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Radio Monitoring

A volume in the Nanostructure Science and Technology series. Further titles in the seriescan be found at:http://www.springer.com/series/7818

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 43

Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods, and EquipmentAnatoly Rembovsky, Alexander Ashikhmin, Vladimir Kozmin, and Sergey Smolskiy978-0-387-98099-7

Incorporating Knowledge Sources into Statistical Speech RecognitionSakti, Sakriani, Markov, Konstantin, Nakamura, Satoshi, and Minker, Wolfgang978-0-387-85829-6

Intelligent Technical SystemsMartínez Madrid, Natividad; Seepold, Ralf E.D. (Eds.)978-1-4020-9822-2

Languages for Embedded Systems and their ApplicationsRadetzki, Martin (Ed.)978-1-4020-9713-3

Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent SystemsLee, Sukhan; Ko, Hanseok; Hahn, Hernsoo (Eds.)978-3-540-89858-0

Designing Reliable and Efficient Networks on ChipsMurali, Srinivasan978-1-4020-9756-0

Trends in Communication Technologies and Engineering ScienceAo, Sio-Iong; Huang, Xu; Wai, Ping-kong Alexander (Eds.)978-1-4020-9492-7

Functional Design Errors in Digital Circuits: Diagnosis Correction and RepairChang, Kai-hui, Markov, Igor, Bertacco, Valeria978-1-4020-9364-7

Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks: COST 290 Final ReportKoucheryavy, Y., Giambene, G., Staehle, D., Barcelo-Arroyo, F., Braun, T., Siris,V. (Eds.)978-0-387-85572-1

Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Computer Network DefenseSiris, V.; Ioannidis, S.; Anagnostakis, K.; Trimintzios, P. (Eds.)978-0-387-85554-7

Data Mining and Applications in GenomicsAo, Sio-Iong978-1-4020-8974-9, Vol. 25

Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics: Selected Papers from the InternationalConference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics 2007Filipe, J.B.; Ferrier, Jean-Louis; Andrade-Cetto, Juan (Eds.)978-3-540-85639-9, Vol. 24

Continued after index

Anatoly Rembovsky · Alexander Ashikhmin ·Vladimir Kozmin · Sergey Smolskiy

Radio Monitoring

Problems, Methods, and Equipment

123

Anatoly RembovskyJSC IRCOSStaroalexeevskaya str. 14MoskvaBldg. 2, Apt. 133Russia [email protected]

Vladimir KozminJSC IRCOSStaroalexeevskaya str. 14MoskvaBldg. 2, Apt. 133Russia [email protected]

Alexander AshikhminJSC IRCOSStaroalexeevskaya str. 14MoskvaBldg. 2, Apt. 133Russia [email protected]

Sergey SmolskiyDepartment of Radio ReceiversTechnical UniversityMoscow Power Engineering InstituteLefortovskly Val ul, 7, Apt. 66MoskvaE-116Russia [email protected]

ISBN 978-0-387-98099-7 e-ISBN 978-0-387-98100-0DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-98100-0Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943693

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subjectto proprietary rights.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Automated radio monitoring (ARM) technology obtained wide distribution as atool for problem-solving in various areas, beginning from radio frequency spectrumusage control to the use of radio environment checks to search for illegal radio trans-mitters. Radio monitoring equipment serves as the basis of technical measures forcounteracting unapproved information pick-up, including the all-important investi-gation of compromising emanations.

The list of problems solved with the help of ARM equipment includes:

– Revelation and analysis of radio emissions, for the identification of signal andinterference sources,

– Measurement of radio emission parameters, and the estimation of their danger orvalue for the user,

– Electromagnetic field strength, or the power flow density measurement,– Radio signals and interference direction-finding in the terrain.

In particular, ARM equipment allows radio engineering facilities and computerhardware to be checked for the presence and level of incidental emanations. Assuch, the main functions of ARM equipment are the permanent or periodic obser-vations of airwaves in the wide frequency range, the effective detection, analy-sis and localization of potential or specially-organized channels of informationdrain.

Based on the authors’ development experience, fundamental information con-cerning the described ARM systems, reference data, and recommendations onthe best methods and approaches for obtaining solutions to the above-mentionedproblems are included in the book, together with the classification and detaileddescription of modern high-efficient hardware-software ARM equipment, includingequipment for detection, radio direction-finding, parameters measurement and theiranalysis, and the identification and localization of electromagnetic field sources.Examples of ARM equipment structure and application, within the complicatedinterference environments found in industrial centers, inside of buildings, andin the open terrain, are included, together with the software required for suchapplications.

v

vi Preface

The book is prepared on the basis of Russian and foreign publications and asa result of various research and implementation activities of IRCOS1 companyexperts, under the supervision and direct participation of the authors.

The book contains 12 chapters.In Chapter 2, the list of problems solved by ARM systems is discussed in detail.

An analysis of the nomenclature, structure, functions and parameters of ARM equip-ment is performed, and the system hierarchy of the facilities is developed. Thecomposition, the functions, and the main technical characteristics for each class ofequipment are determined.

Chapter 3 is devoted to the basic parameters of up-to-date radio receivers affect-ing ARM problem fulfillment. The peculiarities of the digital receiver structure forthe 9 kHz – 18 GHz frequency range are shown. Design examples and the charac-teristics of single-channel and double-channel digital receivers are discussed.

Chapter 4 is dedicated to the mathematical aspects of narrow-band signal detec-tion, as well as the signals with dynamic frequency-time distribution (with frequencyhopping) for single- and double-channel radio equipment.

