radiological threats

8/7/2019 Radiological Threats

1/33

PRESENT SCENARIO OFRADIOLOGICAL THREATS

AMALKRISHNA


2/33

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

In todays world radiation is everywhere as common as air.

Every part of the world always exposed to some kinds of radiation.

In this advanced world radiation sources are increased tremendously

from CFL to laptops and from mobile phone to nuclear bomb.

Everywhere and every part of the time we are exposed to one or

other kind of radiation. Over exposure to radiation will cause many

side effects. Now terrorists also using radioactive substance asweapons due to its long lasting effects. So radiological threats are

the burning issue of the 21 st century.


3/33

Our objective

To protect individuals, society and theTo protect individuals, society and the

environment from harm by establishing and environment from harm by establishing and maintaining effective defenses against maintaining effective defenses against radiological hazards from sources.radiological hazards from sources.


4/33

Radiation

Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is,

and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every

second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves

being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very

dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of

radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic

disease is only one chance when the person is being stuck by 30million billion particles of radiation.


5/33

Artificial Sources of RadiationOnly artificial sources pose a significant threat

M edical EquipmentRadiopharmaceuticalsIndustrial instrumentsFood irradiation facilities

Nuclear research laboratoriesUniversity research reactors

Nuclear weapons Nuclear power plants etc.


6/33

T errorist threat scenariosT errorist threat scenarios


7/33

Radiological Terrorism an invisible threat

Radiological terrorism involves the use, or threat of the use , of radiological weapons in acts of terrorism

When they directly strikes against installations whereradioactive materials are present it will make harmful

effect.

The purpose of such acts is to expose andcontaminate (pollute).


8/33

V ictims are exposed to radiation,and large areas may have to be evacuated anddecontaminated in the aftermath.

This is similar to other forms of terrorism that useweapons of mass destruction, whether chemical,

biological, or nuclear.

As with nuclear terrorism, radiological terrorisminvolves an invisible threat, since humans cannotsense radiation.


9/33

Probably the greatest challenges

to the radiology community will

arise if the terrorist act involves a radiologicalor a nuclear explosive device. Understandingterrorists' goals of creating pandemonium andcausing economic disruption is important.Radiology professionals need to be prepared torestrict these things by taking extra care and

protection to avoid radiological terrorism.


10/33

E-w aste

Environment's next big threat!


11/33

E-waste: Environment's next big threat!

Ever wondered what happens after you replaceyour old mobile phone for a fancy music phonethat s just hit the market ?

Where does your old computer go once you decideto buy that long awaited notebook ?

Where do you think your VC R is now, that you havemoved onto a DVD player .?


12/33

In a country such as India, an average urbanhousehold is likely to own a computer, arefrigerator, a CD or a D V D player, mobile

phones, juicer, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner andmuch more.

All these items and several more are the primaryproducts of what is known as the ElectronicWaste chain (more commonly e-waste).


13/33

Present Trend in INDIA

India dumping ground for 'e waste'?

India is becoming the developed nations

favourite dumping ground as they dump over

50,000 tones of e-waste, including old PC's,

mobiles and television sets. The desert state

too gets its share


14/33

Those working in the field say

that India provides high economic

gains for such dismantlers as it costs U S$ 20 to

recycle a PC in the U S, while in India, it can be doneat a tenth of that price .!

Also because the law enforcement in metros is strict,dismantlers are shifting base to smaller cities andmaking money. This explains the emergence of suchorganizations in non IT states like Rajasthan.


15/33

E-W aste E nvironmental Hazards

The metallic parts of computers are considered hazardous for theenvironment, as they contain poisonouschemicals.

Old models of televisions and computer monitors, which are very bulky, contain at

least 5 pounds of a poisonous metal - lead.

Dumping of consumer electronics contributesto approximately 40 percent of the lead inlandfills.


16/33

M ercury, a hazardous metal used in the flat-panel displayscreens, is found to be a neurotoxin.

High levels of metallic mercury damages the nervous systemand the developing fetus.

Circuit boards and batteries contain cadmium, which is knownto be a carcinogen - directly involved in the promotion of various types of cancer.

Polyvinyl Chloride (P V C), a synthetic polymer used for theinsulation of wires and cables of electronic equipments, givesrise to the emission of chlorinated dioxins and furans, when itis disposed.


