIII). The following terms and definitions apply when considering rounded indications. Note that for ASME Sec VIII Div. 1. only UW-52 (Full Radiography) includes rounded indication as a factor for consider rounded indications as a factor for acceptance / rejection consideration.

1.2.1. Rounded indications: Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of and indication, the tail shall be included. The indication may be from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten. (Appendix 4, para 4-2a; Appendix A, Para 250.2.1). Rounded tungsten inclusions are to be evaluated to the same criteria as porosity, slag or other rounded indications.

1.2.2. Aligned Indications: A sequence of four (4) or more rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn

through the centre of two outer rounded indications. (Appendix 4, Para 4-2b; Appendix A, Para 250.2.2). Aligned tungsten indications regardless of size and length are to be repaired.

1.2.3. Thickness t: t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of

these two thickness. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in t. (Appendix 4, Para 4.2c, Appendix A, Para 250.2.3)

12.4. Relevant Indications. Indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered relevant: 1/10 to for t < 1/8”

1/64” For 1/8” = t = 1/4” 1/32” for ¼” = t = 2” 1/16” for t > 2”

12.5. Maximum Size of rounded Indications shall be 1/4t or 5/32”. Which ever is smaller, except that an isolated indication from an adjacent indication by 1” or more may be 1/3t, or ¼” which ever is less. For t greater than 2”, the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall be increased to 3/8”.

12.6. Clustered Indications: Indications are classified by their orientation and proximity to other indications, such indications can be isolated, aligned, random or clustered. Typically, clustered indications will have four (4) times the number of individual indications as that of random indications in a unit area. The following pictorials taken from the ASME “ Rounded indication Charts” represents the maximum allowable for clustered or indications. For acceptance criteria determination in accordance with ASME Sec.1, ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 ASME B31.1 and API 650, refer to the rounded indication. Charts given in Appendix A of ASME Sec 1 or Appendix 4 of ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1. Clustered Tungsten inclusions are to be removed regardless of size.



ASME Rounded Indication Charts Random ClusteredThe rounded indications characterized as imperfections shall not exceed that shown in the “Rounded Indication Charts, Included as Appendices to ASME Sec. 1 or ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 Typical Maximum Typical maximum

Examples of rounded and clustered indications above are not to be used for film interpretations, but are provided only as a reference. For acceptance or rejection of rounded indications, refer to the referenced code section. “Rounded indication Charts” listed herein. Special consideration should be given to the fact that photocopy reproduction may distort, enlarge or reduce the resulting image depending on the photocopy machine, optional settings, and quality of the originals. The charts for each thickness range represent full scale 6” radiograph, and the shall not be enlarged or reduced.

Thickness t, (in.) Radiographic IndicationRandom Isolated

Maximum Size of Non-Relevant Indication, (in.)

Less than 1/8 ¼ t 1/3 t 1/10 t1/8 0.031 0.042 0.0153/16 0.047 0.063 0.015¼ 0.063 0.083 0.0155/16 0.078 0.104 0.0313/8 0091 0.125 0.0317/16 0.109 0.146 0.031½ 0.125 0.168 0.0319/16 0.142 0.188 0.0315/8 0.156 0.210 0.03111/16 0.156 0.230 0.031¾ to 2, incl. 0.156 0.250 0.031Over 2 0.156 0.375 0.063

Rounded IndicationsMinimum Size of Acceptable Rounded Indications, in.

(Porosity Charts are included from page 4 to page 9 of Appendix B)


Sum

of

L1

to L

x sh

all b

e le

ss th

an 2

in a

leng

th o

f 12

L,

Fig

. 4.1

AL

IGN

ED

RO

UN

DE

D I

ND

ICA

TIO

NS

The

sum

of

the

grou

p le

ngth

sha

ll b

e le

ss th

an in

a le

ngth

of

12b

Max

imum

Gro

up L

engt

hM

axim

um G

roup

Spa

cing

L =

¼ in

for

less

than

¾ in

3L w

hat L

of

the

leng

th o

f th

eL

=1/

3 fo

r ¾

in to

3.1

/4 in

long

er a

djus

tmen

t gro

up b

ring

L=

3/4

in f

or g

reat

er th

an 2

.14

in.

eval

auat

ed

Fig

. 4.2

GR

OU

PS

OF

AL

IGN

ED

RO

UN

DE

D I

ND

ICA

TIO

NS

L3

3L3

L2

3L3

L3

3L3

L4

L1

L2

L2



2 API – 1104, ASME / ANSI B31.4, B31.8

The following table is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API – 1104.

Note: Acceptance / Rejection criteria for ASME /ANSI B31.4 and ASME / ANSI B31.8 is referred by these codes to API – 1104.

INDICATION/DEFECT CRITERIA

Inadequate Penetration Without High-Low (IP)

Unacceptable if:1. Length of an individual indication of 1P.1”.2. Aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 12” of weld > 1”.3. Aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% in welds less than 12” in length.