ARM problem-solving via multi-channel panoramic digital receivers is analyzedin Chapter 5, together with the hardware and software structure peculiarities of thesereceivers and their main technical data.

Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to the radio signals used in communication, broad-casting, TV and data transmission systems, and to the technical analysis and parame-ter measurement of modulated and non-modulated signals. Examples of radio signalparameter measurement are discussed and recommendations for software applica-tions are given.

A review of and the theoretical bases for direction-finding methods are presentedin Chapter 8, and the main parameters of radio direction finders are explained.Examples of multifunctional radio monitoring and direction-finding equipment inVHF, UHF, and microwave ranges are described. The affect of used digital receiverson direction-finding effectiveness is shown.

Chapter 9 is devoted to the development of geographically-distributed radio mon-itoring systems and to direction-finding systems for radio emission sources. Theapplication of stationary, mobile, portable and hand-held ARM equipment is con-sidered. Moreover, the problems related to ARM station system equipment, organi-zation of data transmission through the communication, navigation and power sup-ply channels, are considered in this chapter as well. The possible uses of softwarefor signal detection, their parameter measurement, and direction-finding of radioemission sources – with positions indicated on an electronic map – are discussed.

Chapter 10 includes information on determining the position of radio emissionsources by mobile radio monitoring stations, and estimation of field strength dis-tribution, taking into account terrain relief and area reclamation, to obtain cov-ering zones of broadcasting and communication. Solutions to the problems of

1IRCOS means: Investigations on Radio Control and System design

Preface vii

electromagnetic compatibility and the parameters testing of radio electronic equip-ment are discussed also.

Chapter 11 describes the structural peculiarities of radio monitoring equipmentinside the premises and the revelation of technical channels of information leakageand unapproved radio emission sources. Revelation methods are discussed, togetherwith these source localization methods on checked objects. Implementation exam-ples for hardware-software facilities for technical channel leakage revelation, usedboth inside the premises and on the boundary of the checked zone, are presented.

In Chapter 12, the problems of radio system structure in performing compromis-ing emanations investigation are considered. The theoretical aspects and the practi-cal approaches for the revelation of the informative components are discussed, withcalculation of the checked area and object immunity radii. The equipment and thesoftware examples for these investigations are given.

The authors are confident that the materials offered in the book will be usefulto experts in the area of radio monitoring, to operators and leaders of civil andmilitary radio-checking services, and to security service employees of both state andcommercial structures. The book can be recommended to the students of technicaluniversities and colleges, studying in the appropriate fields.

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Problems, Classification and Structure of ARM Equipment . . . . 5Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Classification of Radio Monitoring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Operation Zone Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Equipment Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Design Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Requirements for RM Equipment Technical Parameters . . . . . . . . 12

Quality Criterion Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Main Technical Parameters of RM Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Characteristics of RM Equipment Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Radio Monitoring and RES Location Detection Systems . . . . . . . 16Stationary and Mobile RM Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Portable RM Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Manpack ARM Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3 Radio Receiver Applications for Radio Monitoring System . . . . . 23Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Tuned Radio Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Main Radio Receiver Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Operating Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Amplitude-Frequency Response of the Linear Receive Path . . . . . 28Voltage Standing Wave Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Main Channel and Spurious Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30RR Selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Inherent Noise and Receiver Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Sensitivity Increase with the Help of Pre-amplifiers . . . . . . . . . 39Pre-amplifier Gain Factor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Receiver Multi-Signal Selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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Intermodulation Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Intercept Points on IP2 and IP3 Intermodulation . . . . . . . . . . . 47Intermodulation-Free Dynamic Range Determination . . . . . . . . 50Attenuator Influence on the Intermodulation Value . . . . . . . . . . 51Determining the Intercept Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Blockage Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Crosstalk Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Phase Noise and Retuning Rate of the Panoramic RR . . . . . . . . 54

Digital Radio Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56General Principles of Digital Radio Receiver Implementation . . . . 56Types of ARM Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Development of Russian Arm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60First- and Second-Generation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Radio Receivers of the Third and Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . 62Fifth-Generation Radio Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

ARK-CT1 Digital Radio Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67ARK-D1TP Digital Panoramic Measuring Receiver . . . . . . . . . . 73ARK-CT3 Digital Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75ARK-KNV4 External Remote-Controlled Converter . . . . . . . . . . 79ARK-PR5 “Argamak” Digital Radio Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81ARGAMAK-I Panoramic Measuring Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4 Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Radio Signal Detection . . . . 95Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Single-Channel Signal Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Characteristics of Single-Channel Detectionof Narrow-Band Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Single-Channel Detection of Radio Signals With POFT . . . . . . . . 108

Probabilistic Features of the Frequency Observation Time . . . . . . 109Probability of Separate Frequency Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 111Estimate of the Total Number of Registered Frequencies . . . . . . 112Optimization of ARM System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Detection Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Double-Channel Detection of Narrow-Band Signals . . . . . . . . . . 117Comparison of Single-Channel and Double-Channel Processing . . . . 119Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5 Multi-Channel Digital Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Panoramic Multi-Channel Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123ARK-D11 Double-Channel Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125ARK-RD8M Multi-Channel Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126SMO-MCRM Customized Software Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Contents xi

Software Purpose and Performance Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . 130Software Operation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131


6 Modulation and Signal Types in Modern Radioelectronic Means . 135Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Administrative Division of the Frequency Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . 135Modulation in Communication and Broadcast Systems . . . . . . . . . 138

General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Types of Analog Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Types of Discrete (Digital) Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Signals of Modern Radio Electronic Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158SW Range Signals (Less Than 30 MHz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158VHF Range Signals (More Than 30 MHz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165International System for Signal Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