17/33

Researchers have found that improper

disposal of e-waste will affect theQuality of ground water in the next 10-20years.

Rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, foundin laptop computers, are one of the major

contributors of electronic waste.

Cadmium is hazardous for the environment

due to its chronic toxic property .


18/33

Do this

Much of this e waste canbe recycled and reused. By reducing,reusing and recycling these hazardous

material-containing products, every consumercan help contribute to the reduction of theincreasingly widespread problem of

environmental toxins arising from discardede waste.


19/33

According to the Environmental ProtectionAgency, recycling one million cell phones reduces

greenhouse gas emissions equal to removing 33cars from the road for a year. As of April 2009, theEPA reports that only 10 percent of cell phonesare recycled each year.


20/33

N uclear Po w er

Another source of radiation


21/33

Nuclear power is the fourth-largest sourceof electricity in India after thermal, hydro andrenewable sources of electricity. As of 2010,India has 19 nuclear power plants in operationgenerating 4,560 M W while 4 other are under construction and are expected to generate anadditional 2,720 M W.


22/33

The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a

significant expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the

passing of T he Indo -US nuclear deal. This agreement will

allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies

with other countries and significantly enhance its power

generation capacity. when the agreement goes through, India is

expected to generate an additional 25,000 M W of nuclear

power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power

generation to 45,000 M W.


23/33

Even though nuclear power plants are pollution free when compared with other sources , it will cause many radiation effectsthat not only affect present generation but alsoaffect future generation.

India like densely populated country should

give attention towards the establishment of nuclear power plant.


24/33

Incase of indo-us civil nuclear agreementIndia have to accept nuclear liability bill for

the smooth passage of the civil nuclear agreement. Nuclear liability bill valued theIndian lives as cheaper


25/33

Nuclear Plant V ulnerability

Operating nuclear reactorscontain large amounts of radioactive fission products

which, if dispersed, couldcause a direct radiation hazard, contaminate soil andvegetation, and be ingested by humans and animals.

The physical security of nuclear power plants andtheir vulnerability to deliberate acts of terrorism


26/33

FAC TS O F R AD IOLOGI CA LT HR E A TS


27/33

Indications of a Radiological Event

Explosive release of fine powder or solid material

Skin reddeningHeadachesNausea & vomiting

Hair lossWeakened immune system


28/33

Radiation Detection

Can not be seen

Can not be smelled

Can not be tasted

Can not be felt

Can be rapidly detected by instruments!


29/33

P rotection from Radiation

T hree rules for protection from radiation

1.Minimize Time

2.Maximize Distance

3.Maximize Shielding


30/33

Response to a Radiological Event

Identify presence of radiationbeyond normal backgroundIsolate and contain affected area -- mitigatespread of contaminationShelter-in-place or evacuate depending on doseratesP

rovide needed immediate medicaltreatment


31/33

CONCLUSION

M any international treaties like NPT(nuclear non proliferation treaties), CTBT(comprehensivetest-ban treaties) are there to control nuclear weapon. In case of e waste, recycling is the bestoption. But developed countries are not ready toreduces the usage of radioactive material.Actually they should shows the way to overcome

this menace. India also have to do there own part by reducing usage and recycling the waste by the producer company it self.


32/33

References

1 .VU

LNERABILITY OF RESEARCH REACTORS TO ATTACK,M

OHAMM

ADSALEE M ZAFAR 2008 , The Henry L. Stimson Center.2.Science Reporter,vol.47,No.6 June 2010,ISSN 0036-8512.National Institute

of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCIR),pageno:23-30.

3.Roy.P.K,Disaster Preparedness against accident or Terrorist attack (chemical, biological or radiological) , New age International Pvt limitted,2006.

4. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/rs21131.pdf 5. Nuclear Power Plants: V ulnerability to Terrorist Attack , Carl Behrens and

M ark Holt, Specialists in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and IndustryDivision.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/crs/rs21131.pdf

6. http://theviewspaper.net/e-waste-environment%E2%80%99s-next-big-threat/

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_safety#Safety_culture_and_human_errors


33/33

I f this nuclear competition continues likethis nobody will left to enjoy the supremacy inthe world

Thank you

radiological threats

Documents