Inadequate Penetration due to High Low (IPD)

Unacceptable if:1. Length of individual IPD > 2”2. Aggregate length of indications of IPD > 3” in any continuous 12” of weld.

Inadequate Cross Penetration (ICP)

Unacceptable if:1. Length of individual ICP > 2”2. Aggregate length of ICP in any continuous 12” length of weld > 2”

Incomplete Fusion (IF)

Unacceptable if:1. Length of an individual indication of IF > 1”2. Aggregate length of indication of IF in any 12” of weld > 1”3. Aggregate length of indications of IF > 8 % in welds less than 12” in length

Incomplete Fusion due to cold lap (IFD)

Unacceptable if:1. Length of an individual IFD > 2”.2. Aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12” of weld > 2”.3. Aggregate length of indications of IFD > 8% of weld length.

Internal Concavity (IC)Acceptable provided RT image density < RT image density of thinnest adjacent base metal. Where image density > base metal density, refer to Burn-through criteria.

Burn-Through (BT)

Pipe OD > 2-3/8”

Unacceptable if:

1. Maximum dimension. ¼” & image density > thinnest adjacent base metal.

2. Maximum dimension > thinner of nominal WT joined & image density > thinnest adjacent base metal.

3. Sum of maximum dimension of separate BT’s whose image density exceeds the thinnest adjacent base metal > ½” in 12” of welding or total weld which ever is greater.

Pipe OD < 2-3/8”Unacceptable if:

1. Maximum dimension. ¼” & image density > thinnest adjacent base metal.

2. Maximum dimension > thinner of nominal WT joined & image density > thinnest adjacent base metal.

3. More than 1 BT of any size & image density of more than one > thinnest adjacent base metal.



3 AWS D1.1

Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 are different for statically loaded and dynamically loaded structures. This AIP covers only statically loaded structures. For dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1.1. If there is doubt as to the destination of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the project engineer for determination. The radiographic film interpreter should confirm the loading classification prior to proceeding the interpretation of film. Rejection criteria for each classification are provided below. Note that to determine the allowable and rejectable size of discontinuities, the use of both the tables and charts are required.

3.1 Statistically Loaded Structures

Discontinuities exceeding the following limitations shall be unacceptable

INDICATION REJECTION CRITERIACracks None permittedElongated Discontinuities > Maximum size of chart 6-1Clearance between discontinuities

< Minimum clearance allowance of fig 6-1

Rounded Discontinuities > E/3 or ¼” for T 2”> E/3 or 3/8” for T > 2”Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity 3/32” to an acceptable rounded or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersection shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.

Isolated Discontinuity i.e. a cluster of rounded indications

Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single discontinuity permitted in Fig.6-1.Minimum clearance to another cluster or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end of an elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.

Sum of individual discontinuities

Sum > 3/23” shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8” which ever is less in 1” of weld.

In-Line DiscontinuitiesSum > E in any length of 6E, where length of weld is 6E, permissible sum shall be proportionately less.

Tungsten InclusionsIndividual Tungsten inclusions are to be evaluated as rounded indications (porosity).elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.

REJECTION CRITERIA FOR STATISTICALLY LOADED STRUCTURES (AWS D1.1)



4. ASME B31.3

4.1 The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method of NDE required table, inclusive of code required NDE methods, is to be used with its criterion notes and is included with this procedure for Radiographic Film interpretation.

4.2 Particular attention should be given to intended service when interpreting radiographic film for final acceptance.

+

Kind of imperfection

Criteria (A to M) for Weld type, for Service Conditions and For Required Inspection Methods Normal Fluid Service Severe Cyclic Conditions Category D Fluid ServiceMethods Types of Weld Method Types of Weld Method Types of

Weld

Vis

ual

Spo

rt o

f ran

dom

rad

iogr

aph

y

Gir

th a

nd m

iler

groo

ves

Long

itudi

nal

gro

ove

(no

te (

2)

Fill

et (

Not

e (3

)

Bra

nch

conn

ect

ion

(Not

e (4

)

Vis

ual

100

% R

adio

grap

hy

Mag

netic

Par

ticle

Liqu

id P

ene

tran

t

Gir

th a

nd M

ilter

Gro

ove

Long

itudi

nal

Gro

ove

Fill

et (

Not

e (4

)

Bra

nch

conn

ect

ion

(Not

e (4

)

Vis

ual

Gir

th a

nd M

iler

Gro

ove

Long

itudi

nal

Gro

ove

(Not

e (2

)

Fill

et N

ote

(4)

Bra

nch

Co

nnec

tion

(Not

e (4

)

Crack X X A A A A X X X X A A A A X A A A ALack of Fusion X X A A A A X X … … A A A A X C A NA AIncomplete Penetration X X B A NA B X X … … A A NA A X C A NA BInternal Porosity … X E E NA E … X … … D D NA D … … … … …Slag Inclusion, or Elongated Inclusion …