International Frequency Range Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7 Measurement of Radio Signal Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Frequency Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . 196FFT Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Measurement of Spectrum Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Determination of Modulation Type and Its Parameter Measurement . . 201Determination of Modulation Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Modulation and the Determination of Shift-Keying Characteristics . 204

SMO-STA Software for the Analysis of Automated Radio Signals . . . 206STA Software Possibilities and Its Functional Diagram . . . . . . . 206Examples of Radio Signal Modulation Type and Parameters’Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Automated Technical Analysis of Radio Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Unit for Automated Radio Signal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Peculiarities of SMO-PA Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Application of Automatic Signal Analysis in SMO-RD2 . . . . . . . . 233Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

8 Direction Finding of Radio Emission Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237History of Radio Direction-Finding Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Structural Diagram and Characteristics of Radio Direction Finders . . 241Main Technical Parameters of Radio Direction Finders . . . . . . . . . 242

Accuracy of Direction Finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

xii Contents

Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Noise Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Operating Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Operating Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Types of Being-Found Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Deployment Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Weight and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Complexity in Manufacture and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Classification of Direction-Finding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Systems Based on a Rotating Directional Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . 252ARK-RP3 Handheld Radio Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256ARK-RP4 Handheld Radio Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Automatic Radio Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Automatic Radio Direction Finder with Low Antenna Base . . . . . . 266Doppler and Quasi-Doppler Direction Finders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Phase and Correlation Interferometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Peculiarities of Correlation Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Algorithm of Correlation Interferometer Measuring System . . . . . . 281Single-Channel Measuring System on the Basisof a Correlation Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289ARTIKUL-M4 Foldable Correlation Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . 295ARTIKUL-M1 Mobile Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299ARTIKUL-P Portable Foldable Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . 301ARTIKUL-P11 Portable Foldable Direction Finder . . . . . . . . . . . 306Direction Finding Error Correction in Mobile Systems . . . . . . . . . 307Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

9 Radio Monitoring Systems and Determination of RadioEmission Sources Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Requirements for Radio Monitoring and LocationDetermination Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Structure of the Radio Monitoring System and Determinationof RES Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

ARK-POM1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321ARK-POM2 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322ARK-POM3 Geographically-Distributed System . . . . . . . . . . 322Combined ARK-POM System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Control Arrangement in the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Data Exchange between Stationary Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Data Exchange with the Mobile and Deployed Posts . . . . . . . . . 328Peculiarity of the Low-Speed Radio Channel Application . . . . . . 328

Contents xiii

Usage of Radio Modems of the Cellular Communication Systems . 331Data Exchange Implementation in Combined ARK-POM System . . 332

“Archa” Stationary Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334“Argument” Mobile Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

System-Wide Car Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343“Arena” Portable Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

“Arena” Station Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Mast Devices for Radio Monitoring Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Navigation Systems for Radio Monitoring Stations . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Features of Modern Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Navigation Systems for Mobile Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Electric Power Supply Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Requirements for Electric Power Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Electric Power Sources for Radio Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Secondary Electric Supply Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Example of Pulse Power Supply of Low Power . . . . . . . . . . . 362Multi-Channel Pulse Power Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364ARK-UPS12 Universal Power Supply Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Autonomous Electric Station Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Special Software Support and Operation Modes of Stations . . . . . . 372Software Support Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372“Spectrum” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373“Search” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374“Bearing” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377“Measurement” and “Technical Analysis” Modes . . . . . . . . . . 378“Review” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381“Multi-Channel Direction Finding” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Peculiarities of the Direction Finding of POFT Stations . . . . . . . 383“Electronic Map” Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Post-processing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388


10 Radio Emission Source Localization Using Mobile Stationsand Field Strength Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Methods of RES Localization Using the Mobile Station . . . . . . . 395Drive Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Quasi-Stationary Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396Method of Automatic Calculation of RES CoordinatesDuring Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Peculiarities of Multi-Channel Direction Finding . . . . . . . . . . 401Simultaneous Direction Finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Electromagnetic Field Strength Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Main Mathematical Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

xiv Contents

Peculiarities of the Field Strength Distribution Estimation . . . . . . 406Field Strength Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407On-Site Calculation of Field Strength Distribution . . . . . . . . . . 408District Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Urban Build-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Vegetation Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Calculation of Field Strength in the SMO-KN Application . . . . . 414Processing of Field Strength Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Determination of RES Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Checking Transmitters for Announced Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 421Calculation of Electromagnetic Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 423


11 Detection and Localization of Technical Channels ofInformation Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Main Search Stages for Electromagnetic Channelsof Information Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Detection of Radio Signals Emitted in Monitored Premise . . . . . . . 430

Radio Signal Intensity in Near-Field and Far-Field Regions . . . . . 430Generalized Structure of Equipment for TCIL Detection . . . . . . . 432Comparison Technique for Signal Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Detection Algorithm for Radio Signal Sources in Monitored Area . 435Detection Effectiveness Dependence on the Equipmentand the Ways of “Standard” Panorama Obtaining . . . . . . . . . . 436

Identification and Localization of Radio Microphones . . . . . . . . . 437Distant Radio Monitoring Systems of Remote Premises . . . . . . . . 438

Construction Principles of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems . . . 438Examples of Remote Radio Monitoring Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 441Peculiarities of ARK-D3T Remote Radio Monitoring System . . . . 443Peculiarities of the ARK-D9 Remote Radio Monitoring System . . . 448Peculiarities of the ARK-D13 Remote Radio Monitoring System . . 450

Software for Remote Radio Monitoring Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Purpose and Possibilities of SMO-DX Application . . . . . . . . . . 452Peculiarities of Radio Microphone Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Joint Usage of the Various Detection Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 454Radio microphone Localization Inside of Monitored Premises . . . 455Equipment Operation in the Remote Radio Monitoring System . . . 455

