RADIOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY

511 keV radiation 4.1 mm HVL (Pb)HVL = Halving layer

74 GBq (2 Ci) *A/d2 = 188*74 ≈ 14 mSv= gamma specific constant (µSv m2 GBq-1 h-1)A = activity (GBq)D = distance from source

Max body exposure (per year, professional worker) = 50 mSv

Sources MUST be used within shielded environment(thickness >50 mm Pb), time of exposure must be minimised and distance maximised

The quest for remote handling

Lead shield + tongue Remote operationvia swithches

SequencersSensing & reacting

Look + handle

Look(indirect)

Blind trustFull confidence

1985

2005

Radiochemistry & Radiopharmacy

Kit based synthesisers

O

OAc

AcOAcO

AcO

OTf

HO

O

OH

HOHO

18F

OcA

AcOOAcO

AcO 18 F

SEPARATION

SUBSTITUTION

HYDROLYSIS

PURIFICATION

18O 18 F

FH 218 O(p,n)

18 -

HCl or NaOH

[KC(2.2.2.)]/ or TBA /

18 F18 F

+

Synthesis steps of FDG

Fixed glassware synthesisers

CLEANING PROCEDURE(30-40 minutes)

Preparation of the modules(loading columns, reagents, solvents,etc)

Transfer of target water

START OF THE SYNTHESIS

Separation of [18F]F- from [18O]H2O

End of synthesis(35-40minutes)

Protected FDG formation

Hydrolysis

Chromatographic purification

QuickTime™ e undecompressore TIFF (LZW)

sono necessari per visualizzare quest'immagine.

All transfers are pressure (helium) or vacuum driven

Real time monitoring of temperature, pressure and radioactivity

Handling of products for parenteral administration

•Integrity of formulation must be preserved throughout the process•Preparation must be protected from microbial contamination•Processing may include:

oDilution to adjust radioactive concentrationoFractionation of bulk solutionoDispensing into vials

Final operation (non sterile)•Labelling•Packaging (shielded & shipping containers )

Final product dispensing

Class “C”

Class “A”

Raw material acceptance

Raw material QC

Raw material QC Passed

Production

Dispensing

Packaging

Shipping

Passed

discard

NO

YES

Clean room operations

batch unreleased

NO

YES

batch released