X G G NA G … X … … F F NA F … … … … …

Undercutting X X H A H H X X … … A A A A X A A H HSurface Porosity or Exposed Slag Indication

X … A A A A X … … … A A A A X A A A A

Surface Finish … … … … … … X … … … J J J J … … … … …Concave root surface (suck-up)

X … K NA K K X … … … K K K K X K K NA K

Reinforcement of internal protrusion

X … L L L L X … … … L L L L X M M M M

X = Required Examination NA = Not Applicable - = Not Required


Appendix B:(Page 13 of 15)1-1/8 OR GREATER ¾ MAX

1. To Determine The Maximum Size of Discontinuity Permitted in Any Joint or Weld Size, Project a horizontally To B.

1 2. To Determine The Minimum Clearance Allowed Between Edges of Discontinuities of Any Size Greater Than or Equal to 3/32 in, Project B Vertically to C.

5/8

7/8

¾ 1/2

5/8 3/8

½

3/8 1/4

¼

1/81/8

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/4

29 OR GREATER 19 MAX25 1. To Determine The Maximum Size of Discontinuity Permitted in Any Joint or

Weld Size, Project a horizontally To B.

22

2. To Determine The Minimum Clearance Allowed Between Edges of Discontinuities of Any Size Greater Than or Equal to 2 MM, Project B Vertically to C.

16

19 13

16 10

13

10 6

6 3

3 2

0 6 13 19 25 32 38 44 50 57

C-minimum Clearance Measured Along the Longitudinal Axis of The Weld Between Edges of Porosity or Fusion Type Discontinuities (Larger of Adjacent Discontinuities Governs), or To an Edge or An End of An Intersecting Weld.

C=38=2E

Weld Quality Requirements For Elongated Discontinuties asDetermined by Radiography For Statistically Loaded Structures.

A. W

EL

D S

IZE

OR

EF

FE

CT

IVE

TH

RO

AT,

E.I

N

C IN INCHES

C IN MILLIMETERS

A. W

EL

D S

IZE

OR

EF

FE

CT

IVE

TH

RO

AT,

E.M

M

B. MAXIMUM SIZE OF DISCONTINUITIES, IN (B=2/3 E)

B. MAXIMUM SIZE OF DISCONTINUITIES, MM (B=2/3 E)



4.3 Acceptance Criteria (For Table on Appendix B, Page 12 of 15)

Symbol Measure Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)A Extent of Imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)B Depth of Incomplete Penetration

Cumulative Length of Lack of Fusion and Incomplete Penetration

≤ 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) and ≤ 0.2 Tw≤ 1.5 in. (38 mm) in any 6 in. (150 mm) weld length

C Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete penetrationCumulative length of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration (Note 7)

≤ 0.2 Tw≤ 1.5 in (38 mm) in any 6 in. (150 mm) weld length

D Size and Distribution of Internal Porosity See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Appendix 4E Size and Distribution of Internal Porosity For Tw ≤ ¼ in. (6.4 mm), limit is same as D

For Tw > ¼ in. (6.4 mm), limit is 1.5 x DF Slag inclusion or elongated indication

Individual LengthIndividual Width

≤ Tw/3≤ 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) and ≤ Tw/3≤ Tw in any 12 Tw weld Length

G Slag inclusion or elongated indicationIndividual LengthIndividual WidthCumulative Length

≤ 2 Tw≤ 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and ≤ Tw/2≤ 4 Tw in any 6 in. (150 mm) weld length

H Depth of Undercut ≤ 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) and ≤ Tw/4I Depth of Undercut ≤ 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) and ≤ Tw/4 or 1/32 in (0.8 mm)J Surface Roughness < 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1K Depth of root surface concavity Total joint thickness include Weld Reinf..≥ TwL Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion in any

plane through the weld shall be within limits of the applicable height value in the tabulation at right. Weld metal shall merge smoothly into the component surfaces.

For Tw in. (mm) Height in. (mm)≤ ¼ (6.4) ≤ 1/16 (1.6)> ¼ (6.4) ≤ ½ (12.7) ≤ 1/8 (3.2)> ½ 912.7) ≤ (25.4) ≤ 5/32 (4.0)> 1 (25.4) ≤ 3/16 (4.8)

M Height of reinforcement or Internal Protrusion (note 8) Tungsten Inclusions

Limit is twice the value applicable for L above to be evaluated as rounded indications.Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.

Notes:

1. Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design.2. Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to apply welds in accordance with a standard listed

in table A-1 or Table 326.1 of ASME B31.13. Fillet Weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment for slip-on flanges and branch reinforcement.4. Branch connection weld includes pressure-containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.5. these imperfections are evaluated only for weld ≥ 3/16 in. (5 mm) in nominal thickness.6. where two limiting values are separated by “and” the lesser of the values determines acceptable. Where two sets of values are separated

by “or” the larger value is acceptable.7. Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.8. For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components. For filler welds, height

is measured from the theoretical throat.

radio graphic examination

Documents