Detection of TCIL Sources by the Mobile Station . . . . . . . . . . . 457Antenna System Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458Methods of RES Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Equipment Structure of ARTIKUL-M6 Mobile Direction Finder . . 461Software Structure and Search Procedure Implementation . . . . . . 462Aggregation of the Initial Data Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Contents xv

Frame Processing and Generation of “Suspicious” Frequency List . 465Checking the Frequencies from the List and More PreciseRES Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467


12 Methods and Equipment for Protection AgainstInformation Leakage Via CEE Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Special Investigation Types and Information Security Index . . . . . . 471Calculation of Information Security Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a LCD Monitor . . . . 475Estimation of the Testing Mode Parameters for a CRT Monitor . . . . 475Methods of Detection of CEE Informative Components . . . . . . . . 476Probabilistic Features of Periodogram Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478TDM Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Application of ARK-D1TI Measuring Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Search of CEE Informative Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Measurement of CEE Informative Component Intensity . . . . . . . 485Calculation of the Monitored Zone Radius by SMO-PRIZApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Information Security Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488SMO-PRIZ Application Operation for Information SecurityMonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Purposes and Functions of SMO-THESIS Application . . . . . . . . . 492Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Acronyms

AA - antenna arrayACS - amplifying-converting sectionADC - analog-digital converterAE - antenna elementAFH - automatic frequency hoppingAFR - amplitude-frequency responseAGC - automated gain controlALE - automatic link establishmentAM - amplitude modulationAnM - angle modulationAPM - amplitude-pulse modulationAPSK - amplitude-phase shift-keyingARI - Autofahrer Rundfunk InformationARM - automated radio monitoringARME - automated radio monitoring equipmentARQ - Auto ReQuestARU - antenna-receiver unitAS - antenna systemASK - amplitude shift-keyingBP - bearing pairBPT - binary phase telegraphyBRPSK - binary relative phase shift-keyingBRPT - binary relative phase telegraphyBS - basing stationBWLL - Broadband Wireless Local LoopCB - Citizen′s BandCDCS - Continuous Dynamic Channel SelectionCDMA - Code Division Multiple AccessCE - consumer equipmentCEE - compromising electromagnetic emanationCEEP - compromising electromagnetic emanation and pick-upCEPT - Conference European for post and telecommunicationCF - computing facilityCIM - Correlation interferometric meter (correlative interferometer)

xvii

xviii Acronyms

COFDM - Coded Orthgonal Frequency Division MultiplexingCP - central postCPFSK - continuous phase frequency shift-keyingCRC - Cyclic Redundance CheckCRT - cathode-ray tubeCTF - complex transfer factorCW - continuous waveDAC - digital-analog converterDAM - DAM modulationDARC - Data Radio ChannelDB - databaseDC - distant control panelDDM - difference-distance measuringDECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationsDF - direction finding, direction finderDFT - discrete Fourier transformDPRS - DECT Packet Radio ServicesDPSK - differential phase shift-keyingDRA - distributed random antennaDRM - Digital Radio MondialeDRMS - distant radio monitoring systemDRR - digital radio receiverDSBAM - double sideband amplitude modulationDSBSC - double sideband suppressed carrierDSP - digital signal processingDSSS - Direct Sequence Spread SpectrumDVBT - Digital Video BroadcastingEBU - European Broadcasting UnionEDGE - Enhanced Data rates for Global EvolutionEHF - extremely high frequencyEMA - electromagnetic availabilityEMC - electromagnetic compatibilityEMF - electromagnetic fieldEMW - electromagnetic waveETSI - European Telecommunication Standards InstituteFCU - frequency conversion unitFDMA - Frequency Division Multiple AccessFEC - Forward Error CorrectionFFSK - fast frequency shift-keyingFFT - fast Fourier transformFH - frequency hoppingFM - frequency modulationFP - frequency positionFS - frequency synthesizerFTD - frequency-time diagram

Acronyms xix

FV - flying vehicleGEG - gasoline electric generatorGFSK - Gaussian frequency shift-keyingGIS - geo-information systemGPRS - General Packet Radio ServiceGPS - Global Positioning SystemGSM - Global System for Mobile communicationsGTC - gain-transfer characteristicHFF - high-frequency filterHiperLAN - High Performance Local Area NetworkICAO - International Civil Aviation OrganizationIEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIF - intermediate frequencyIFM - instantaneous frequency measurementIMC - intermodulation componentINS - inertial navigation systemIP - interception pointISSB - Independent Single SidebandITA2 - International Teleprinter AlphabetITU - International Telecommunication UnionLCD - liquid-crystal displayLF - low frequencyLMSK - frequency shift-keying with minimal shift and with level regulationLNA - low-noise amplifierLO - local oscillatorLRA - lumped random antennaLSB - lower sidebandLW - long wavesMASK - multiple amplitude shift-keyingMF (UHF) - microwave frequencyMFSK - Multiple frequency shift-keyingMMDS - Multichannel Multipoint Distribution SystemMP - monitored premiseMPC - microprocessor controlMSK - Minimum Shift KeyingMUSIC - Multiple Signal ClassificationMW - medium wavesNB - Normal BurstNFM - Narrow Frequency ModulationNICAM - Near Instantaneous Companded Audio MultiplexOBW - occupied bandwidthOFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOOK - On/Off KeyingOQPSK - offset quadrature phase shift-keyingPBF - pass-band filter

xx Acronyms

PC - personal computerPM - phase modulationPOFT - programmable operating frequency tuningPPM - phase-pulse modulationPS - phase-shifterPSA - panoramic spectral analysisPSF - power source filterPSK - phase shift-keyingPTA - panoramic-technical analysisPWM - pulse-width modulationQAM - quadrature amplitude modulationQASK - quadrature amplitude shift-keyingQM - quadrature modulationQPSK - quadrature phase shift-keyingRDS - Radio Data SystemREE - radio electronic environmentREM - radio electronic meansRES - radio emission sourceRF - radio frequencyRFA - radio frequency amplifierRFS - radio frequency spectrumRMD - reference-methodical documentationRMS - root-mean-square value (deviation)RO - reference oscillatorRPSK - relative phase shift-keyingRPU - reception and processing unitRR - radio receiverRRMS - Remote Radio Monitoring SystemRSS - reference spatial signalRTTY - Radio Tele TypeSA - spectrum analyzer, space apparatusSAN - system of active noisinessSBD - spectral and bearing dataSCA - Sub-carrier Communication AllocationSFH - Slow Frequency HoppingSG - signal generatorSGU - signal generation unitSHF - super high frequencySMPS - switch-mode power supplySMS - special mathematical softwareSNR - signal/noise ratioSPS - secondary power sourceSQPSK - staggered quadrature phase shift-keyingSR - Selective RepeatSRNS - satellite radio navigation system

Acronyms xxi

SS - software supportSSBh - single-side band (higher)SSBl - single-side band (lower)SSBSC - Single Sideband Suppressed CarrierSV - space vehicleSW - short wavesSWRV - standing-wave factor on voltageTCIL - technical channel of information leakageTCP/IP - Transport Control Protocol/Internet ProtocolT-DAB - Terrestrial Digital Audio BroadcastingTDM - Testing and Detection MutualTDMA - Time Division Multiple AccessTDS - Testing and Detection SeparateTOI - Third Order InterceptTTF - tactical-technical featuresUE - user equipmentUHF - Ultra High FrequencyUMTS - Universal MobileUPS - uninterrupted power supplyURES - unwanted radio emission sourceUS - user stationUSB - Upper SidebandVHF - very high frequencyVLF - very low frequencyVSB - Vestigal Side BandVSWR - Voltage Standing Wave RatioWARC - World Administration Radio ConferenceWCDMA - Wideband-Code Division Multiple AccessWFM - Wide Frequency ModulationWLAN - Wireless Local Area NetworkWMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWPAN - Wireless Personal Area NetworkWTSC - World Telecommunication Standards Conference

Chapter 1Introduction

Equipment for automated radio monitoring (ARM) can be considered an infor-mation extraction system. ARM equipment is widely used in various areas andwas developed at the same rate as information transmission systems through radiochannels. There are many problems which ARM can address: planned checkingof regular equipment parameters, unpremeditated interference level measurement,detection and determination of non-licensed transmitter locations, measurement ofenergy covering zones during the estimation of radio communication quality, anddetermination of radio frequency resource usage intensity. ARM equipment alsosolves the problem of informational security.

The increase in ARM equipment at present is caused by several reasons, thefirst of which relates to the continued technical progress of radio communicationequipment, but the second relates to changes of an economical and political nature,which have occurred in the world.

It should be noted that, in Russia, prior to 1992, radio frequency band loading,new frequency allocation, and radio frequency usage regulations were effectivelyand strictly controlled by the appropriate state agencies, including the security ser-vices of the various levels, and that strong restrictions on new radio communicationsequipment import and usage were simultaneously enacted. Under these conditions,ARM problems were effectively solved by existing and newly-developed nativeequipment. Standard modernization and replacement of equipment were fulfilledin planned order.

An evident and rapid increase of ARM problems, in solving the tasks of radiomonitoring and technical informational security, became apparent in Russia after1992, due to the political and economical changes that occurred there.

A strong reduction in the large number of radio electronic enterprises, whichhad earlier occupied leading positions in the development and manufacture of ARMequipment, caused leading-expert outflow from this field and, hence, a large reduc-tion of modern ARM equipment delivery by these companies. This circumstancecaused the slowing down of high-quality native ARM equipment delivery, both inproduct assortment and in the parameters and performance of the equipment. At thesame time, in highly-developed, foreign countries, the radio monitoring equipmentevolution advanced, as earlier, by an increasing rate, since the high effectiveness ofradio electronic means (REM) for various types of information transmission – at

1A. Rembovsky et al., Radio Monitoring, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 43,DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-98100-0_1, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

2 1 Introduction

constant cost price reduction – stimulated REM distribution greatly to all corners ofthe world.

The fundamental complications of the radio electronic environment (REE)observed now in Russia (and typical, apparently, for the other countries), can berelated to the following factors:

– Increase in the number of regular TV and radio transmitters, introduction andfurther modernization of cellular communication systems and an increase in itsusage intensity, a process which is far from complete;

– Overloading of several regions of the radio range (e.g., sub-ranges 40, 100, 400,800, and 2450 MHz), caused by a series of objective circumstances, such as thebest conditions for radio wave propagation, no need to grant a license, etc.;

– Permanent increase of REM operating range upper limit (at present to 18–60 GHz), corresponding to the rapid development of modern technologies andinstruments;

– Application of various types of new waveforms: narrow-band with fixed frequencydistribution, or with the dynamic frequency-time distribution of emission, andwide-band with code user division;

– General tendency of REM transmitter power increase, dictated by the attempt toextend their action range, which is equivalent to the REM number increase actingin the receiver site point of the ARM equipment and leading to the unpremeditatedinterference level rise both at the main frequency and the harmonics;

– Successful research on various receiver sensitivity giving rise to the necessity ofan appropriate increase in ARM receiver sensitivity, required for reliable REErevelation and analysis.

Additionally, the number of non-licensed radio emission sources (RES) with var-ious power levels, and the large (over level and spectrum) number of spurious emis-sions not corresponding to the permissible norm and the international standards,increases permanently in the cities and industrial centers of many countries, whichrequires the responsible agencies to keep a closer watch for its number, parameters,and territorial allocation.

One of the results of the last 10–15 years in Russia has been the definite lib-eralization of the radio frequency spectrum usage, which has become apparent, inparticular, in the distribution of a huge number of uncontrolled devices capable ofintercepting private information and the non-licensed equipment for its transmis-sion . . .. Nevertheless, after some time passed, the appropriate legislative documentswere issued and confirmed in Russia, but these efforts, unfortunately, have had lim-ited effectiveness. As a result, not only has legalized equipment for informationinterception been placed in the market now – the manufacture and delivery of whichcan be controlled by responsible authorities – but uncontrolled equipment with very“exotic” modulation types – and very dangerous from the standpoint of economicsecurity – is also available.

A consequence of this period of time is the drastic increase in the volumeof used office equipment and electronic equipment for household and industrial

1 Introduction 3

applications. These devices have the compromising electromagnetic emanations thatare, in many cases, information leakage channels, for example, due to the micro-phone effect of the HF i UHF oscillators, the correlation between the monitor emis-sion parameters and the computers with processed data.

Moreover, it is necessary to note the following several factors related to REEcomplications on protected (controlled) objects:

– The first relates to the large number of used REM, located in limited and oftenin enough low space, which can lead to the great complexity of unwanted RES(URES) revelation;

– The second is the essential increase of the information transmission rate and theredundancy application to increase the secrecy and noise immunity of severalREM, to which the equipment used in measuring and information radio systems ofstate and commercial enterprises, the wide-band systems with dynamic frequency-time structure, etc. can be, primarily, concerned;

– Non-uniform (in time) REM usage leads to additional REE complications, atinstances of radio system maximal intensity operation.

The increasing problem of ARM effectiveness is redoubled by the fact that,with the growth in the number of international contacts and due to the liberaliza-tion of the REM market in Russia, the threats from foreign states – which collectdata concerning the industrial and economic secrets of Russian enterprises andwatch the scientific and technological developments in the field of perspective tech-nologies – also grows as well. Technical facilities, in particular, the radio electronicones, are the most important for this activity, because they are very suitable forsecretive information transmission. A similar technique for veiled information theftis oriented toward obtaining and transmitting through radio channels any and allmessages: from acoustic signals and speech, phone and fax signals, to emissionsfrom computers and monitors, and other information signals, modulating the radiowaveforms by many various methods.

It is quite evident that the information security services of private and state orga-nizations, and state agencies as a whole, cannot ignore the problem of possibleveiled information theft and should take reciprocal measures to use radio systems asan effective counteraction to these threats. On a new level, the appearance of infor-mation security problems on controlled objects clearly shows the definite scientific,and particularly the technical, lag in ARM techniques capable of adequately resist-ing this threat during REE checking, of revealing and localizing potentially danger-ous RES, and of detecting the electromagnetic emission and cross-talks capable ofleading to important information leakage. As a matter of fact, the technical and pro-cedural level of ARM equipment must be equal to any future achievements withinthe field of “information transmission,” otherwise the information struggle will belost.

All these factors stimulate both the development of ARM technologies andequipment, and the creation, by the experts, of ARM technical systems, integrated

4 1 Introduction

by the generality of the problem, by the unity approach to its structures, and by theuniversality and multifunctionality of its solutions.

The main goal of the present book consists in the description of the structureand function of digital radio receivers and radio systems intended for radio monitor-ing and technical information security tasks, beginning from the characteristics andstructural diagrams of radio electronic sets and systems, including ARM systems tothe description and explanation of the functioning of complicated systems. To thisend, we consider the methods, algorithms and peculiarities of the appropriate soft-ware. The theoretical discussions are explained via specific equipment examples ofREM, created at present in Russia.

Chapter 2Problems, Classification and Structure of ARMEquipment

Introduction

The fundamental purposes of radio monitoring (RM) equipment are:

• Permanent or intermittent monitoring of airwaves in the wide frequency range• Detection and analysis of new emissions• Determination of the emission sources location• Evaluation its danger or value• Detection of unintentional or specially-organized radio channels, for information

leakage.

Each of these tasks is a complex, multistage one. Each can be solved under the con-ditions of the complex electromagnetic environment, and each requires the appli-cation of a wide range of radio electronic means (REM), which execute definitefunctions [1, 2]. These functions can be divided into the following main groups:

1. Universal functions, which, as a rule, are executed by modern, automated RM(ARM) systems

2. Additional functions for specific RM task solutions in the field3. Additional functions for RM task solutions at one, separately-controlled location,

or at a group of the most important premises of the controlled object4. Additional functions for detecting compromising electromagnetic emanations

(CEE).

Regarding the first RM functions group (universal functions) one can considerthe following:

• Real-time panoramic spectral analysis with the maximum high rate, resolvingcapacity, and adaptation to the complex electromagnetic environment

• Fast search for new emissions, including wide-band, and emissions with thedynamic time-frequency structure, its parameters measurement, and comparisonto the database, to determine its danger (value) for the user

5A. Rembovsky et al., Radio Monitoring, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 43,DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-98100-0_2, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

6 2 Problems, Classification and Structure of ARM Equipment

• Creation of a signals database, its replenishment, and the registered data compar-ison with the references stored in the database

• Control of the radio emission sources (RES) with emission parameters estimation• Radio signals recording, including digital signals, simultaneously with the ser-

vice parameters (frequency, time, signal level, spectrum data, etc.) and its furtherplay-back

• Real-time and post-processing technical analysis of radio signals.

The following functions can be classified to the second functional group:

• Field strength measurement• RES direction finding with arbitrary types of modulation on azimuth and eleva-

tion angles• Stationary and mobile RES location determination in the field and on extensive

objects, and its representation in cartographic diagrams (digital object image).

The third group of tasks includes:

• Search and detection of the technical channels of information leakage, at theseparate or combined premises

• RES identification as a radio microphone• RES site location.

The compromising electromagnetic emanation (CEE) detection (the fourth groupfunction) provides the following:

• Technical means emission parameters and electromagnetic field strength mea-surement in the receiving antenna near-field zone

• Confidential information immunity examination during the course of its process-ing and storing by the intended technical facilities

• Survey of confidential information immunity against leakage, due to the pick-upfrom the auxiliary technical facilities, systems, and its communication lines

• Allocated premises immunity analysis against speech information leakagethrough the acoustic and electric transformation channels

• Measures effectiveness control concerning information security against the CEEleakage.

Classification of Radio Monitoring Equipment

It is expedient to classify RM equipment based on specific signs, with further deter-mination of the RM facilities’ efficient structure within each group. These signs are:

• Size of the RM operation zone (territory)• RM means application

Classification of Radio Monitoring Equipment 7

• Executed functions• Performance of RM means• Design constraints.

Let us consider, in detail, the RM means categories, according to these signs.

Operation Zone Sizes

Based on operation zone size, all radio monitoring means can be grouped asfollows [3]:

• Means for RM task solutions in the field and RES direction finding• Means for information protection measures on the external boundaries of the

controlled objects• Means for RM task solutions within separate or several controlled premises of

the object; these facilities will be referred to as eavesdropping detection means• Facilities for CEE special investigations.

The first and second group means should be able to cover substantial territorieswith the possibility of RES detection at the exits, and at the external boundaries ofthe controlled objects.

The third group means should provide RM task solutions with maximum operat-ing rate, to detect the RES location and to identify it as a radio microphone. Thesetasks should be solved at both the separate premise and the premises group, undercontrol from one post. Control facilities are located inside the premises.

Special investigations of the technical means for CEE presence can be executed,as a rule, in specially-allocated premises, but investigations are possible directly atthe place of the means location, as well.

Application

Based on the applications, RM means can be classified into three groups:

• For open operation at stationary or temporary posts, as well as when moving ondifferent transport carriers

• For concealed operation with RM means carried in an attaché case, handbag, oron the operator’s body. In this instance, appropriate measures for camouflagingthe antenna system should be provided, as well as measures to conceal the tech-nical means design, and, in several cases, in combination with fully-autonomousfunctioning during operator movement

• For combined (open or concealed) RM means application, with the possibility ofcarrier control, and the necessary measures for camouflaging the antenna systemsand the appropriate, RM means design.


Equipment Performance

RM means performance can be characterized by the signal panoramic spectral anal-ysis operating rate at the given resolution and the dynamic range. Typically, thefollowing classifications are used:

• Low performance (10–100 MHz/s)• Medium performance (100–1,000 MHz/s)• High performance (1,000–10,000 MHz/s)• Ultra-high performance (more than 10 GHz/s).

Design Constraints

Modern RM equipment has been created based on a system approach: hardware-software means united by overall design. This approach provides the ability to linkeach separate means with its weight and size parameters, its electromagnetic com-patibility, the decoupling of its power supply, and the development of its designimplementation, all of which correspond to the used-carrier parameters.

Such problems can be solved by effective classification of the means into groups.Each of the groups shall fulfill each – or a number of – stated conditions. It is oftensuggested to divide all means into families: stationary, mobile, portable and hand-held means. When developing the means of each family, those technical solutionsare preferable, which first of all comply with the set of main parameters, secondly,which comply with the minimal weight and size parameters, and, lastly, which costthe least.

For stationary RM means, weight and size constraints are practically absent, andtherefore the best technical parameters can be achieved via RM means. Thus, toensure a large operating area for stationary posts, an antenna system located onremote masts can be applied, which can then be mounted on high buildings or inelevated areas.

For mobile RM means, which are located on a vehicle or air transport carrierthat is able to execute the main function while moving, it is important to take intoconsideration any constraints on weight, dimensions, and power consumption. Thisrelates to the dimensions and carrying capacity of the carriers themselves, as wellas the power capacity and the power of the sources located on the transport carriers.

Since the above-mentioned constraints are not very strict, in the mobile RMmeans family, similar to the stationary means family, one can use multi-channeldigital panoramic receivers to obtain high values on the dynamic range, the rate ofpanoramic analysis, and on received-information processing.

Portable RM means are intended for transportation by one or a number ofoperators and are destined for further operation at stationary or temporary postsequipped or not equipped with power sources, and in the field. There is no require-ment for these means to function during transport. Thus, serious constraints are for-mulated as to the weight, power consumption, and dimensions of the detection and

Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy 9

direction-finding antenna system. Moreover, for portable RM means, it is necessaryto have an autonomous power source to provide for its function (e.g., accumulatorcharge, unfolding solar batteries, fuel supply for gasoline-electric generators, etc.).

Hand-held RM means are intended, first of all, for operation during operatormovement when placed on the operator’s body (or in his arms). Additionally, thesemeans can be used to solve RM tasks at temporary or stationary posts. From thepoint of view their application, these means are universal and their usage is appro-priate to detect RES locations in out-of-the-way places or where concealed opera-tion is needed. Due to the serious constraints of energy consumption and weight andsize parameters, such means parameters should be selected taking into account theunit’s operating life with a single power source set.

Measuring radio-receiving devices and antenna systems are required for the mea-surement of regular radio electronic means (REM) parameters at the emission con-trol of the officially-registered communications equipment, and also to estimate theeffectiveness of information-leakage prevention measures at the boundaries of thecontrolled objects, and for SEE investigations. Usage of RM means for measure-ments can occur in the stationary, mobile, portable or hand-held versions. In Russia,the possibility of such usage for measurements must be approved by the respec-tive certificates of Gosstandard and the Federal Service for Technical and ExportSupervision of the Russian Federation.

Therefore, we formalize the classification of all RM means into the followinggroups:

• Stationary RM means family• Mobile RM means family, mounted on vehicles, and on air and sea transport

carriers• Portable RM means family, operation of which is provided only after its deploy-

ment at the temporal location posts• Hand-held RM means family, for concealed and open operation, intended for

operation while the operator is moving (without operator participation in themean control, or with partial or complete participation)

• Measuring means, to ensure effective control of the attempts made atinformation-leakage prevention, and also to measure the emission parameters forregular radio facilities.

In order to decrease the number of means, it is expedient to combine the first andsecond families (stationary and mobile) into one family, provided that the executionby mobile means equals all the functions of the stationary means, taking into accountthe constraints to the antenna systems and the electric power systems of mobilemeans.

Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy

The main purpose of RM equipment development is the creation of universalhardware-software systems, using the limited range of devices to carry out the


maximum possible RM task scope [4, 5]. The main requirements for RM equip-ment, aimed at the minimization and unification of the equipment and software, arethe following:

• Universality and multifunctionality of basic RM equipment for each family• Universality and multifunctionality of the additional means• Provision for the combined operation of the family’s basic equipment with the

additional equipment, common for all families of RM equipment• Unification of the different families’ equipment• Unification of software, using similar modules, data formats, and interface for-

mats for the different families• Unification of power supply• Effective distribution of processing tasks between the hardware signal processors

and the controlling computer• Creation of code libraries for the basic set of each family’s equipment• End-to-end solutions for electromagnetic compatibility problems.

A partial decrease the amount of necessary RM equipment can be achieved at thedevelopment stage of each family’s equipment, based on the functionally-modularprinciple of combining each family’s basic equipment with the additional meanscommon for all RM families’ equipment. Investigations of the various types of dig-ital receiver structures with wide operating frequency ranges show that minimizingthe number of means can be achieved by restricting the operating range of the fam-ily’s basic equipment combined with the additional means common for all RM fami-lies. Implementation of this principle allows the selection of a fixed, basic equipmentstructure for each family. Another argument in favor of this principle is the consider-ation that, at present, technologically, the implementation of all or most of the func-tions mentioned in section “Introduction” into one constructively-completed meanwould lead to an unreasonable increase of weight, dimensions, power consumption,and cost.

Realization of this multi-functionality principle assumes that it is possible toreduce the structure of RM equipment, based on hardware digital-unit usage, withthe possibility of quick reprogramming to execute the various signal processingalgorithms, to combine the functions of separately-manufactured devices, and toeffectively distribute problems between two software layers, namely, those used inthe hardware digital unit and in the controlling computer.

An end-to-end solution to the power supply problem assumes the unificationof voltages supplied, including, in the equipment structure, any units that providepower supply from the AC network, from the onboard network of the mobile vehi-cle (car, helicopter, etc.), as well as from the battery with the charging device forautonomous operation, and for fail prevention at any supply interruption.

The following principles defining the RM equipment structure are:

• Unification of different families’ equipment; possibility of combining the equip-ment of various families, for example, combining the radio signals analog-digital

Radio Monitoring Equipment Design Philosophy 11

converter (ADC) of the mobile unit with the double-channel or single-channelunit of the analog-digital processor of the portable family

• Unification of software packages, application of a similar data structure and for-mat to achieve the possibility of using the same software package (with variousdrivers) within the different families

• End-to-end solution of the electromagnetic compatibility problem, accountingfor the carrier’s electric equipment.

Minimization of the total expenses spent on RM equipment development relatesdirectly to the possibility of its modernization during duplication.

The open command library for each equipment type allows the possibility for theuser himself to program and solve individual specific tasks, using the available RMequipment hardware.

RM equipment development and usage experience shows that the equipmentstructure should include:

• Single-channel or multi-channel (with coherently-related local oscillator) radiosignal converter

• Single or multi-channel analog-digital processing unit• Equipment for digital radio signals recording, at the intermediate frequency (IF),

to magnetic or other storage devices• Equipment for real-time signal technical analysis and post-processing• Digital demodulation unit• Equipment for recording the demodulated signal simultaneously with the service

signals (current time in the record moment, current frequency, etc.)• Power supply unit with reduced interference level• Universal control equipment allowing for the possibility of fast replacement and

changing of modes, based on special mathematical software (SMS) programselection

• Uniform SMS packages.

Measuring radio-monitoring devices should be certified by the authorized, state-standard agencies.

The additional equipment includes:

• Wide-range unidirectional antennas of various applications• Antenna system sets for automated direction finding when moving, at stops, and

for the stationary posts• Antenna modules sets with directional properties for hand-held direction finders

of open and concealed application• Radio signals tuners, to widen the operating frequency ranges• Digital signal recorders• Equipment for positioning the RM means at the geographical coordinates.

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